Metals and Non-metals 91

Self-Evaluation Test
1. Which of the following is most reactive with dil. 8. (a) Why is copper used for making electric wires?
H2SO4? (b) Why do metals form ionic compounds with non-
(a) Fe (b) Zn (c) Cu (d) Mg metals?
2. Which of the following statement is not correct for 9. (a) Draw electron dot diagram of CaCl2.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Ca(s) (b) Why do ionic compounds have high melting
(a) Zinc is more reactive than Cu point?
(b) Zn loses electrons to form Zn2+ ion (c) Why is CaCl2 soluble in water?
(c) Zn is lower down the reactivity series as compared 10. What happens when
to Cu (a) Zinc metal is heated with sodium hydroxide.
(d) Zn is strong reducing agent and can reduce (b) Ferrous carbonate is heated.
Cu2+ to Cu. (c) Aluminium strip is added to copper sulphate
3. Which of the following metal is extracted by solution
electrolytic reduction of their ores? Write balanced chemical equations for all reactions.
(a) Cu (b) Al (c) Zn (d) Hg 11. Complete the following:
4. Which type of copper is formed by the reaction: (i) ZnS + O2 →
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 (ii) ZnCO3
heat

Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2 (iii) HgS + O2 →

(a) Blister copper (b) Copper cusp (iv) Al2O3 + NaOH →
(c) Reduced copper (d) Copper slag (v) NaAlO2 + H2O →
Direction: In the following Questions, the Assertion and 12. Alloys are made up of two or more metals. Stainless
Reason have been put forward. Read the statements steel is an alloy of Fe,C, Cr and Ni, used in making
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the utensils and surgical instruments. Duralumin is used
following: for making aeroplanes. Solder is used for soldering
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the electric circuits. Brass and bronze are widely used in
Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion. daily life. 22 carat gold is used for making jewellary.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Diamond is used in jewellary due to its brilliance.
Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion. (a) Why is stainless steel preffered over iron and
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false. copper for making utensils?
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason (b) What is the composition of solder?
is true. (c) Which metal is added to gold to make it hard?
5. Assertion: Sulphur is a non-metal. Calculate % of gold in 22 carat gold.
Reason: Sulphur can gain 2 electrons to form S2– ion. Or
6. Assertion: Boron and silicon are metalloids. (c) Give composition and one use of each of
Reason: B2O3 is more acidic than SiO2. following alloys
(i) Bronze
7. The welding of railway tracks is done with help of
(ii) Brass
thermite reaction which involves displacement of a
metal (X) from its solid oxide (Y).
Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’ and write chemical reaction
involved.

Scan to get Answers

92 Together with® Science–10

Chapter
4 Carbon and its Compounds

Mind Map

Carbon

Occurrence of Carbon Versatile nature of carbon Bonding in Carbon

The earth's crust has only 0.02% carbon in the form of It is the bond formed by equal
minerals and the atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide. sharing of electrons, e.g.,
Hydrogen has one valence
electron. It can share one valence
Allotropes of Carbon. The carbon exists both in crystalline and amorphous
electron with other hydrogen
forms. The two well known allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite.
atom to form H2 molecule so
Fullerenes as to acquire nearest noble
gas configuration. The bond
Diamond Graphite A third form of carbon known between two hydrogen atoms
as fullerenes were discovered by by sharing one electron each
1. It is hardest substance known. 1. Graphite is soft and slippery H. W. Kroto, R. F. Cur t and R. is called covalent bond.
with density of 2.3 g/ml. E. Smalley. Fullerenes consist of  [CBSE 2020]
2. Its crystals are octahedral,
hollow cage of carbon atoms. They
colourless and transparent. 2. It is black coloured, opaque
are large spheroidal molecules of
3. In diamond, each carbon atom and has hexagonal crystals.
composition C2n; two important
3. In graphite, carbon atoms Unique Nature of Carbon
is covalently bonded to four members of this family are
other carbon atoms along four are bonded together in flat C 60 and C 70 . The 1996 Nobel
corners of regular tetrahedron. layers by strong covalent Prize was awarded Carbon has small size and therefore
This pattern extends in three bonds in a regular hexagon. to above scientists can form strong covalent bonds
dimensions. Diamond is hard These layers are held for the discovery of with other atoms. It forms maximum
due to strong covalent bonds together by much weaker fullerenes, used as number of compounds. Our body
van der Waals’ forces, antioxidants.
present in it. is made up of carbon compounds
therefore the cr ystals Water soluble like proteins, fats, nucleic acids.
4. Diamond is a non-conductor of
of graphite are soft and fullerene is used to
electricity.  [CBSE 2020]
slippery. treat HIV.
4. Graphite is a conductor of
electricity.
141.5 pm Catenation Tetravalency of Carbon
340 pm

