Lecture 9

Artificial Light
Sources
Engr. Gerard Ang
School of EECE
 Light Sources

• Incandescent
• Halogen
• Fluorescent
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps
• LED’s
• Fiber Optic Sources
 Incandescent Lamps
Characteristics:
• Cost is cheaper
• Warm, attractive color (2600
– 2900 K)
• Color rendering index is
considered to be 100
• Fast starting and small in size
• Only about 10% of the input
power is converted to light
• Sensitive to voltage
fluctuations
• Dimmable
• Wide variety
• Life span is short
Types of Incandescent Lamps

Standard A Reflector Tubular Globe PAR

lamp lamp lamp lamp lamp
 Tungsten Halogen
or Halogen Lamps
Halogen Lamp – is an incandescent lamp
that has a small amount of a halogen such
as iodine or bromine added.
Characteristics:
• Appealing Halogen PAR 20, PAR 30
• Crisp warm, attractive color (2800 – and PAR 38 lamps
3100 K)
• Color rendering index of 95 - 100
• Dimmable
• Wide variety
• Longer life, slightly more energy
efficient

Halogen lamps for

table lamps and chandeliers
Types of Halogen Lamps

BT lamp Double-ended Single-ended

T lamp T lamp
Low Voltage Halogen Lamps
Characteristics:
Small halogen lamps
• Compact, bright lamps
for task lights,
• A bit more energy efficient
sconces, etc.
• Excellent reading, work and
display light sources
• Color Temp: 2900 – 3100K PAR36 and AR111
• Long life halogen long
throw lamps
Common Types:
• MR11 and M16 lamps
• Compact T-3 and T-4 lamps

MR16
 Types of
Low Voltage Halogen Lamps

MR16 lamp Compact

T3 lamps
 Linear Fluorescent Lamps
Characteristics:
• For the same light
output, it consumes
lesser energy than an
incandescent lamp
• Pleasant light output
(high efficiency)
• Life span is longer
• Not sensitive to voltage
fluctuations
• Limited to indoor usage
• Noisy due to ballast
hum
 Types of Fluorescent Lamps
• T-8 standard lamps – standard
general lighting lamps Available
lengths are 2’, 3’, 4’ and 8’.
• T-5 standard and high output
lamps – one of the most energy
efficient, good color light source for
general lighting. Available lengths
are 2’, 3’ 4’ and 5’.
• T-12 standard lamps – old
standard for general lighting. It is
no longer used.
• T-2 miniature lamps – useful in
tight locations.
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
 Major Types of
Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Screw base GU-24 base Pin base

Types of Pin Base Lamps

Twin Tube Quad Tube Triple Tube

Long Twin Flat Compact lamps
Tube
Recommended Fluorescent
Lamps for Common Use

Desired Lamp Color Lamp Color Designation

• Warm 2700 K • “827”
• Warm 3000 K • “830”or “930”
• Neutral 3500 K • “835”
• Cool 4100 K • “841”
• Cold 5000 K • “850”or “950”

Example: F32T8/830 is a 3000K, 32 watt tubular fluorescent lamp

8/8”in diameter
 Fluorescent Ballast Technology

Non-dimming electronic ballasts

• Quieter
• Instant starting

Dimming electronic ballasts

• Two wire versions
• Standard 3 wire and 4 wire versions
High Intensity Discharge Lamps
High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps generate light by passing an electric current
through a gas containing the vapors of certain metals. The current produces an
arc or discharge of light contained within a high-temperature, high pressure
enclosure called an arc tube.

Characteristics:
• High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps are designed to emit a great deal of light
from a compact, long-life light source. They are most often used for street and
parking lot lighting and for large indoor spaces like gymnasiums and industrial
work floors.

Types of HID Lamps:

• Metal Halide Lamps
• Sodium Lamps
• Mercury Vapor Lamps
 Metal Halide Lamps
Metal-halide lamp – is an electric lamp that
produces light by an electric arc through a
gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and
metal halides (compounds of metals with
bromine or iodine).

