2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel

Chemistry

1|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel

Chapter2
Bonding
Types of bonding

o Elements in the periodic table seeks to be stable and saturated, and this can
only be obtained by a full outer shell- Which results in losing, gaining or
sharing electrons from the outer shell in order to make a bond and a
compound of two or more elements.

o An ion is: “A charged particle (atom or group of atoms) formed by gaining or

losing electrons”.
It is charged because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons.
If protons > electrons positive ion
If electrons > protons negative ion

Ionic bond

It occurs
between

Metals Non-metals

lose (e-) gain (e-)

forming a positive ions forming a negative ions
(Cations) (anions)

- Ionic bond: Is a strong electrostatic attraction force between +ve ion

(cations) and –ve ions (anions) due to transfer of electrons from metal
to non-metal.

2|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Ex: Sodium and chlorine react together; sodium gives an electron to chlorine.
Now both elements have a full outer shell, but with a charge. Now they are
ions.
Formation of positively charged sodium ion:

Formation of negatively charged Chloride ion:

The two ions have opposite charges, so they attract each other-
The force of attraction between them is called the ionic bond, which is very
strong.

3|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Magnesium oxide:
o Magnesium is a group 2 metal so will lose two outer electrons to another
atom to have a full outer shell of electrons.
o A positive ion with the charge 2+ is formed, Mg2+
o Oxygen is a group 6 non-metal so will need to gain two electrons to have a
full outer shell of electrons.
o Two electrons will be transferred from the outer shell of the magnesium atom
to the outer shell of the oxygen atom.
o Oxygen atom will gain two electrons to form a negative ion with charge 2-
o The ions are then attracted to one another and held together by electrostatic
forces.
o The formula of the ionic compound is MgO.

Magnesium chloride:

4|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Polyatomic ion:(compound Ions) They are like molecules but with a
charge on them.
• Some ions can be formed from groups of joined atoms- These are called
compound ions.
Oxidation state Name Symbol
+1 Ammonium ion 𝑁𝐻4+

Hydroxide ion 𝑂𝐻−

Nitrate ion 𝑁𝑂3−

-1 Nitrite ion 𝑁𝑂2−

Hydrogen carbonate ion (Bicarbonate) 𝐻𝐶𝑂3−

Chlorate 𝐶𝐼𝑂3−
Carbonate ion 𝐶𝑂32−
-2 Sulfate ion 𝑆𝑂42−
Sulphite ion 𝑆𝑂32−
Phosohate ion 𝑃𝑂43−
-3
Phosohite ion 𝑃𝑂33−

• ate is rich in oxygen.

• ite is poor in oxygen.
• ide is of no oxygen (except oxide) (Sulfide S2- I Phosphide P3-)
• Non-metals form negative ions, with names ending in -ide. (Chloride Cl-,
Bromide Br-)
• Group 0 elements do not form ions; they already have full outer shells.
• Some of the transition metals form more than one ion.

ionic structure (lattice structure):

• Regular arrangement of alternating Oppositely charged
positive and negative ions.

5|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Properties of ionic compound

• Solid ionic compounds don't conduct electricity, but they do when they are
aqueous or molten. This is because in liquid/aqueous state the ions which
conduct electricity are free to move. While in solids, these ions are fixed in
place.

• Soluble in water (because the water molecules are able to separate the ions
from each other.
The ions then move apart, surrounded by water molecules)

• Very high melting points and boiling points, this is because the ionic bonds
are very strong. It takes a lot of heat energy to break up the lattice.
• They are usually solids.
• lonic crystals are hard but much more brittle than other types of crystal lattice.
This is a result of the structure of the layers. In ionic crystal, pushing one
layer against another brings ions of the same charge next to each other. The
repulsions force the layer apart Figure below.

6|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel

Q: In term of charge, explain why the ratio of calcium to nitrogen in calcium

nitride is 3:2
Draw the structure showing electrons in outer most shell of non- metal.

A: Net positive charge in the compound = 3 X +2 = +6

Net negative charge in the compound = 2 X -3 = -6
So Net charge of the compound is zero (neutral)

Q: In term of electrons, explain why the ratio of calcium to nitrogen in calcium

nitride is 3:2

A:
• Ca is in group (II), has 2 electrons in outermost shell, each Ca atoms will
lose 2 electrons so 3 Ca atoms lose 6 electrons.
• N is in group (V), has 5 electrons in outermost shell, each N atoms will
receive 3 electrons, so, 2 N atoms receive 6 electrons

➢ Draw the structure of lithium chloride showing electrons in outer most shell of
non- metal.

