Let‘s analyze the Attractive & Repulsive

Forces once again !

Nay
(reminder: it was the issue of Chapter 2)
or

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department 1/
 Image credit: medium Image credit: wikipedia

Chapter 3: The Structure of

Crystalline Solids / Cont‘d
Course: Material Science (MEC213)

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
22/ /
3.Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structures
(as another type of the Metallic Crystal Structures)

❑ Not all metals have unit cells with cubic

symmetry.
❑ a: short unit cell dimension
❑ c: long unit cell dimension
❑ 3 midplane interior atoms, 2 face atoms, 6
corner atoms. Coordination number: 12
❑ APF: 0.74
❑ The HCP metals include cadmium (Cd),
magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), and zinc (Zn).

The lattice points ! 3/

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
3. HCP/ Cont‘d
Ideal ratio for HCP is 1.633 (c/a)

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
 Simple Cubic Cell

❑ None of the metallic elements have this

crystal structure because of its relatively low
atomic packing factor.
❑ The only simple-cubic element is Polonium
(Po), which is considered to be a metalloid (or
semi-metal).

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Bird´s-Eye View of the Crystal Systems !

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Density Computations

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Polymorphism & Allotropy
❑ Some metals, as well as nonmetals, may have more than one crystal structure, a
phenomenon known as polymorphism (many forms !more than one
crystal structure!). When found in elemental solids, the condition is often termed
allotropy (a subset of polymorphism that only applies to pure elements !).

Image credit: Youtube

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Allotropy / Cont‘d

Allotropes of Carbon

Carbon
Graphite Fullerene Diamond
Nanotube
C60

10 nm
Image credit: David Malan

Aggregation of
C60 molecules !

Image credit: L Camilli et al.Nanotechnology

1 nm = 0.001 µm or 10-9 m
Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Synthetic Diamond (this slide is excluded for
your exams…)

Austria

Image credit: Swarovski™

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Allotropy / Cont‘d

Image credit: msestudent

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department
Point Coordinates (Lattice Position
Coordinates)

❑q, r, s ----- lattice position indices

❑a,b,c ------ unit cell edge lengths
Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Point Coordinates / Cont‘d, PDF Page #81

Let‘s determine the point of P !

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Crystallographic Directions

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Crystallographic Directions / Cont‘d

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Linear Density [uvw]

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Crystallographic Planes

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Crystallographic Planes / Cont‘d

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Planar Density (hkl)

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Planar Density (hkl) / Cont‘d

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Crystalline Materials

• For a crystalline solid, when the periodic and

repeated arrangement of atoms is perfect or
extends throughout the entirety of the specimen
without interruption, the result is a single crystal.
• Most crystalline solids are composed of a collection of
many small crystals or grains; such materials are
termed polycrystalline.
• Also, there exists some atomic mismatch within the
region where two grains meet; this area, called a
grain boundary.

Micrograph of
a polycrystalline metal,
grain boundaries
evidenced.
Source: wikipedia

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Anisotropy & Isotropy

❑ Anisotropy : if there is directionality of properties.

❑ Isotropy: substances in which measured properties are
independent of the direction. We call the materials as
„isotropic material“.

Image credit: knowswhy

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
Noncrystalline Solids
❑It has been mentioned that noncrystalline solids lack a
systematic and regular arrangement of atoms over
relatively large atomic distances. Sometimes such materials
are also called amorphous (meaning literally
“without form”).

Image credit: Fernandes, Salomao, 2018.

Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN Materials Science and Engineering Department
• Corresponding Chapter:
- Chapter 3.
The Instructor’s note: Strongly recommended to read the
corresponding chapters and re-solve/study the answers
of the today’s problems, prior to our next course.
Suggested exercises on our course book: Q3.3, 3.5, 3.6,
3.9, 3.10, 3.14, 3.22, 3.33, 3.43, 3.44, 3.56, 3.58 and 3.3FE
(Pg. ~816 for Chapter 3, ‘’Questions & Problems Section of
the course book)

26 /
Instructor: Assist. Prof. Pelin TÖREN ÖZGÜN / Materials Science & Engineering Department