Characteristics:
• Produce better coloring effect among HID
lamps
• Life span is shorter compared to a mercury
lamp

Types of Metal Halide Lamps

• PAR lamps
• MR16 lamps
• Singled-ended T lamps
 Sodium Lamps
Sodium vapor lamp – is a gas-discharge lamp
that uses sodium in an excited state to produce
light.
Characteristics:
• Small in size
• Life span is longer
• High lumen output
• Does not start instantly but warm-up period
is shorter than that of the mercury lamp
Types of Sodium Lamps:
• High pressure sodium lamps (HPS)
• Low-pressure sodium lamps (LPS)
Applications:
• Roads, parking lots, heavy industrial
workplaces, warehouses, security
lighting for HPS
• Security lighting for LPS
 Mercury Vapor Lamps
Mercury vapor lamp – is a gas discharge lamp that uses an electric arc
through vaporized mercury to produce light.
 Luminous Flux of
Various Types of Lamps
Lumen
Lumen output
Description of Lamp efficiency per
at 230 volts
watt
80 watts – 5 ft. warm white 58 4640
Fluorescent lamp 20 watts – 4 ft. warm white 60 2400
20 watts – 2 ft. warm white 45 920
40 watts 10 400
60 watts 12 720
100 watts 13.80 1380
150 watts 14 2100
Incandescent lamp
200 watts 14.75 2950
300 watts 16 4800
500 watts 16.9 8450
1000 watts 19 19000
 Luminous Flux of
Various Types of Lamps

Lumen Lumen
Description of Lamp efficiency per output at
watt 230 volts
80 watts 31 2480
Mercury 125 watts 31 3875
discharge lamp 250 watts 35 8750
400 watts 39 15600
45 watts 50 2250
Sodium 60 watts 57 3420
discharge lamp 85 watts 65 5525
140 watts 70 9800
 LED Lights

LEDs are incorporated into bulbs

and fixtures for general lighting
applications.

Characteristics:
• Monochromatic
• Very high efficiency
• Very long life
• No radiation
 Fiber Optics
as Display Lighting

• Uses special optical

elements (small lenses)
• Each fiber emits a very
small amount of light
• Maximum bundle is about
300 cd at 30 degree
• Virtually no UV or IR
• Requires a low ambient
light space like a fine
museum
 Luminaires
Luminaire – is any device that includes a lamp holder and the means of
electrification and support for that device.
Classification of Luminaires according to the manner by which light is
distributed:
a. Direct luminaires – emit light downward. These include most type of
recessed lightings including downlights and troffers and surface-mounted
luminaires.
b. Indirect luminaires – emit light upward. These may include many styles of
suspended luminaires, sconces, and some portable lamps.
c. Direct/Indirect luminaire – emit light upward and downward but not to the
side. These include many types of suspended luminaires as well as some
table and floor lamps.
d. Diffuse luminaires – emit light in all directions uniformly. These include most
types of bare lamps, globes, chandeliers, pendants and some table and floor
lamps.
 Luminaires
e. Asymmetric luminaires – are usually designed for specific applications. These
may include wall washers.

f. Adjustable luminaires – are generally direct luminaires that can be adjusted

to throw light in directions other than down. These include track lights,
floodlights and accent lights.
Common LuminaireTypes
• Recessed Downlights
• Adjustable Accent Fixtures
• Wallwashers
• Wall Grazing Fixtures
• Troffers
• Linear Lighting Systems
• Indirect Cove Fixtures
• Task Lights
• Decorative Lighting
• Commercial and industrial Luminaires
 Recessed Downlights
Recesses downlights are often cans
or high hats. Most downlights allow
for trims that fit into the housing.
Applications:
• Used in a wide range of
residential and commercial
applications such as in lobbies,
halls, corridors, stores and
other finished spaces

Characteristics
• Generally inexpensive
• Very popular
• Aesthetically “neutral”
• Good for task lighting
Recessed Lighting Fixtures

The “Housing”
For most residential use, fixtures are at
most about 7” tall for 2 x 8 construction

The “Trim”
• 4”, 5”and 6” incandescent
• 3”, 4”, 5”and 6” low voltage
• 4”, 5”and 6”compact fluorescent
Standard Housings
 Standard Trims

Baffle Cone Gimball

Pull down Eyelid Eyeball

 Adjustable Accent Fixtures
Adjustable Accent fixtures – allow light to focus in art, signage and other
interior surfaces and features.
Types of Adjustable Accent fixtures :
• Recessed accent fixtures – appear as downlights but internally permit
horizontal and vertical rotation of the lamp’s light beam.
• Track lighting systems – allow for flexibility in lamp types and ease of
relocation using a single power source.
 Track Lighting

Standard 120 volt track

• Low cost general purpose
• High cost “museum grade”
Low voltage track
Low voltage specialty systems
• Two cable systems
• Two rail systems
• Two conductor “bars”, “rods”, and ribbons
 Wallwashing
Wallwashers – are any type of
asymmetric luminaire that is intended to
flatly light the wall from the ceiling down
to the floor.
Types of Wallwashers:
• Downlight wallwashers – downlights
with a kicker reflector to push up the
wall.
• Recessed lensed wallwashers –
resemble downlights but use a cut
cone and angled prismatic lens to
spread the light to a point source.