➢ Draw the structure of aluminium oxide showing electrons in all shells of metal
and non-metal.

7|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Practice! Draw the following ionic compounds:

1- Potassium Bromide KBr.

2- Calcium Sulfide CaS.

3- Aluminium Chloride AlCl3

4- Lithium Iodide Lil

5- Sodium Nitride Na3N

6- Magnesium Phosphide Mg3P2

7- Calcium Fluoride CaF2

8- Rubidium Oxide Rb2O

9- Strontium lodide. Srl2

10- Barium Oxide BaO.

8|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel

Covalent bonds: Is formed when atoms of non-metal share one or more pair of
electrons forming molecules.

• Covalent compounds are formed when pairs of electrons are shared

between atoms.
• Only non-metal elements participate in covalent bonding.
• As in ionic bonding, each atom gains a full outer shell of electrons, giving
them a noble gas electronic configuration.
• When two or more atoms are covalently bonded together, we describe them
as “molecules”.
• Dot-and-cross diagrams can be used to show the electric configurations in
simple molecules.
• Electrons from one atom are represented by a dot, and the electrons of the
other atom are represented by a cross.
• The electron shells of each atom in the molecule overlap and the shared
electrons are shown in the area of overlap.
• The dot-and-cross diagram of the molecule shows clearly which atom each
electron originated from.

9|Page
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel

Simple molecule
Single Covalent Bonds
• Many simple molecules exist in which two adjacent atoms share one pair of

electrons, also known as a single covalent bond (or single bond)

Common Examples of Simple Molecules

Hydrogen:

Chlorine:

Water:

10 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Methane:
• Valency of Hydrogen = 1

• Number of electrons shared by each Hydrogen atom = 1

• Valency of Carbon = 4
• Number of electrons shared by Carbon atom = 4

11 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Ammonia:
• Valency of Hydrogen = 1

• Number of electrons shared by each Hydrogen atom = 1

• Valency of Nitrogen = 3
• Number of electrons shared by Nitrogen atom = 3

12 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Hydrogen chloride:

Double Covalent bond If two adjacent atoms share two pairs of electrons, two
covalent bonds are formed.
Oxygen

Ethene
• In ethene, the 2 carbon atoms share 2 pairs of electrons.
• This is known as a double bond.

Carbon Dioxide:

13 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Triple Covalent bond. two adjacent atoms share three pairs of electrons, three
covalent bonds are formed.

Properties of Simple Covalent compounds:

1- Made up of molecules not ions (simple molecular structure)

2- Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling point.

- Because attraction forces between the molecules (Intermolecular forces/
Van der Waal's forces) are weak and need small amount of energy to
break the bond.

3- They do not conduct electricity.

- This is because no free moving ions, so they cannot conduct.
4- They are gases and liquids, but few are solids.
5- Solubility in water is less than ionic compounds.

Macromolecules
Contain big number of atoms joined together by

- Covalent bond ➡ (giant covalent structure)

14 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel

- Allotropes: different structural forms of an element in the same state.

Structure of Graphite & Diamond.

• Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon which have giant covalent
structures.

• Both substances contain only carbon atoms but due to the differences in
bonding arrangements they are physically completely different.

• Giant covalent structures contain billions of non-metal atoms, each joined to

adjacent atoms by covalent bonds forming a giant lattice structure.

Giant covalent structure

➢ Diamond
- Each carbon atom is bonded to 4 carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds in a
tetrahedral arrangement of a giant covalent structure.

Appearance.

• Colourless
• Transparent crystal
• Sparkle in light

15 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Properties of diamond with reasons

Property Reason
because each atom is held by four
Very hard.
strong bonds.
because it needs very big amount of
Very high melting and boiling point
energy to break the strong bonds.
Diamond doesn’t conduct electricity because there are no free electrons.
Strong covalent bonds between carbon
Diamond is insoluble in water
atoms

Uses of diamond:
• Jewelry ➡ As it's shiny.
• Cutting and drilling tools ➡ It's very hard, strong, and sharp.

