1.3 Subtopic 1.

3 – Thermochemical Equations

24. Which of the following best defines a thermochemical equation? 1.3.1

A) An equation that shows the mass and volume of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction.
B) An equation that includes the physical states of reactants and products along with the enthalpy change of
the reaction
C) A chemical equation that only balances the elements involved in the reaction.
D) An equation that describes the rate of the reaction.

25. Consider the following potential energy diagram for two chemical reactions. Based on the graph, which
reaction corresponds to an exothermic reaction, and which corresponds to an endothermic reaction?
Write the thermochemical equations for both reactions. 1.3.2

26. The reaction A → C is shown in the enthalpy diagram below. Is the reaction exothermic or
endothermic? Explain your answer. 1.3.5
27. Given the enthalpy changes for the following reactions: 1.3.3

C3H8(g)+5O2(g)→3CO2(g)+4H2O(g) ΔH=−2200kJ/mol

What is the total enthalpy change when burning 2 moles of propane ?

A) −1100 kJ

B) −4400

C) −2200 kJ

D) −6600 kJ

28. Define the enthalpy of combustion ΔHcomb . On what basis is it calculated? 1.3.4

A) The amount of heat released when one mole of a substance undergoes combustion.

B) The amount of heat absorbed during the combustion of one mole of a substance.

C) The heat released for any amount of substance undergoing combustion.

D) The amount of heat absorbed when one mole of a substance undergoes combustion.

29. Write a complete thermochemical equation for the combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH). 1.3.5
ΔHcomb = –1367 kJ/mol
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔHcomb = –1367 kJ/mol

25. A fuel is found to release 3280 kJ of heat when 0.600 moles of the fuel is burned. Which of
the fuels listed in the table is the most likely to be this fuel? 1.3.5
Substance Formula ΔH °comb (kJ/mol)
Sucrose C12H22O11(s) −5466
Octane C8H18(l) −5471
Glucose C6H12O6(s) −2808
Propane C3H8(g) −2219
Methane CH4(g) −891
 26. The combustion of methane CH4 releases heat, and the thermochemical equation is given as: 1.3.5

CH4(g)+2O2(g)→CO2(g)+2H2O(g)+ΔH

27. Using the graph below, identify the correct sign of ΔH and determine whether the reaction is
exothermic or endothermic.

A) ΔH=+890 kJ/mol, Endothermic

B) ΔH=−890 kJ/mol, Exothermic

C) ΔH=−450 kJ/mol, Exothermic

28. Define the molar enthalpy of vaporization ΔHvap and ΔHfus. 1.3.7

A) ΔHvap is the heat absorbed during vaporization, and ΔHfus is the heat absorbed during fusion.

B) ΔHvap is the heat released during vaporization, and ΔHfus is the heat absorbed during freezing.

C) ΔHvap and ΔHfusare both heat released during their respective processes.

D) ΔHvap and ΔHfus are both heats released during vaporization and fusion, respectively.
 28. Define the molar enthalpy of condensation (ΔHcond ) and solidification (ΔHsolid ). 13.8

• A) ΔHcond is the heat released during condensation, ΔHsolidis the heat released during solidification.
• B) ΔHcond is the heat absorbed during condensation, and ΔHsolid is the heat absorbed during
solidification.
• C) Both ΔHcond & ΔHsolid are heat absorbed during their respective processes.
• D) ΔHcond and ΔHsolid are heat released during condensation and solidification, respectively.

29. Write a thermochemical equation for the condensation of water vapor to liquid water, and
state whether the process is exothermic or endothermic. 13.9

H2O(g)→H2O(l)+ΔH

A) ΔH=+40.7 kJ/mol, Endothermic

• B) ΔH=−40.7 kJ/mol, Exothermic

• C) ΔH=−40.7 kJ/mol , Endothermic
• D) ΔH=+40.7 kJ/mol, Exothermic

30. If the molar heat of vaporization for water is 40.7 kJ/mol, how much heat is required to
vaporize 3 moles of water at its boiling point? 13.10

• A) 40.7 kJ
• B) 81.4 kJ
• C) 122.1 kJ
• D) 162.8 kJ

31. In a laboratory experiment, 5.0 g of ice is melted at 0∘C. Given the heat of fusion for ice is
334 J/g334, calculate the amount of heat absorbed during the process. 13.11

• A) 1670 J
• B) 500 J
• C) 3340 J
• D) 1200J

32. Examine the heating curve of water below. Based on the energy diagram, identify the points
where fusion (melting), vaporization, and solidification occur. Which phase change
corresponds to an exothermic process? 1.3.12
 A) Vaporization is an exothermic process.

