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Question 3 and 4 Solutions

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5 views

Question 3 and 4 Solutions

Uploaded by

kpanje005
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Question 3 and 4 Solutions

Question 3: Binomial and Taylor Series

Part (a): First Four Terms of the Maclaurin Series for (8 + x)^{13}
The Maclaurin series expansion of a function f(x) = (8 + x)^{13} around x = 0 can be derived
using the binomial expansion formula:
(8 + x)^{13} = Σ (k=0 to ∞) [C(13,k) * 8^{13-k} * x^k]
We'll find the first four terms:

1. First term (k = 0):


C(13,0) * 8^{13} * x^0 = 8^{13}
This is a large number, so it is typically expressed symbolically as 8^{13}.

2. Second term (k = 1):


C(13,1) * 8^{12} * x = 13 * 8^{12} * x

3. Third term (k = 2):


C(13,2) * 8^{11} * x^2 = (13 * 12) / 2 * 8^{11} * x^2 = 78 * 8^{11} * x^2

4. Fourth term (k = 3):


C(13,3) * 8^{10} * x^3 = (13 * 12 * 11) / 6 * 8^{10} * x^3 = 286 * 8^{10} * x^3

So, the first four terms of the expansion are:


(8 + x)^{13} ≈ 8^{13} + 13 * 8^{12} * x + 78 * 8^{11} * x^2 + 286 * 8^{10} * x^3

Part (b): Taylor Series for f(x) = ln(x + 3) around x_0 = 0


The Taylor series expansion of f(x) = ln(x + 3) around x_0 = 0 is:
f(x) = f(0) + [f'(0) / 1!] * x + [f''(0) / 2!] * x^2 + [f'''(0) / 3!] * x^3 + ...

1. First term:
f(0) = ln(3)

2. Second term:
f'(x) = 1 / (x + 3), f'(0) = 1/3
So, the second term is (1/3) * x.

3. Third term:
f''(x) = -1 / (x + 3)^2, f''(0) = -1/9
So, the third term is -(1/18) * x^2.
4. Fourth term:
f'''(x) = 2 / (x + 3)^3, f'''(0) = 2/27
So, the fourth term is (2/81) * x^3.

So, the Taylor series expansion for ln(x + 3) around x_0 = 0 is:
ln(x + 3) ≈ ln(3) + (x/3) - (x^2/18) + (2x^3/81)

Part (c): Estimate ∫₀¹ e^{-x^2} dx using the First Three Terms of the Maclaurin
Series
The Maclaurin series for e^{-x^2} is:
e^{-x^2} = 1 - x^2 + (x^4 / 2) - ...

To estimate the integral using the first three terms:


∫₀¹ e^{-x^2} dx ≈ ∫₀¹ [1 - x^2 + (x^4 / 2)] dx

Evaluate the integral term by term:


∫₀¹ 1 dx = [x]₀¹ = 1
∫₀¹ -x^2 dx = [-x^3 / 3]₀¹ = -1/3
∫₀¹ (x^4 / 2) dx = [x^5 / 10]₀¹ = 1/10

So:
∫₀¹ e^{-x^2} dx ≈ 1 - 1/3 + 1/10 = 1 - 0.3333 + 0.1 = 0.7667

Question 4: Numerical Errors

Part (a): Types of Numerical Errors


1. Round-off Error:
Occurs when a number is rounded to a fixed number of digits. For example, if π = 3.14159
is rounded to three decimal places, it becomes 3.142.

2. Truncation Error:
Occurs when an infinite process is approximated by a finite one. For example, using a
finite number of terms in a series to approximate a function.

3. Human Error:
Errors made by humans during calculations, data entry, or interpretation. For instance,
mistyping a number during data input.

Part (b): Five-Digit Chopping for Arithmetic Operations


Given x = 57 and y = 13:

1. Addition:
x + y = 57 + 13 = 70 (no chopping needed)
2. Subtraction:
x - y = 57 - 13 = 44 (no chopping needed)

3. Multiplication:
x * y = 57 * 13 = 741 (no chopping needed)

4. Division:
x / y = 57 / 13 ≈ 4.384615 (chopped to five digits: 4.3846)

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