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Nucleic Acids - Structure and Replication MS

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Teena Sheikh
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17 views

Nucleic Acids - Structure and Replication MS

Uploaded by

Teena Sheikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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M1.(a) (i) Joins nucleotides (to form new strand).

Accept: joins sugar and phosphate / forms sugar-phosphate


backbone
Reject: (DNA polymerase) forms base pairs / hydrogen
bonds
1

(ii) (Prokaryotic DNA)


1. Circular / non-linear (DNA);
Accept converse for eukaryotic DNA
Ignore: references to nucleus, binary fission, strands and
plasmids

2. Not (associated) with proteins / histones;


Accept does not form chromosomes / chromatin

3. No introns / no non-coding DNA.


Accept only exons
Q Neutral: no ‘junk’ DNA
2 max

(b) (i) 1. Have different genes;


Reject: different alleles

2. (Sobases / triplets) are in a different sequence / order;


Accept: base sequence that matters, not percentage

3. (So) different amino acid (sequence / coded for) / different protein /


different polypeptide / different enzyme.
Unqualified ‘different amino acids’ does not gain a mark
Reject: references to different amino acids formed
Ignore: references to mutations / exons / non-coding / introns
2 max

(ii) (Virus DNA)


1. A does not equal T / G does not equal C;
Accept: similar for equal
Accept: virus has more C than G / has more A than T

2. (So) no base pairing;

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3. (So) DNA is not double stranded / is single stranded.
2 max
[7]

M2.(a) 1. DNA replicated;


Reject: DNA replication in the wrong stage

2. (Involving) specific / accurate / complementary base-pairing;


Accept: semi conservative replication

3. (Ref to) two identical / sister chromatids;

4. Each chromatid / moves / is separated to (opposite) poles / ends of cell.


Reject: meiosis / homologous chromosomes / crossing over
Note: sister chromatids move to opposite poles / ends = 2
marks for mp 3 and mp 4
Reject: events in wrong phase / stage
4

(b) (i) 1. To allow (more) light through;


Accept: transparent

2. A single / few layer(s) of cells to be viewed.


Accept: (thin) for better / easier stain penetration
2

(ii) 1. More / faster mitosis / division near tip / at 0.2 mm;


Neutral: references to largest mitotic index

2. (Almost) no mitosis / division at / after 1.6 mm from tip;


Accept: cell division for mitosis
Penalise once for references to meiosis

3. (So) roots grow by mitosis / adding new cells to the tip.


Accept: growth occurs at / near / just behind the tip (of the
root)
Accept: converse arguments
2 max
[8]

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M3.(a) Deoxyribose.
1

(b) 1. Thymine 18 (%);


2. Guanine 32 (%).
2

(c) DNA polymerase.


1

(d) 1. (Figure 1 shows) DNA has antiparallel strands / described;


2. (Figure 1 shows) shape of the nucleotides is different / nucleotides
aligned differently;
3. Enzymes have active sites with specific shape;
4. Only substrates with complementary shape / only the 3’ end can bind
with active site of enzyme / active site of DNA polymerase.
4
[8]

M4.(a) 1. Outside of virus has antigens / proteins;


2. With complementary shape to receptor / protein in membrane of cells;
3. (Receptor / protein) found only on membrane of nerve cells.
Accept converse argument
3

(b) 1. No more (nerve) cells infected / no more cold sores form;


2. (Because) virus is not replicating.
2

(c) Prevents replication of virus.


1

(d) MicroRNA binds to cell’s mRNA (no mark)


1. (Binds) by specific base pairing;

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2. (So) prevents mRNA being read by ribosomes;
3. (So) prevents translation / production of proteins;
4. (Proteins) that cause cell death.
4
[10]

M5.(a) Box around single nucleotide.


1

(b)
DNA Percentage of each base
strand
A C G T

Strand 1 (16) 34 21 29

Strand 2 29 (21) (34) 16

2 rows correct = 2 marks;


1 row correct = 1 mark.
2

(c) 1. Reference to DNA polymerase;


2. (Which is) specific;
3. Only complementary with / binds to 5’ end (of strand);
Reject hydrogen bonds / base pairing

4. Shapes of 5’ end and 3’ end are different / description of how different.


4
[7]

M6.(a) (i) Repeating units / nucleotides / monomer / molecules;


Allow more than one, but reject two
1

(ii) 1. C = hydrogen bonds;

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2. D = deoxyribose;
Ignore sugar

3. E = phosphate;
Ignore phosphorus, Ignore molecule
3

(iii)
Name of base Percentage

Thymine 34

Cytosine / Guanine 16

Adenine 34

Cytosine / Guanine 16

Spelling must be correct to gain MP1


First mark = names correct
Second mark = % correct, with adenine as 34%
2

(b) (i) 153;


1

(ii) Some regions of the gene are non-coding / introns / start / stop code /
triplet / there are two DNA strands;
Allow addition mutation
Ignore unqualified reference to mutation
Accept reference to introns and exons if given together
Ignore ‘junk’ DNA / multiple repeats
1
[8]

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