Tuition Classes X (CBSE) Module-II

CHAPTER -05
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

 Position of a point P in the Cartesian plane with respect to co-ordinate axes is represented by the
ordered pair (x,y)

 Trigonometry is the science of relationships between the sides and angles of a right-angled triangle

 Trigonometric Ratios: Ratios of sides of right triangle are called trigonometric ratios. Consider triangle
ABC right-angled at B. These ratios are always defined with respect to acute angle ‘A’ or angle ‘C’.

 If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric ratios of an
angle can be easily determined.

 How to identify sides: Identify the angle with respect to which the t-ratios have to be calculated. Sides
are always labelled with respect to the '  ' being considered

Let us look at both cases:

83
 STUDY CENTRE

In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B. Once we have identified the sides, we can define six t-Ratios
with respect to the sides

(i) sine A =

perpendicular BC

hypotenuse AC

(ii) cosine A=

base AB

hypotenuse AC

(iii) tangent A =

perpendicular BC

base AB

(iv) cosecant A =

hypotenuse AC

perpendicular BC

(v) secant A=

hypotenuse AC

base AB

(vi) cotangent A =

base AB

perpendicular BC

Note from above six relationships

1 1 1
cos ecant A  ,secant A  ,cot angent A 
sin A cosine A tan A

However, it is very tedious to write full forms of t-ratios, therefore the abbreviated notations are

sine A is sin A

84
 Tuition Classes X (CBSE) Module-II

cosine A is cos A

tangent A is cosec A

secant A is sec A

cotangent A is cot A

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

An equation involving trigonometric ratio of angle(s) is called a trigonometric identity, if it is true for all
values of the angles involved. These are

sin 
tan  
cos 

cos 
cot  
sin 

 sin 2   cos2   1  sin 2   1  cos2   cos2   1  sin 2 

 cos ec 2   cot 2   1  cos ec 2   1  cot 2   cot 2   cos ec 2   1

 s ec2   tan 2   1  sec2   1  tan 2   tan 2   sec2   1

 sin  cos ec   1  cos  sec   1  tan  cot   1

ALERT

A t-ratio only depends upon the angle '  ' and stays the same for same angle of different sized right
triangles

85
 STUDY CENTRE

Value of t-ratos of specified angles

A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin A 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0
3
1 3 not defined
2
cosec not defined 2 2 1
3
2
sec A 1 2 2 not defined
3
1
cot A not defined 3 1 0
3

The value of sin  and cos can never exceed 1 (one) as opposite side is 1. Adjacent side can never
be greater than hypotenuse since hypotenuse is the longest side in a right-angled 

‘t-RATIOS’ OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES

If ABC is a right-angled triangle, right-angled at B, then

A  C  90 A  B  C  180 angle  sum  property 

or C   90  A 

Thus, A and C are known as complementary angles and are related by the following relationships

sin  90  A   cos A;cosec  90  A   sec A

cos  90  A   sin A;sec  90  A   cos ec A

tan  90  A   cot A;cot  90  A   tan A

86
 Tuition Classes X (CBSE) Module-II

QUESTIONS
1. The value of cos 0°.cos 1°.cos 2°. cos 3°....cos 89° cos 90° is

1
A) 1 B) –1 C) 0 D)
2
2. If x tan 45° sin 30° = cos 30° tan 30°, then x is equal to

1 1
A) 3 B) C) D) 1
2 2
3. If x and y are complementary angles, then
A) sin x = sin y B) tan x = tan y C) cos x = cos y D) sec x = cosec y
4. sin 2B = 2 sin B is true when B is equal to
A) 90° B) 60° C) 30° D) 0°

BC
5. If A,B and C are interior angles of a ABC the cos   is equal to
 2 

A A A A
A) sin B)  sin C) cos D)  cos
2 2 2 2

6. If A and  2A  45  are acute angles such that sin A  cos  2A  45  , then tan A is equal to

1
A) 0 B) C) 1 D) 3
3

7. If sin   sin 2   1 , then cos 2   cos 4  

A) –1 B) 0 C) 1 D) 2

8. 5tan 2 A  5sec2 A  1 is equal to

A) 6 B) –5 C) 1 D) –4
9. If sec A  tan A  x, then sec A =

x2 1 x2 1 x2  1 x2  1
A) B) C) D)
x 2x x 2x
10. If sec A  tan A  x, then tan A =

x2 1 x2 1 x2  1 x2  1
A) B) C) D)
x 2x x 2x

1  cos A
11. is equal to
sin A

sin A sin A cos A cos A

A) B) C) D)
1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A
87
 STUDY CENTRE

12. What is the minimum value of sin A, 0  A  90

1
A) –7 B) 0 C) 1 D)
2

13. What is the minimum value of cos , 0    90

1
A) –1 B) 0 C) 1 D)
2

a
14. Given that sin   , then tan  
b

b b2  a 2 a b2  a 2
A) B) C) D)
b2  a 2 b b2  a 2 a

15. If cos9A  sin A and 9A  90 , then the value of tan 5A is

1
A) 0 B) 1 C) D) 3
3

16. If in ABC, C  90 , then sin  A  B  

1
A) 0 B) 1 / 2 C) D) 1
2

17. If sin A  cos A  0 , then the value of sin 4 A  cos 4 A is

3 1
A) 2 B) 1 C) D)
4 2

18.  sin 30  cos30   sin 60  cos 60 

A) –1 B) 0 C) 1 D) 2
19. Value of tan 30 / cot 60 is

A) 1 / 2 B) 1/ 3 C) 3 D) 1

20. The value of sin  and cos  90   

A) Are same B) Are different C) No relation D) Information insufficient

21. If cos A  4 / 5 , then tan A = ?
A) 3/5 B) 3/4 C) 4/3 D) 4/5

22. In OPQ , right-angled at P, OP=7cm and OQ-PQ=1cm, then the values of sin Q

A) 7/25 B) 24/25 C) 1 D) none of these

88
 Tuition Classes X (CBSE) Module-II

23. If sin A = 24/25, then the value of cos A is

A)7/25 B) 24/25 C) 1 D) none of the these
24. In ABC , right-angled at B, AB = 5 cm and ACB  30 then the length of the side BC is

A) 5 3 B) 2 3 C) 10 D) none of these

25. In ABC , right-angled at B, AB=5cm and ACB  30 then the length of the side AC is

A) 5 3 B) 2 3 C) 10 cm D) none of these

2 tan 30
26. The value of is
1  tan 2 30

A) sin 60 B) cos 60 C) tan 60

1  tan 2 45
27. The value of is
1  tan 2 45

A) tan 90 B) 1 C) sin 45° D) 0

28. If x  a sin  and y  a cos  then the value of x 2  y 2 is......

A) a B) a 2 C) 1 D) 1/a

29. The value of cos ec70  sec 20 is.....

A) 0 B) 1 C) 70° D) 20°
30. If 3sec   5  0 then cot  =.....
A) 5/3 B) 4/5 C) 3/4 D) 3/5

89