• Surface and semi-recessed lens and open wallwashers – throw light onto an
adjacent wall using a sophisticated reflector system.
• Linear or continuous recessed wallwasher – at the ceiling, they provide a
continuous line of fixtures parallel with the illuminated wall.
 Types of Wallwashers

Recessed lens Surface wallwasher

Downlight wallwasher wallwasher

Semi-recessed lens Open wallwasher Linear recessed wallwasher

wallwasher
 Principles of Wallwashing

• Fixtures at least 24” out

from wall and about ¼”
wall height out from wall
• Fixtures apart 1 to 1.5
times the distance from
the wall
 Wall Gazing Fixtures

• Wall Gazing – is a technique that places the light source very close to
the wall accentuating a textured surface.
 Troffers
• Troffers – are widely used in offices, stores, schools, and other
commercial and institutional facilities for general lighting in work
and sales areas. Troffers are the most common type of fluorescent
luminaire.
• Lensed troffers use a plastic lens to refract light and distribute it
within the desired area below.
• Parabolic troffers use parabolically shaped aluminum or plastic
louvers to shield the lamp for improved visual comfort.
• Recessed indirect troffers are open, and light from fluorescent
lamps is bounced off the interior box of the troffer.
• High efficiency troffers combine the efficiency of a lensed troffer
with the aesthetic quality of the indirect basket troffer.
 Types of Troffers

Lensed troffer
Parabolic troffer

High efficiency troffer

Semi-recessed indirect
troffer
 Indirect Cove Fixtures

• Indirect cove fixtures provide uplighting onto a ceiling plane.

• Asymmetric fluorescent cove fixtures contain a reflector that
pushes the light out into the space.
• Adjustable LED cove fixtures vary in beam spread, size and
wattage and can be used illuminate a whole ceiling or simply
provide a glow.
• LED “tape” lights are very small profile LED strips that typically
contain a tape backing.
Indirect Cove Fixtures

Adjustable LED Asymmetric LED “tape”

cove fixtures fluorescent lights
cove fixtures
 Decorative Lighting
• Decorative Lighting is the jewelry of architecture and, in many building types,
plays a significant role in building style, period, or motif.
• Chandeliers are ornate luminaires generally consisting of many small
incandescent lamps that simulate the effect of candle flames.
• Pendants are also ceiling-hung decorative fixtures. Pendant is used for
hanging luminaires less formal than chandeliers that are used in offices,
restaurants, and many other places.
• Close-to-ceiling luminaires are similar to pendants but mount closely to the
ceiling to allow use in most rooms with conventional ceiling heights.
• Sconces are wall-mounted luminaires and are often decorative.
• Table and floor lamps are portable luminaires
• Torchieres are floor lamps designed specifically for uplighting.
• Vanity lights are used for bath vanity and mirror areas.
Types of Decorative Lighting

Close-to-ceiling
Pendant luminaires
Chandelier
Sconces

Table and floor lamps Vanity lights

Torchieres
 Lighting Controls

• Switch – is a control device that turns lights on and off. The two most
common switches types are toggle and decora (paddle).
• Timer switch – is a switch that turns lights off automatically after a
certain period.
• Occupational sensors – are automatic switches that turn lights on
when motion is detected and leave them on until some designated
time after the last motion occurs.
• Dimmers – are control devices that vary the light level and power to
lights.
• Daylighting Controls – feature photoelectric sensors that turn lights off
or dim when there is sufficient daylight.
 Lighting Controls

Toggle Paddle Wall mounted Ceiling mounted

Switch Switch sensors sensors
Rotary Dimmer

Slide Dimmer
Slide Dimmer Paddle Switch Photoelectric
With Push Button
With Rocker Switch with Slide Dimmer Sensor
Switch
 Lighting Fixtures
Surface Mounted Fixtures
• Exposed but remain close to or
flush with the ceiling of wall.
Popular in hallways and
bedrooms. If installed at wall,
it is called a “sconce” lighting
fixture.
 Lighting Fixtures
Pendant Fixtures
• Suspended by a cord, chain,
cable or other means and are
popular over tables, kitchen
islands and in higher ceiling
areas
 Lighting Options
Track Lighting
Can be surface mounted on walls or ceilings
or can be suspended from ceilings. Flexible
in location, quantity and aiming angles.
• Still used in museums
• Permits maximum flexibility
• Luminaires equipped easily with spread
lenses and UV filters for artwork lighting
• Attaches to surface, permits dramatic
lighting in condos
 Lighting Options

Portable Fixtures
• Defined typically by their cord which
can be plugged in to any available
electrical outlet. Desk and bed lights,
pole lights fall into this category.