Revision Notes on Squares and Square Roots

Square Number

Any natural number ‘p’ which can be represented as y2, where y is a natural number, then ‘p’ is called
a Square Number.

Example

4 = 22

9 = 32

16 = 42

Where 2, 3, 4 are the natural numbers and 4, 9, 16 are the respective square numbers.

Such types of numbers are also known as Perfect Squares.

Properties of Square Numbers

 We can see that the square numbers are ending with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 only. None of the
square number is ending with 2, 3, 7 or 8.

 Any number having 1 or 9 in its one’s place will always have a square ending with 1.

 Any number which has 4 or 6 in its unit’s place, its square will always end with 6 .
 Any number which has 0 in its unit’s place, its square will always have an even number
of zeros at the end.
 Some More Interesting Patterns
 1. Adding Triangular Numbers
 If we could arrange the dotted pattern of the numbers in a triangular form
then these numbers are called Triangular Numbers. If we add two
consecutive triangular numbers then we can get the square number.


 2. Numbers between Square Numbers
 If we take two consecutive numbers n and n + 1, then there will be (2n)
non-perfect square numbers between their squares numbers.
 Example
 Let’s take n = 5 and 5 2 = 25
 n + 1 = 5 + 1 = 6 and 6 2 = 36
 2n = 2(5) = 10
 There must be 10 numbers between 25 and 36.
 The numbers are 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35.
 3. Adding Odd Numbers
 Sum of first n natural odd numbers is n 2 .


 Any square number must be the sum of consecutive odd numbers starting
from 1.
 And if any natural number which is not a sum of successive odd natural
numbers starting with 1, then it will not be a perfect square.
 4. A Sum of Consecutive Natural Numbers
 Every square number is the summation of two consecutive positive natural
numbers.
 If we are finding the square of n the to find the two consecutive natural
numbers we can use the formula


 Example
 5 2 = 25


 12 + 13 = 25
 Likewise, you can check for other numbers like
 11 2 = 121 = 60 + 61
 5. The Product of Two Consecutive Even or Odd Natural
Numbers
 If we have two consecutive odd or even numbers (a + 1) and (a -1) then
their product will be (a 2 - 1)
 Example
 Let take two consecutive odd numbers 21 and 23.
 21 × 23 = (20 - 1) × (20 + 1) = 20 2 - 1
 6. Some More Interesting Patterns about Square
Numbers


 Finding the Square of a Number

 To find the square of any number we needed to divide the number into two
parts then we can solve it easily.
 If number is ‘x’ then x = (p + q) and x 2 = (p + q) 2
 You can also use the formula (p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2pq + q 2
 Example
 Find the square of 53.
 Solution:
 Divide the number in two parts.
 53 = 50 + 3
 53 2 = (50 + 3) 2
 = (50 + 3) (50 + 3)
 = 50(50 + 3) +3(50 + 3)
 = 2500 + 150 + 150 + 9
 = 2809
 1. Other pattern for the number ending with 5
 For numbers ending with 5 we can use the pattern
 (a5) 2 = a × (a + 1)100 + 25
 Example
 25 2 = 625 = (2 × 3) 100 + 25
 45 2 = 2025 = (4 × 5) 100 + 25
 95 2 = 9025 = (9 × 10) 100 + 25
 125 2 = 15625 = (12 × 13) 100 + 25
 2. Pythagorean Triplets
 If the sum of two square numbers is also a square number, then these three
numbers form a Pythagorean triplet.
 For any natural number p >1, we have (2p) 2
+ (p 2 -1) 2 = (p 2 + 1) 2 . So, 2p, p 2 -
1 and p 2 +1 forms a Pythagorean triplet.
 Example
 Write a Pythagorean triplet having 22 as one its member.
 Solution:
 Let 2p = 6
 P=3
 p 2 + 1 = 10
 p 2 - 1 = 8.
 Thus, the Pythagorean triplet is 6, 8 and 10.
 6 2 + 8 2 = 10 2
 36 + 64 = 100
 Square Roots
 The square root is the inverse operation of squaring. To find the number
with the given square is called the Square Root.
 2 2 = 4, so the square root of 4 is 2
 10 2 = 100, therefore square root of 100 is 10
 There are two square roots of any number. One is positive and other is
negative.
 The square root of 100 could be 10 or -10.
 Symbol of Positive Square Root


 Finding Square Root
 1. Through Repeated Subtraction
 As we know that every square number is the sum of consecutive odd natural
numbers starting from 1, so we can find the square root by doing opposite
because root is the inverse of the square.
 We need to subtract the odd natural numbers starting from 1 from the given
square number until the remainder is zero to get its square root.
 The number of steps will be the square root of that square number.
 Example
 Calculate the square root of 64 by repeated addition.
 Solution:
 64 – 1 = 63
 63 – 3 = 60
 60 – 5 = 55
 55 – 7 = 48
 28 – 13 = 15
 48 – 9 = 39
 15 – 15 = 0
 39 – 11 = 28
 2. Prime Factorization
 In this method, we need to list the prime factors of the given number and
then make the pair of two same numbers.
 Then write one number for each pair and multiply to find the square root.
 Example
 Calculate the square root of 784 using prime factorization method.
 Solution:
 List the prime factors of 784.
 784 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
 √784 = 2 × 2 × 7 = 28
 3. Division Method
 Steps to find the square root by division method
 Step 1: First we have to start making the pair of digits starting from the
right and if there are odd number of digits then the single digit left over at
the left will also have bar .
 Step 2: Take the largest possible number whose square is less than or
equal to the number which is on the first bar from the left. Write the same
number as the divisor and the quotient with the number under the extreme
left bar as the dividend. Divide to get the remainder.
 Step 3: Like a normal division process bring the digits in next bar down and
write next to the remainder.
 Step 4: In next part the quotient will get double and we will right in next
line with a blank on its right.
 Step 5: Now we have to take a number to fill the blank so that the if we
take it as quotient then the product of the new divisor and the new digit in
quotient is less than or equal to the dividend.
 Step 6: If there are large number of digits then you can repeat the steps 3,
4, 5 until the remainder does not become 0.
 Example
 Calculate the square root of √729 using division method.
 Solution:

 Thus, √729 = 27.
 Square Roots of Decimals
 To find the square root of a decimal number we have to put bars on the
primary part of the number in the same manner as we did above. And for
the digits on the right of the decimal we have to put bars starting from the
first decimal place.
Rest of the method is same as above. We just need to put the decimal in
between when the decimal will come in the division.
 Example
 Find √7.29 using division method.
 Solution:


 Thus, √7.29 = 2.7
 Remark: To put the bar on a number like 174.241, we will put a bar on 74
and a bar on 1 as it is a single digit left. And in the numbers after decimal,
we will put a bar on 24 and put zero after 1 to make it double-digit.
 174 . 24 10
 Estimating Square Root
 Sometimes we have to estimate the square root of a number if it’s not
possible to calculate the exact square root.
 Example
 Estimate the square root of 300.
 Solution:
 We know that, 300 comes between 100 and 400 i.e. 100 < 300 < 400.
Now, √100 = 10 and √400 = 20.
 So, we can say that
 10 < √300 < 20.
 We can further estimate the numbers as we know that 17 2 = 289 and 18 2 =
324.
Thus, we can say that the square root of √300 = 17 as 289 is much closer to
300 than 324.