B) Solidification is an exothermic process.

C) Fusion (melting) is an exothermic process.

1.4 Subtopic 1.4 – Calculating Enthalpy Change

34. State Hess's Law. 1.4.1

A) The enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the pathway taken.
B) The enthalpy change depends on the number of moles of reactants used.
C) The enthalpy change for a reaction is dependent on the initial and final states of a reaction.
D) Hess’s Law applies only to exothermic reactions.

35. Describe the rules to be followed to apply Hess's Law. 1.4.2

A) Add the enthalpy changes for each step of a multi-step reaction to find the total enthalpy change. ✓
B) Subtract the enthalpy of products from reactants to find the total enthalpy change.
C) Divide the total enthalpy by the number of steps involved.
D) Apply Hess’s Law only for endothermic reactions.
 36. Use the following formation reaction evidence to calculate the standard enthalpy
change for the complete combustion of cycloheptane. 1.4.3

37. Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction, then decide if the reaction is
endothermic or endothermic based on the results. 1.4.6 & 1.4.7

19. Given below the values of the standard enthalpies of formation, 𝐻𝑓 :

Substance 𝑯𝒇 in kJ/mol
P4O10(s) −2984.0 kJ
P4O6(s) −1640.1 kJ
O2(g) 0.0

Calculate ΔH° for the following reaction. 1.4.7

P4O6(s) + 2O2(g) → P4O10(s)

 20. Use the following data that shows the standard enthalpies of formation of different substances to
answer questions a and b. 1.4.7

Standard enthalpy of formation, , ∆𝐇𝒇𝒐

Substance
kJ/mol
NO2 (g) +33.9
HNO3(aq) −173.2
NO (g) +90.2
H2O (l) −285.8
a) Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction below:
2 HNO3(aq)+ NO(g) → 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)

b) Is the reaction above endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

21. Which of the following reactions represents the formation of ethyne gas, C2H2? 1.4.4

A. 2 C (s) + H2 (g) → C2H2(g)

B. C2H2 (g) + 2 Cl2 (g) → C2H2Cl4 (g)

C. C2H2 (g) + 2 Cl2 (g) → 2 C (s) + 2 HCl (g)

5
D. C2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
2
 22. Given the standard enthalpies of formation:

Standard enthalpy of formation, , ∆𝐇𝒇𝒐

Substance
kJ/mol
Fe3O4(s) −1118.0
CO(g) −110.5
FeO(s) −272.0
CO2(g) −393.5

What is the value ΔH° for the following reaction: 1.4.7

Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) →3FeO(s) + CO2(g)?

A. −263.0 kJ

B. +19.0 kJ

C. +54.0 kJ

D. −50.0 kJ

23. State if the statement below is true or false. 1.4.1

Hess’s law states that if two or more thermochemical equations can be added to produce a final equation for
a reaction, then the sum of all the enthalpy changes for the individual reactions is the enthalpy change for
the final reaction.

24. Given the standard enthalpies of formation:

Standard enthalpy of formation, , ∆𝐇𝒇𝒐

Substance
kJ/mol
ZnS(s) −206.0
ZnO(g) −348.3
SO2(g) −296.8
O2(g) 0.0

What is the value ΔH° for the following reaction: 1.4.7

2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)?

 25. Given the following reaction:

S(s) + 3F2(g) →SF6(g) , ∆𝐻𝑓0 =–1220 kJ

If the molar mass of SF6 is : 70. g/mol, what heat is released in the formation of 10.0 grams of sulfur
hexafluoride, SF6, from the elements sulfur and fluorine? 1.4.6

A. 83.5 kJ

B. 1220 kJ

C. 12,200 kJ

D. 17800 𝑘𝐽

26. According to the standard enthalpy of formation values and the equation below, the enthalpy of
combustion in kJ/mol of ethane gas, C2H6 , is ____________________. 1.4.7
7
C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)
2

species C2H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(l)

