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Lecture 5

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Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Muhammad Asim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5

Scale of Photograph
Scale of Photograph
Scale is the ratio of the size of any object or feature or area within
the photo to its actual size (i.e. 1 unit on the photo equals "x" units on
the ground).
Scale may be expressed three ways:
• Unit Equivalent
• Representative Fraction
• Ratio
SCALE
Scale is an important factor of vertical aerial photographs. It allows
features in the image to be measured (e.g., size, distance, area,
etc.).

It is important to know the scale of the image to be studied, as this


can affect how we perceive or interpret what appears on the image.
SCALE
• Scale is defined as the ratio of a distance on a photograph or
map to its corresponding distance on the ground

• It may expressed as a ratio, e.g., (1:25,000), a fraction (1/25,000)


or equivalence (1 cm = 250m).

• In all maps, scale is also represented as a linear scale, since


paper maps are subject to expansion and contraction so linear
scale is used in such old maps to have more accurate estimation
of measurements.
SCALE
• The scale of an aerial photograph is not uniform throughout,
while the scale of a map is uniform throughout
TYPES OF SCALES

• Small Scale Photographs


• Medium Scale Photographs
• Large Scale Photographs
Determination of Scale of a Vertical Photograph
(In case of a flat terrain)
If L is the Exposure station, f is the focal length
of camera lens, H is the flying height, LP is the
camera axis, A and B are the ground points, Exposure
Station
L

the scale S of vertical photograph is computed f


Focal

as: o
Length

Image
Positive
𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑎 Altitude Point a b Space

Scale 𝑆= = H
above

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝐴 Ground


Level
Optical
From the properties of similar triangles Lab Axis

and LAB: Principal


Point Real-World
𝑜𝑎 𝑓 A P Object Space B

S= 𝑃𝐴
=
𝐻 Flat Terrain
In a flat terrain, scale of a vertical photograph
is the ratio of focal length of camera and
flying height of aircraft.
Determination of Scale of a Vertical Photograph
(Undulating terrain) o p Negative Image
f
L (Lens)

H - hp

O hp

MSL
Determination of Scale of a Vertical Photograph
(Undulating terrain)
Let suppose we take two points A and B
on the ground having elevation ha and hb
respectively above MSL. The scale of the
photograph at point A may be written as
the ratio of two distances.
𝑎𝑜 𝐿𝑜 𝑓
= =
𝐴𝑂A 𝐿𝑂A′ 𝐻 − ℎA
Determination of Scale of a Vertical Photograph
(Undulating terrain)
If the average elevation of the area is ℎav , a more generalised
relationship to compute the average scale Sav of photograph having
points at different elevations may be written as:
𝑓
Sav =
𝐻 − ℎav
A more general expression for the scale may be written as:
𝑓
S=
𝐻−ℎ
Scale of a Vertical Photograph
• Photographic scale is directly proportional to focal length of the
camera lens. When a camera with larger focal length is used, a
large scale is obtained.

• It also varies inversely with the flying height. Scale decreases as


the flying height increases.
• In a photographic mission, focal length and flying height are
constant. Scale is dependant on height of terrain. In other words,
scale of an aerial photograph varies from point to point depending
on the height of that point above MSL.
1. By Establishing Relationship between Photo
Distance and Ground Distance
Example:
The distance between two trees
measured on an aerial photograph is 1
cm, and the corresponding distance on
the ground to be 100 m, what is the
scale of the photograph?

𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Scale of the photograph is 1:10000


2. By Establishing Relationship between Photo
Distance and Map Distance
𝑃ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = x Scale of map
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Example:
Length of the River on the Aerial
Photograph is 4 cm and map covering the
same area at 1:10,000, the length of the
river is 8 cm. Find the Scale of the photo?

Scale of the photograph is 1:20,000


3. By Establishing Relationship between Focal
Length and Flying Height
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑓)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐹𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐻)
Example: 150 mm

A camera equipped with a 150 mm focal


length lens is used to take a vertical
photograph from a flying height of 1500 m 1500 m
above mean sea level. What is the scale of
the photograph?

Scale of the photograph is 1:10000


4. Scale of Aerial Photograph at a specific Point
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑓)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐹𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐻 − 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (ℎ)
𝑓
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐻−ℎ
Example:
A vertical photograph was taken at a flying
height of 2500 m above sea level using a 1500 m
camera with a 150 mm focal length lens.
Determine the photo scale at point of A
which lies at elevation of 250 m.

Scale of the photograph is 1:15,000


5. Calculation of Flying Height from focal length
and scale of aerial photograph
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑓)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐹𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐻
𝑓
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐻
Example:
A camera equipped with a 150 mm focal
length lens is used to take a vertical 1500 m
photograph with scale of 1:20,000, what is
flying height of airplane?

Flying height of the Aircraft is 3000 m


5. Calculation of focal length of camera
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑓)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐹𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐻
𝑓
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐻
Example:
A vertical photograph was taken at a flying
1500 m
height of 1500 m above sea level with scale
of 1:10,000, what is focal length of camera?

Focal Length of the Camera is 150 mm


Map Scale
Units

• Metric
• Non Metric

Metric Non Metric


• Centimetre • Inch
• Meter • Feet
• Kilometre • Yard
• Furlongs
Numerical
• 1/50,000 (Miles)

• 1/25,000 (Yards)

• 1/200,000 (Furlong)

• 1/1250 (Feet)

• 1/50,000 (Meters)

• 1/100,000 (Miles)

• 1/25,000 (Kms)
Examples
What length of line on a map will represent each distance given below?

• Distance 50 km, scale 2 cm represents 10 km

• Distance 300 km, scale 3 cm represents 25 m

• Distance 200 m, scale 5 cm represents 20 m

• Distance 210 m, scale 1 cm represents 20 m

• Distance 150 m, scale 2 cm represents 25 m.


Examples
What distance is represented by each line, if it is drawn to scale
stated.

• Line 8.5 cm long, if 5 cm represents 10 km,

• Line 10.4 cm long, if 1 cm represents 2 km,

• Line 6 cm long, if 1 cm represents 60 m,

• Line 8 cm long, if 25 cm represents 5 m,

• Line 6.5 cm long, if 5 cm represents 50 m,

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