It is a property due to which Carbon has four valence

carbon can form bonds with electrons. It can share four
other atoms of carbon. Carbon electrons with other atoms
shows the property of catenation of carbon as well as oxygen,
Structure of diamond
to maximum extent because it is hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and
Structure of graphite
small in size and can form halogens.
strong covalent bonds.
 Carbon and its Compounds 93

Electron Dot Structures of Covalent Molecules

Cl Cl H O H
H H H Cl

H H Cl Cl H Cl H O H
Hydrogen Chlorine [CBSE 2023] Hydrogen Chloride Water

H N H
H

H N H

H
Ammonia

H H
H C C H
H H
H H

H C C H

H H
Ethane

H H
H C C H

O O N N
H H H

H C H O O H C C H N N
Oxygen Ethene Nitrogen [CBSE 2023]
H
H
H C C H O C O
H C H

H H C C H O==C==O
Methane Ethyne Carbon dioxide
94 Together with® Science–10

Hydrocarbons

Saturated Unsaturated

Those hydrocarbons which contain single bonds only are Those hydrocarbons in which valency of carbon is satisfied by
double or triple bond are called unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g.,
called saturated hydrocarbons, e.g., CH4 (methane), C2H6 C2H4, C3H6, C2H2.
(ethane), C3H8 (propane), C4H10 (butane), etc.
H H H H
H H H
H C C H [CBSE 2020]
H C C H
H C H H C C H Ethene

H H H H H H H H H
Methane Ethane
H C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H H
H H
H C C C H H C C C C H Propene
H H H H H H H H C C H H C C H
Propane Butane Ethyne

Alkanes
Alkenes Alkynes
All compounds in which carbon and hydrogen are
attached with single bonds are called alkanes. The Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which Those unsaturated hydrocarbons which
general formula of alkane from which all the members have one or more double bonds are called contain one or more triple bonds are called
of family can be derived is CnH2n+2, e.g., CH4, C2H6, alkenes. Their general formula is CnH2n, alkynes. The general formula of alkynes
C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, C6H14. e.g., C 2H 4 (ethene), C 3H 6 (propene), is CnH 2n–2, e.g., C 2H 2 (ethyne), C 3H 4
C4H8 (butene), C5H10 (pentene), C6H12 (propyne), C4H6 (butyne), C5H8 (pentyne),
(hexene), etc. C6H10 (hexyne).

Isomerism

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae are called isomers. This property is called isomerism.
Eg. Butane C4H10 has 2 isomers. They are butane and Isobutane. [CBSE 2023, 20]

H H H H H H H

H C C C C H H C C C H

H H H H H H
Butane H C H

H
Isobutane 
IUPAC–2-methyl propane
 Carbon and its Compounds 95

Functional Group

It is atom or group of atoms or reactive part of compound which largely determines the chemical properties of compound, e.g.,
O O

—OH (Alcohol), —CHO (Aldehyde), C (Ketone), C OH (Carboxylic acid), —X (Halogens)

where X is Cl, Br, F, I.
Functional group Suffix Prefix
Alkanes (single bond) — –ane —
Alkenes (double bond) == –ene —
Alkynes (Triple bond) –yne —
Alcohol       [CBSE 2023] —OH –ol Hydroxy
O
Aldehyde –al Formyl
—C—H
O
Ketone –one Oxo
—C—
O
Carboxylic acid     [CBSE 2023] –oic acid Carboxy
—C—OH
O
Esters –oate Carboxy alkyl
—C—OR
Chlorine —Cl – Chloro
Bromine —Br – Bromo
Iodine —I – Iodo
Fluorine —F – Fluoro

Homologous series

It is a series of compounds which are derived from same general formula, having same functional group, similar chemical properties and show
gradation in physical properties. Each member differs from successive member by —CH2—. The difference in molecular weight between two
successive members is 14 u. [CBSE 2020]

Alkanes. They have general formula CnH2n + 2 where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula Name
H

When n = 1, CH4 H C H CH4 Methane

H
H H

When n = 2, C2H6 H C C H CH3—CH3 Ethane

H H
H H H

When n = 3, C3H8 H C C C H CH3—CH2—CH3 Propane

H H H
96 Together with® Science–10

Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula Name

H H H H
For n = 4, C4H10 as n-Butane
H C C C C H CH3—CH2—CH2—CH3
two isomers Butane(IUPAC)
H H H H
H H H

H C C C H CH3—CH—CH3 Isobutane
IUPAC name is
HH C HH CH3 2-methylpropane

H
H H H H H
For n = 5, C5H12 has n-Pentane
H C C C C C H CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3
three isomers Pentane(IUPAC)
H H H H H
H H H H

H C C C C H CH3—CH —CH2—CH3 Isopentane IUPAC

name is 2-methylbu-
HH C HH H CH3 tane

H
H

HH C HH H CH3
Neopentane
H C C C C H CH3—C —CH3 IUPAC name is 2,
2-dimethyl propane
HH C HH H CH3

H
–ane is the suffix used in alkanes.