𝐻𝑓𝑜 − 84.7 − 394.5 − 285.8

A. − 3123.4
B. − 1561.7

C. − 595.6

D. + 1561.7

27. According to the standard enthalpy of formation values and the equation below, the enthalpy in kJ/mol
for the thermal decomposition of solid sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO 3, is ____________. 1.4.7
2 NaHCO3 (s) → Na2O(s) +H2O(l)+ 2CO2(g)

species NaHCO3(s) Na2O (s) CO2(g) H2O(l)

𝐻𝑓𝑜 − 950.8 − 416.0 − 394.5 − 285.8

A. − 410.8

B. − 205.4

C. + 100.0

D. + 410.8
28. Which of the gases below has an enthalpy of formation equal to zero? 1.4.5

A. HCl(g)

B. CO2 (g)

C. O2 (g)

D. O3 (g)

19. Which of the solids below has an enthalpy of formation equal to zero? 1.4.5

A. Cu(s)

B. NaCl(s)

C. CuO (s)

D. H2 (s)

20. Which of the liquids below has an enthalpy of formation equal to zero? 1.4.5

A. Na(l)

B. C2H5OH

C. Hg(l)

D. H2O (l)

21. Use Hess’s law and the changes in enthalpy for the following two generic reactions to calculate
ΔH for the reaction 2A + B2C3 → 2B + A2C3. 1.4.3

2A + 3/2C2 → A2C3 ΔH = -1874 kJ

2B + 3/2C2 → B2C3 ΔH = -285 kJ

 22. Calculate ΔH° for the reaction 4HCl(g) + O2 (g) →2Cl2 (g) + 2H2O(g), using the information
provided below. 1.4.3

H2(g) + Cl2(g) →2HCl(g) ΔH° = –185.0 kJ

2H2(g) + O2(g) →2H2O(g) ΔH° = –483.7 kJ

1. Using the thermochemical reactions and their respective enthalpy values given below, calculate the
enthalpy of the reaction below.
2 CH4 (g) + 2 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 HCN (g) + 6 H2O (l)

Thermochemical equation Value of enthalpy in kJ

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) →2 NH3 (g) − 91.8
C (s) + 2 H2 (g) → CH4 (g) − 74.9
2 C (s) + H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 HCN (g) + 270.3
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l) − 579

1.4.2 Describe the rules to be followed to apply Hess's Law.

1.4.3 Calculate, using Hess's law, the ∆H of a reaction.

 1.5 Subtopic 1.5 – Reaction Spontaneity

Answer the following with True/False:

1. A negative sign for ΔG indicates that, at constant temperature and pressure, the
reaction is spontaneous. 1.5.1

2. For a given substance, the entropyalways increases in the following order: gas → liquid → solid. 1.5.3

3. For the reaction NH4Cl(s) → NH3(g) +HCl(g), the entropy change is negative. 1.5.3

4. What are the surroundings in an open bottle filled with water?

5. Consider the following reaction under standard conditions.

AgCl(s) → Ag+(aq) + Cl−(aq) ΔG = −54.1 kJ
Will this reaction occur spontaneously? Explain.

23. Heat is added to a 1.0-kg block of ice at 0°C. 1.5.5 & 1.5.6

a. Determine if the process is endothermic or exothermic. Explain your answer.

b. What happens to the entropy of the system? Explain.

24. Write if each of the following is a driving factor of a chemical reaction. 1.5.3

Enthalpy change
Gibbs free energy
Entropy change
Rate of a reaction
Volume of the container where the reaction
takes place

25. Identify the law of thermodynamics illustrated in the statements below: 1.5.4

Statement Law of thermodynamics

The entropy of the universe keeps increasing
The total energy of a system remains constant even
if it is converted from one form to another
The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero.

26. Predict the change in entropy (S) (positive or negative) for the following reactions. Explain your
answer. 1.5.5

a. H2O(g) → H2O(l)

b. 2NO(g) → N2(g) + O2(g)

c. MgCO3(s) → MgO(s) + CO2(g)

27. For each of the following pairs, choose the substance that has the smaller entropy value. Justify your
answer. 1.5.5.&.1.5.6

Substance with Smaller

Justification
entropy

SO2 liquid or SO2 solid

KI solid or aqueous KI
 H2O liquid or H2O solid

NO2 (g) or O2 (g)

NaCl solid or aqueous NaCl

CO2 gas or CO2 solid

28. Consider the chemical reactions X, Y, and Z and their standard enthalpies given below to answer
questions a – c. 1.5.11

Standard Enthalpy, ∆𝐻° ,

in KJ/mol

X 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2 O(g) −906.2

Y 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) −120.0

Z 6Fe2 O3(s) → O2(g) + 4Fe3 O4(s) 471.6

a) Which reaction(s) is/are spontaneous at all temperatures? Justify your answer.

b) Consider reaction Y, if ∆𝑆 ° = −150. 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾, calculate the. ∆𝐺 ° at 298 K.