➢ Graphite
• Layers of hexagons bonded by weak forces, so layers can slide over each other.
C atoms contains four electrons in outer shell and each carbon atom is bonded to 3
carbon atoms only. So, the fourth electron is free to move through the graphite, carrying
charge)

16 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Appearance.
• Dark grey
• Opaque solid
• Shiny

Properties of Graphite with reasons

Property Reason
because the layers (sheets) of
Soft and slippery hexagons can slide over each other so
used as lubricant.
Strong carbon-carbon covalent bonds
High melting and boiling points
in each layer
because each carbon atom has four
outer electrons and graphite bonds 3
Conducts electricity
only so the fourth electron is free to
move carrying a charge.

Uses of graphite:
Electrodes➡ As it can conduct electricity.
Pencils➡ As it's slippery and can slide through the paper.
Lubricant➡ As it's soft.
➥ Diamond is denser than graphite.
Similar properties in Diamond and graphite
They have high melting point and boiling point
They are insoluble in water and other organic solvent

17 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Silicon (IV) oxide (Silicon dioxide / Silica / Sand / SiO?):

It is a Diamond like structure (tetrahedral structure) but in diamonds each carbon

shares electrons with four other carbon atoms - forming four single bonds. While in
silicon oxide Each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms and each oxygen
atom is bonded to two silicon atoms by strong covalent bond in a tetrahedral
structure.

That's why its symbol is: SiO2.

Comparing Diamond & Silicon(IV) Oxide

• SiO2 has lots of very strong covalent bonds and no intermolecular forces, so
it has similar properties to diamond.
• It is very hard, has a very high boiling point, is insoluble in water and does
not conduct electricity.
• SiO2 is cheap since it is available naturally and is used to make sandpaper
and to line the inside of furnaces.

18 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Physical Properties of Silicon dioxide.

Property Reason
As it has very strong covalent bonds
Very high melting and boiling points that needs high amount of energy to
break.
Very hard Due to the strong covalent bonds.
It doesn’t conduct electricity It has no free electrons to move.
Insoluble in water and organic
Due to the strong covalent bonds.
solvents.
Used for making glass and lenses.
Like diamond, they sparkle in light
and colourless.

➢ Giant covalent exists in elements like Diamond, graphite and in compound

like SiO2.

➢ Simple covalent exists in elements like O2, N2 and in compound like CO2.

Q: CO2 and SiO2 are two covalent compounds. Predict two differences in the
physical properties of these two oxides.

A:
• SiO2 is a solid, C02 is a gas (at room temperature and pressure)
• (When both are solids) then SiO2 is harder.
• SiO2 has higher MP or Bp
• has higher density.
• SiO2 is insoluble in water, C02 is soluble in water.

19 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Metallic Bonding
• Metal atoms are held together strongly by metallic bonding in a giant metallic
lattice.
• Within the metallic lattice, the atoms lose the electrons from their outer shell
and become positively charged ions.
• The outer electrons no longer belong to a particular metal atom and are said
to be delocalised.
• They move freely between the positive metal ions like a 'sea of electrons.
• Metallic bonds are strong and are a result of the attraction between the
positive metal ions and the negatively charged delocalised (mobile) electrons.

Diagram showing metallic lattice structure with delocalised (mobile) electrons.

20 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
Properties of metals:
1. Metals have high melting and boiling points.
• Because There are many strong metallic bonds in giant metallic
structures between the positive metal ion and delocalised electrons
• A lot of heat energy is needed to break these bonds.

2. Metals conduct electricity.

• There are free electrons available to move through the structure and carry
charge.

3. Metals are good conductors of heat.

• That’s because the free electrons take in heat_energy, which makes them
move faster and they quickly transfer the heat through the metal structure.
4. Metals are Malleable and ductile.

5. Malleable means they can be bent and pressed into shape, (formed into a
sheet by hammering).

6. Ductile means they can be drawn out into wires.

As layers of positive ions are able to slide over each other (slip I move past
each other), the shape changes without breaking.

21 | P a g e
2-Bonding Alrashid Indian School Sherin Adel
General properties of ionic & covalent and Metallic structure:

Simple
Property Ionic Giant covalent Metallic
covalent
Boiling point &
High Low High High
Melting point
Solubility in
Generally good Generally poor Insoluble Insoluble
water
Poor
Conductivity
Poor Poor Except Good
when solid
graphite
Poor
Conductivity
Good Poor Except Good
when molten
graphite
Mostly gases
and liquids
General Solid
Solid Carbon, Sulfur, Solid
description Except Hg
Iodine and
Phosohorous
are solids

22 | P a g e