Alkenes. They have general formula CnH2n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula Name
H H
n = 2, C2H4 CH2 CH2 Ethene
H C C H
H H H

n = 3, C3H6 H C C C H CH2 CH CH3 Propene

H
H H H H
n = 4, C4H8 has three
H C C C C H CH2 CH CH2 CH3 But-1-ene
isomers
H H
H H

H C C C C H CH3 CH CH CH3 But-2-ene

H H H H
 Carbon and its Compounds 97

Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula Name

H H

H C C C H H2C C CH3
2-Methylpropene
H C HH CH3

Alkynes. General formula is CnH2n–2.

Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Structural Formula Name
n = 2, C2H2 H C C H HC CH Ethyne
H

n = 3, C3H4 H C C C H CH C CH3 Propyne

H
H H H
n = 4, C4H6 has two
C C C C H CH C CH2 CH3 But-1-yne
isomers
H H
H H

H C C C C H CH3 C C CH3 But-2-yne

H H
H H H
n = 5, C5H8 has three
H C C C C C H HC C CH2 CH2 CH3 Pent-1-yne
isomers
H H H
H H H

H C C C C C H CH3 C C CH2 CH3 Pent-2-yne

H H H
H H

HC C C C H 1 2 3 4
HC C CH CH3 3-Methylbut-1-yne
H C HH
CH3
H

Cyclo alkane

CH2 CH2 CH2

Cyclo propane Cyclo butane
H2C CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2
H2C CH2 H2C CH2
Cyclo pentane Cyclo hexane
H 2C CH2 [CBSE 2020]
CH2 CH2 CH2
98 Together with® Science–10

Chemical Properties of Compounds of Carbon

Combustion Oxidation Addition Substitution

Carbon, in all allotropic forms, burns in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide
with evolution of heat and light energy. In case of diamond, graphite and fullerene, Those reactions in which unsaturated compounds react
they burn completely to form CO2 because they are purest form of carbon. with a molecule like H2, Cl2, etc., to form another saturated
C + O2 CO2 + heat + light compounds are called addition reactions. [CBSE 2020]
Ni catalyst
Most of the carbon compounds are combustible and burn in presence of oxygen CH2==CH2 + H2 → CH3—CH3
Heat
to form CO2 and H2O, e.g., Ethene Hydrogen Ethane

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) + heat + light H H

R R Ni catalyst
[CBSE 2023] C==C + H2 → R—C—C—R
R R Heat
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O (l) + heat + light Vegetable oil Hydrogen H H
Vegetable ghee
2CH3OH (g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O (l) + heat + light
CH3CH2OH (l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O (l) + heat
CH3COOH (l) + 2O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) + heat
Those reactions in which an atom or group of atoms of a
compound is replaced by other atom or group of atoms are
Carbon compounds like alcohols are oxidised to carboxylic acids on heating with called substitution reactions. [CBSE 2020]
oxidising agents like alkaline Potassium permanganate —KMnO4 or oxidised to Saturated hydrocarbons are less reactive and do not react with
Carboxylic acids. most reagents.
alkaline KMnO4 + heat
C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O They react with halogens in presence of sunlight and undergo
Or acidic K2Cr2O7 + heat
Ethanol Ethanoic acid substitution reaction. The reaction is very fast. It is photochemical
reaction because it takes place in presence of sunlight.
Soaps and Detergents CH4(g) + Cl2(g) Sun CH3Cl(g) + HCl (g)
Light
Chloromethane [CBSE 2020]
Sun
Saponification CH3Cl(g) + Cl2(g) CH2Cl2(g) + HCl (g)
Light
Dichloromethane
CH2Cl2(g) + Cl2(g) Sun CHCl3(l) + HCl (g)
Light
It is a process in which an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium Trichloromethane

salt of acid and alcohol is formed. (Chloroform)

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH CHCl3(l) + Cl2(g) Sun CCl4(l) + HCl (g)
Light
Ethyl ethanoate Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate Ethanol
Tetrachloromethane
(Carbon tetrachloride)
Saponification is also used for preparation of soap.    [CBSE 2023]

Soaps Detergent

Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acids

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. Fatty acids are of hydrocarbons of alkene type. They have – SO3H group, i.e.,
carboxylic acids containing 12 or more carbon atoms, e.g., The common sulphonic acid group.            [CBSE 2023]
fatty acids and their formula are given below:       [CBSE 2023]
Examples.
Table : Some examples of fatty acids
(i) Sodium lauryl sulphate CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3– Na+ (present in
Name of Fatty acid Formula Name of Fatty acid toothpaste).
C15H31COOH Palmitic acid C17H35COOH Stearic acid (ii) Sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate CH3(CH2)10CH2SO3– Na+
C17H33COOH Oleic acid C11H23COOH Lauric acid OR

C17H31COOH Linoleic acid C13H27COOH Myristic acid CH3—(CH2)11 SO3– Na+.

 Carbon and its Compounds 99

Important Compounds of Carbon

Ethanol Ethanoic acid

Physical Properties Uses Chemical Properties

(i) Dehydration: Ethanol, when heated with Conc. H2SO4 at 443 K or Al2O3 at 623 K undergoes
(i) Pure ethanol is a colourless liquid. dehydration, i.e., loses water molecule to from alkene.
(ii) It has a specific smell and burning taste. Conc. H2SO4, 443 K
(iii) Its boiling point is 351 K which is higher than CH3CH2OH CH2==CH2 + H2O [CBSE 2023, 20]
or Al2O3, 623 K
corresponding alkanes. Ethanol Ethene
(iv) It is soluble in water, i.e., it is miscible with water (ii) Reaction with Sodium: Alcohols are very weakly acidic. Ethanol reacts with sodium metal
in all proportions. to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2 C2H5ONa + H2 [CBSE 2023, 20]
Ethanol Sodium Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
(iii) Oxidation with Chromic anhydride (CrO3).
(i) Ethanol is present in alcoholic beverages such CrO3 in
CH3CH2OH CH3CHO
as beer, wine, whisky. CH3COOH
Ethanol Ethanal
(ii) Ethanol is used as antiseptic for sterilising (iv) Oxidation with Alkaline KMnO4.
wounds. Alkaline
(iii) Ethanol is used in cough syrups, digestive CH3CH2OH + [O] CH3COOH + H2O [CBSE 2020]
KMnO4
syrups and tonics. Ethanol Ethanoic acid
(iv) Ethanol is being mixed with petrol and is used as (v) Oxidation with acidified Potassium dichromate: Ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid with
motor fuel. This mixture is called power alcohol. the help of acidified K2Cr2O7.
(v) A mixture of ethanol and water has lower freezing K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 (Conc.)
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O [CBSE 2023, 20]
point than water. This mixture is known as
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
antifreeze and is used in radiators of vehicles
in cold countries and at hill stations. During this reaction, orange colour of K2Cr2O7 changes to green. Therefore, this reaction
can be used for the identification of alcohols.
(vi) Ethanol is used for preparation of chloroform,
iodoform, ethanoic acid, ethanal, ethyl ethanoate (vi) Esterification: Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in presence of concentrated H2SO4 to
etc. form ethyl ethanoate and water. The compound formed by the reaction of an alcohol with
carboxylic acid is known as ester and the reaction is called Esterification. Esters are sweet
(vii) Ethyl alcohol is used as hypnotic (induces
fruity smelling compounds because they occur in fruits. They are used in ice creams, cold
sleep).
drinks and perfumes. The reaction takes place as follows.
CH3COOH + C2H5OH Conc. H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5 + H2O [CBSE 2023]
Alcohol CnH2n +1—OH Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate Water
Conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent, i.e., it removes water formed otherwise ester formed
CH3OH Methyl alcohol Methanol
will get hydrolysed. [CBSE 2023]
CH3CH2OH Ethyl alcohol Ethanol
(vii) Combustion: Ethanol is highly inflammable liquid, i.e., it catches fire very easily. It burns
CH3CH2CH2OH n-Propyl alcohol Propan-1-ol with blue flame in presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH n-Butyl alcohol Butan-1-ol C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O (l)
 [CBSE 2020] Ethanol Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