29. Calculate the free energy value ∆Go for this reaction at 250℃. 1.5.12

2 N2O (g) + 3 O2 (g)→ 4NO2

∆Ho=−4.8 kJ/mol ∆S o= +60.0 J/mol.K
(g)

c) Based on your answer to part (b) identify if the reaction Y is spontaneous or nonspontaneous. Justify your
answer. 1.5.13

30. Consider the following reaction under standard conditions.

AgCl(s) → Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ΔG = −54.1 kJ

Will this reaction occur spontaneously? Explain. 1.5.13

31. Consider the following reaction and the information below to answer questions a – c.

B2 H6(g) + 3O2(g) → B2 O3(s) + 3H2 O(ℓ)

Substance ∆𝑮°𝒇 (𝒌𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍)

B2 H6(g) 86.7

B2 O3(s) −1194

H2 O(ℓ) −237.1

a) Does the reaction above show a decrease or increase in entropy? Justify your answer. 1.5.5 &1.5.6

b) Calculate ∆𝐺𝑟𝑥𝑛
° for the reaction above at 25℃. 1.5.4

c) Based on your answer to part (b), is the reaction above spontaneous or nonspontaneous? Justify your
answer. 1.5.13
32. Arrange the following gas molecules by increasing order of entropy at 25 ℃ . Explain your answer.

1.5. 5 Predict the change in the entropy of a system, ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚, (According to a set of rules)

1.5.6 From a list of given reactions, identify the reaction that shows an increase or decrease in entropy.

Ne, He , Ar and Kr

33. Arrange the following gas molecules by decreasing order of entropy at 25 ℃ . Explain your answer. 1.5.5 &
1.5.6

He, CO2 and C6H6

34. Which of the following is a driving force behind a thermodynamically favored reaction? 1.5.3

A. Enthalpy of the reaction

B. Activation energy

C. Rate of reaction

D. Bond energy

35. Arrange the following gases by increasing order of entropy at 25 ℃. 1.5.5.& 1.5.6

H2 , CH4, C2H4 and Ne

36. For the reaction, C2 H6 (g) → C2 H4 (g) + H2 (g), ∆Hreaction
0
= +137 kJ/mol and
37. ∆Sreaction = +120 J/K.mol. Which of the following is true about this reaction? 1.5.11
0

A. This reaction is spontaneous at all temperatures

B. This reaction is non-spontaneous at any temperature
C. This reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures only
D. This reaction is spontaneous at low temperatures only

38. The data below shows the enthalpy and entropy values for four processes (K, L, M and N).
Process 0
∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥 0
∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐢𝐧 𝐉/𝐊. 𝐦𝐨𝐥

K +5420 −125
L −5470 +513
N −1452 −307
M +8400 +752

Which process (K, L, M or N) best fits each of the following statements? 1.5.11

This process is never spontaneous at any temperature

This process is spontaneous only at high temperatures
This process is spontaneous only at low temperatures
This process is spontaneous at all temperatures

39. Given the following reaction: CO2 (g) +CCl4 (g) ⇌ 2COCl2 (g), use the data below to answer questions
a-d. 1.5.14 & 1.5.13

Substance CO2(g) CCl4 (g) COCl2 (g)

Gibbs Free energy of formation,
−394.4 −62.3 −204.9
∆𝐆𝐟𝟎 in kJ/mol

a. Calculate the Gibbs free energy of the reaction, ∆𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0
at 25℃ .

b. Is the reaction thermodynamically favored at standard conditions? Justify your answer.

40. The reaction below represents the formation of ammonia, NH 3 from nitrogen, N2 and hydrogen, H2.
1.5.13

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g) 0

∆Hreaction = −92.2kJ/mol 0
∆Sreaction = −198.8 J/K.mol

Calculate ∆𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0
at 25℃.
 30
CHM71- T1 Infromal Diagnostics