EXPERIMENTNO:8(b) AIM: To study and calculate frequeney of Wein Bridge Oseilloror APPARATUS: ‘Transistor (BC107)—2no, Resistors ~ 1OKQ dno, [KO - Jno, 2.2KO, 33K 6.8K, ‘Capacitors ~ 10 iF 2no, 100uF, 0.01uF ~ 2no, SDC Kit, CRO, Connecting. wires, ‘Theory: Iris one of the most popular type of oscillators used in audio and sub-audio frequency ranges (20 ~ 20 kl lz). This type of oscillator is simple in design, compact in size, and. remarkably stabie in its frequeney output. Furthermore, its output is relatively free from distortion and its frequency can be varied easily, However, the maximum frequency ‘output ofa typical Wien bridge oscillator is only about 1 MHz. This is also, in fact ‘phase-shift oscillator. 11 employs two transistors, cach producing a phase shift of 180°, and thus producing a total phase-shift of 360° or O°. tis essentially a two-staye amplifier with an R-C bridge circuit. R-C bridge circuit ‘(Wien bridge) is a lead-tag network, The phase’-shift across the network lags with increasing frequency and leads with decreasing frequency. By adding Wien-bridge feedback network, the oscillator becomes sensitive to a signal of only one particular ‘frequeney. This particular frequency is that at which Wien bridge is balanced and for which the phase shift is 0°.1f the Wien-bridie feedback network is not employed and ‘output of transistor Qs is fedback to transistor Q, for providing regeneration required for __ producing oscillations, the transistor Q, will amplify signals over a wide range of frequencies cm peat ge io testay sePy Thos byThis bridge circuit can be used as feedback network for an oscillator, provided that the Phase shift through the amplifier is zero, This requisite condition is achieved by using a mt the oulpul of the ‘wo stage amplifier, as illusiited in the figure. In this arrang second stage is supplied buck to the feedback network and the voltage across the parallel Combination Cs "Ry is fed to the input of the first stage, Transistor Q, serves os an escalator and amplifier whertas the transistor Qs as an inverter to cause a phase shill of 180% The circuit uses positive and neyntive feedbacks. The positive feedback is through ~ RY CIRs; Cyto transistor Q; and neyative feedback is through the voltage divider to the inpul OF transistor Q,, Resistors Ry and Ry arc used to stabilize the amplitude of the output. ‘The two transistors Qy and Qs thus cause a total phase shift of 360% and ensure proper Positive feedback. ‘The negative feedback is provided in the circuit to ensure constant ‘output over a range of frequencies, This is achieved by taking resistor Ry in the form of'a ive lamp, Whose resistance increases with the increase in current. In temperature sei ‘ease the amplitude of the output tends to increase, more current would provide more ‘negative feedback. Thus the output would regain its orivinal value. A reverse action ‘would take place in ease the output tends to fall. ‘The amplifier voltage gain, A Rs +Ri/ Ry=Ry/Ry +1 =3 : above corresponds with the feedback network attenuation of 1/3, Thus, in this case, in-A, must be equal to or greater than 3, to sustain oscillations.Operation ‘The circuit is set in oscillation by any random change in hase current of transistor Qi. ipply. FQ, but with a hat may be due to noise inherent in the transistor oF variation in vollaze of de of tra This variation in base current is amplified in collector circ Pphase-shift of 180°, the ‘ouiput of transistor Q, is fed to the base of sccond transistor Qy through capreifor Cy. Now a still further amplified and twice phase-reversed signal appears at the collector of the transistor Q;, Having been inverted twice, the output signal will be in phase with the signal input to the base of transistor Q;A part of the output Signal at transistor Q; is fedback to the input points of the bridge circuit (point A-C). A. part of this feedback signal is applied to emitter resistor Ry where it produces degenerative effect (or neyative feedback), Similarly, a pan of the feedback signal is applied across the base-bias resistor Re where it produces regenerative effect (or positive feedback). At the rated frequency, effect of regeneration is made slightly more than that ‘of degeneration so as to oblain sustained oscillations. ‘The continuous frequency variation in this oscillator can be had by varying the two capacitors C; and Cz simultancously. These capacitors are variable air-gang capacitors. We can change the frequency range of the oscillator by switching into the circuit different values of resistors Rj and R>. ‘The advantages and disadvantages of Wien bridge oscillators are given below: