9

Health
Quarter 4 – Module
INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY AND
FIRST AID (INTENTIONAL INJURIES)
Lesson
Injury Prevention, Safety and First Aid
1 (Intentional Injuries)
Intentional injuries are those which are caused by violence and often manifest as trauma in victims.
These include:
 deaths and injuries caused by gun violence
 physical and sexual assault and abuse
 suicide, and bullying, to name a few.
Intentional injuries are injuries resulting from violence. It can be divided into two:
 self-inflicted
 assault.

What are the different types of intentional injuries?

Intentional Injuries
1. Suicide and Parasuicide
2. Domestic Violence
3. Bullying
4. Stalking
5. Extortion
6. Gang and Youth Violence
7. Illegal Fraternity-Related Violence
8. Kidnapping and Abduction
9. Acts of Terror
10. Verbal Abuse
11. Sexual Abuse (Incest, Molestation and Rape)

A. Self-inflicted Injuries
1. Suicide - is the act of intentional taking of one’s own life.
2. Parasuicide – a suicide attempt in which a person does not intend to die. It is often a cry for help
meaning, the person wants others to know what s/he is feeling.
B. Assault Injuries
1. Domestic Violence - It is an act that includes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving, etc.),
sexual abuse (unwanted or force sexual activity), and verbal abuse. It is also a behavior, the purpose
of which is to gain power and control over a spouse, partner, girl/boyfriend or intimate family
member.
2. Bullying – is an unwanted, aggressive behavior. The behavior is repeated or an overtime.
There are 4 types of Bullying.
a. Verbal bullying c. Physical Bullying

b. Social Bullying d. Cyberbullying

3. Stalking – is a pattern of behavior that makes you feel

afraid, nervous, harassed or in danger. It is when
someone repeatedly contacts or follows you.

4. Extortion – is the act of using force or

threats to force people to hand over their
money or properties on favors. Extortion can
happen usually outside or near school.

5. Gang and Youth Violence – Gang is defined

as a relatively tough, mostly street-based group
of young people who regard themselves and
may be seen by others as a group that engages
in a range of criminal activity and violence.
6. Illegal Fraternity-Related Violence –
Fraternity is referred as a group of people with
similar backgrounds, occupation, interest or
tastes. It is a group who are part of a
brotherhood built on common goals and
aspirations that make a commitment to each
other for life.
7. Kidnapping and Abduction – Kidnapping is taking away
or forcefully moving a person against his/her will and
holding him/her in unjust captivity. While Abduction is the
use of force in order to take a person away from their home
or relatives.
8. Acts of Terror – Terrorism is the use of violence for
political goals and putting the public or a great number of
people in fear.
Acts of Terror may be categorized into 6:
a. State of Terrorism d. Eco terrorism
b. Bioterrorism
c. Cyber terrorism
e. Nuclear terrorism
f. Narcoterrorism

9. Verbal Abuse – is a form of cruelty that

involves the use of words that can cause
harm on another person.

10. Sexual Abuse

A. Incest – is the sexual activity between persons who are so closely related that a marriage between
them is illegal.
B. Molestation – is the sexual abuse of a person by an adult for sexual pleasure or for profit.

Molestation includes the following:

a. Fondling d. Sodomy
b. Mutual masturbation e. Coitus
c. Child Pornography f. Child prostitution

C. Rape – is forced sexual intercourse including vaginal, anal or oral penetration. It can both happen
to men or women.
WHAT IS A RISK FACTOR?
Risk factors are negative influences in the lives of
individuals or a community. These may increase the
presence of crime, victimization or fear of crime in a
community and may also increase the likelihood that
individuals engage in crime or become victims. These are
characteristics linked with youth violence, but they are
not direct causes of youth violence. A combination of
individual, relationship, community, and societal factors
contribute to the risk of youth violence. Research on
youth violence has increased our understanding of factors
that make some populations more vulnerable to
victimization and perpetration. Many risk factors for youth violence are linked to experiencing toxic
stress, or stress that is prolonged and repeated.
INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS
 History of violent victimization
 Attention deficits, hyperactivity, or learning disorders
 History of early aggressive behavior
 Involvement with drugs, alcohol, or tobacco
 Low IQ
 Poor behavioral control
 Deficits in social cognitive or information-processing abilities
 High emotional distress
 History of treatment for emotional problems
 Antisocial beliefs and attitudes
 Exposure to violence and conflict in the family

RISK FACTORS
 Authoritarian childrearing attitudes
 Harsh, lax, or inconsistent disciplinary practices
 Low parental involvement
 Low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers
 Low parental education and income
 Parental substance abuse or criminality
 Poor family functioning
 Poor monitoring and supervision of children
PEER AND SOCIAL RISK FACTORS
 Association with delinquent peers
 Involvement in gangs
 Social rejection by peers
 Lack of involvement in conventional activities
 Poor academic performance
 Low commitment to school and school failure
COMMUNITY RISK FACTORS
 Diminished economic opportunities
 High concentrations of poor residents
 High level of transiency
 High level of family disruption
 Low levels of community participation
 Socially disorganized neighborhoods

WHAT IS A PROTECTIVE FACTOR?
Protective Factors are positive influences that can improve the lives of individuals or the safety of a
community. These may decrease the likelihood that individuals engage in crime or become victims.
Building on existing protective factors makes individuals and communities stronger and better able to
counteract risk factors. Protective Factors are divided into three. The following are the different
categories of Protective Factors.
INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS
 Intolerant attitude toward deviance High IQ
 High grade point average (as an indicator of high
academic achievement)
 High educational aspirations
 Positive social orientation
 Popularity acknowledged by peers
 Highly developed social skills/competencies
 Highly developed skills for realistic planning
 Religious beliefs

FAMILY PROTECTIVE FACTORS

 Connectedness to family or adults outside the family
 Ability to discuss problems with parents
 Perceived parental expectations about school performance are high
 Frequent shared activities with parents
 Consistent presence of parent during at least one of the following: when awakening, when
arriving home from school, at evening mealtime, or when going to bed
 Involvement in social activities
 Parental/family use of constructive strategies for coping with problems (provision of models of
constructive coping)

PEER AND SOCIAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS

 Possession of affective relationships with
those at school that are strong, close, and pro-
socially oriented
 Commitment to school (an investment in
school and in doing well at school)
 Close relationships with non-deviant peers
 Membership in peer groups that do not
condone antisocial behavior
 Involvement in prosocial activities
 Exposure to school climates with the following
characteristics:
o Intensive supervision
o Clear behavior rules
o Firm disciplinary methods
o Engagement of parents and teachers
WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO PREVENT AND CONTROL SELF-INFLICTED INJURIES?

FOR SELF-INFLICTED INJURIES

One common type of self-inflicted is suicide. The key to suicide prevention is to act fast and take the
suicide attempt seriously. A simple yet effective way that is to speak to the person if you’re worried
that s/he will attempt suicide. It may feel awkward and uncomfortable to talk, but anyone who shows
indications and warning signs needs immediate help and the sooner you respond, the better. In this
case, you may express concern for that
person by saying “I wanted to check up on you because you haven’t been yourself lately”. You may
also ask questions, like “Did something happen that made you start feeling this way?” You may also
offer your help by saying “I may not be able to understand exactly how you feel, but I care about you
and I want to help.”

FOR CASES OF ASSAULT AND ABUSE

In order to prevent becoming a victim of assault and abuse, one important consideration is knowing the
proper self-defense techniques which involve physical, mental and emotional assertiveness. These are the
following:
1.Self-esteem - having self-confidence that will make you less likely to be chosen as an easy target.
2. Assertiveness - having a bold and confident behavior, like speaking with conviction, may prevent a
physical attack. Since many attackers want easy victims that can overpower quickly, saying forcefully
phrases like “Leave me alone” may surprise an attacker before s/he can make a move.
3.Body Language – making direct eye contact and using a strong voice are some actions that can send off a
message to the attacker that you are aware of how to take care of your safety and that you will not be
victimized easily.
4.Intuition – one important rule is that if you sense danger, or if you sense that something is wrong or
about to happen, you should immediately get away.
5.A self-protective attitude – most important of all, you must realize that you are worthy and have a right
to be treated with respect. Being safe is your right, but it is also your responsibility

IN GENERAL
The following are more ways on how to prevent and control Intentional Injuries.

• Positive attitudes, values or beliefs

• Conflict resolution skills
• Good mental, physical, spiritual and emotional health
• Positive self-esteem
• Success at school
• Good parenting skills
• Parental supervision
• Strong social supports
• Community engagement
• Problem-solving skills
• Positive adult role models, coaches, mentors
• Healthy prenatal and early childhood development
• Participation in traditional healing and cultural activities
• Good peer group/friends
• Steady employment
• Stable housing
• Availability of services (social, recreational, cultural, etc)

KET TO REMEMBER
Intentional injuries are injuries resulting from violence. It can be divided into two: self-inflicted, when a person
harms himself/herself on purpose and assault, when person/persons harm another on purpose. Suicide and
Parasuicide are intentional injuries that are self-inflicted, while assault has four classifications: (1) those that
were committed within the family; (2) those that were committed by peers; (3) those that were committed by
other groups; and (4) those that were committed by the family, peers or other groups. Within the family,
domestic violence may happen.
Domestic violence happens when one or more members of the family harms or abuses another family
member. Peers in school or in the community may commit bullying, stalking, and extortion. Other groups may
commit gang and youth violence, illegal fraternity-related violence, kidnapping and abduction, and different
acts of terror. Sexual victimization and other forms of abuse and harassment may be committed by the family,
peers or other people. This includes verbal abuse, incest, molestation or rape.
Bullying is an unwanted, aggressive behavior. The behavior is repeated, or can be repeated, over time. Both
kids who are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.
Stalking is a pattern of behavior that makes you feel afraid, nervous, harassed, or in danger. It is when someone
repeatedly contacts you, follows you, sends you things, and talks to you, even when you don’t want them to.
Extortion is the act of using force or threats to force people to hand over their money or properties, on favors.
A gang is defined as a relatively tough, mostly street-based group of young people who regard themselves and
may be seen by others as a group that engages in a range of criminal activity and violence.
A fraternity is a group of people with similar backgrounds, occupations, interests, or tastes. In campuses and
universities, fraternities are represented Greek letters. The youth may think of several benefits in joining a
fraternity. They may see it as a gain in power and protection, as fraternities have a reputation for being a
powerful group. On the other hand, abduction is the use of deceit or force in order to take a person or a child
away from their home or relatives.
In abduction, the victim usually knows or has some sort of relation with the abductor.
Acts of terror, or terrorism, is the use of violence for political goals and putting the public or a great number of
people in fear. The purpose of these terrorist groups is to produce terror in their victims through the use of
violence, fear and pressure.
Verbal abuse is a form of cruelty that involves the use of words. Incest is sexual contact between persons who
are so closely related that a marriage between them is considered illegal (e.g., parents and children,
uncles/aunts and nieces/nephews, etc.). Usually, incest takes the form of an older family member having sexual
relations or sexually abusing a child or an adolescent.
Molestation is the sexual abuse of a person (whether a child or adult) by an adult for sexual pleasure or for
profit.
Rape is forced sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, or oral penetration. Penetration may be by a body
part or an object