O
O O
Aldehydes CnH2n +1—C—H
Ketones CnH2n +1—C—CnH2n +1 Carboxylic acid CnH2n +1—C—OH
O
O
H—C—H Formaldehyde Methanal HCOOH Formic acid Methanoic acid
O CH3—C—CH3 Acetone Propan-2-one CH3COOH Acetic acid Ethanoic acid
O CH3CH2COOH Propionic acid Propanoic acid
CH3—C—H Acetaldehyde Ethanal
CH3—C—CH2—CH3 Ethylmethyl Ketone Butan-2-one CH3CH2CH2COOH Butyric acid Butanoic acid
CH3—CH2—CHO Propionaldehyde Propanal
O [CBSE 2020(C)] [CBSE 2023]
CH3CH2CH2CHO Butyraldehyde Butanal
CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH Valeric acid Pentanoic acid
 [CBSE 2020] CH3—C—CH2—CH2—CH3 Methyl n-Propyl Ketone Pentan-2-one
 [CBSE 2020(C)]
O

CH3—CH2—C—CH2—CH3 Diethyl Ketone Pentan-3-one

100 Together with® Science–10

Physical Properties Uses Chemical Properties

(i) Ethanoic acid is vinegar smelling liquid. The (i) Ethanoic acid is weak acid but it turns blue litmus red.
lower carboxylic acids are liquids whereas
(ii) Reaction with Metals: Ethanoic acid reacts with metals like Na, K, Zn etc. to form metal
higher ones are solids. ethanoates and hydrogen gas.
(ii) Ethanoic acid is sour in taste. Other lower 2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COONa + H2
carboxylic acids are also sour in taste. Sodium ethanoate
(iii) Ethanoic acid has boiling point 391 K. 2CH3COOH + Zn (CH3COO)2Zn + H2
Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points Ethanoic acid Zinc ethanoate
than corresponding alcohols, aldehydes (iii) Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonates: Ethanoic acid reacts with bicarbonates and
and ketones. carbonates and produces brisk effervescence due to formation of carbon dioxide.

(iv) Acetic acid is soluble in water, i.e., it is 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
Ethanoic acid Sodium carbonate
miscible with water in all proportions.
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
The lower carboxylic acids are soluble in
Sodium bicarbonate Sodium ethanoate
water but solubility in water decreases with (Sodium hydrogen carbonate)
increase in molecular weight.
(iv) Reaction with Base: Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium ethanoate
(v) Acetic acid freezes at 290 K. Thus, in cold and water.
weather crystallization of acetic acid may CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
take place that is why pure acetic acid is Ethanoic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium ethanoate Water
called glacial acetic acid. (v) Decarboxylation (Removal of CO2): When sodium salt of ethanoic acid, i.e., sodium ethanoate
is heated with soda lime (3 parts of NaOH and 1 part of CaO), methane gas is formed.
heat
CH3COONa + NaOH (CaO) CH4 + Na2CO3
(i) It is used for making vinegar. Sodium ethanoate Soda lime
(ii) It is used as a laboratory reagent. This reaction is known as decarboxylation because a molecule of CO2 is removed from a
molecule of acid.
(iii) It is used for preparation of white lead
(vi) Reaction with alcohols: Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in presence of concentrated
[2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2] which is used in white sulphuric acid to form esters which are pleasant fruity smelling compounds. It is called
paints. esterification. [CBSE 2020]
(iv) It is used for coagulation of rubber from CH3COOH (l) + C2H5OH (l)
Conc. H2SO4
CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l)
latex and caesin (protein) from milk. D
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate [CBSE 2023]
(v) It is used in preparation of acetone, ethyl CH3COOH (l) + C3H7OH (l) Conc. H2SO4 CH3COOC3H7 (l) + H2O (l)
acetate, acetic anhydride, aspirin which is  [CBSE 2020 for Blind]
used in medicines.
(vii) Saponification: The process in which esters react with NaOH to form sodium salt of acid
(vi) It is used in preparation of cellulose acetate and alcohol is formed is called saponification eg.
which is used for making photographic CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH
film. Ethyl ethanoate [CBSE 2023, 20 for Blind]
(vii) Its esters are used in artificial flavours in (viii) Reduction: Acetic acid, on reduction with lithium aluminium hydride, results in formation of
perfumes. ethanal, which on further reduction gives ethanol.
(viii) Its 5% solution is bactericidal (destroys LiAlH4 LiAlH4
CH3COOH CH3CHO CH3CH2OH
bacteria). Ethanoic acid Ethanal Ethanol
(ix) Its compound basic copper acetate
(verdigris) is used as green pigment.
(x) Aluminium acetate and chromium acetate O
are used as mordants in dyeing and Ester CnH2n +1—C—O CnH2n +1
waterproofing of fabrics.
HCOOCH3 Methyl formate Methyl methanoate
CH3COOCH3 Methyl acetate Methyl ethanoate
CH3COOC2H5 Ethyl acetate Ethyl ethanoate
C2H5COOCH3 Methyl propionate Methyl propanoate