Levels 1-2: 8.

DRAW IT Draw a biological hierarchy similar

Remembering/Understanding to the one in
Figure 1.3 but using a coral reef as the
1. All the organisms on your campus make up
ecosystem, a fish as the
(A) an ecosystem.
organism, its stomach as the organ, and DNA as
(B) a community.
the molecule.
(C) a population.
Include all levels in the hierarchy.
(D) a taxonomic domain.
2. Systems biology is mainly an attempt to Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
(A) analyze genomes from different species. 9. EVOLUTION CONNECTION A typical
(B) simplify complex problems by reducing the prokaryotic cell has
system into about 3,000 genes in its DNA, while a human
smaller, less complex units. cell has about
(C) understand the behavior of entire biological 21,300 genes. About 1,000 of these genes are
systems by present in both
studying interactions among its component types of cells. Explain how such different
parts. organisms could have
(D) build high-throughput machines to rapidly this same subset of 1,000 genes. What sorts of
acquire data. functions might
3. Which of these best demonstrates unity these shared genes have?
among organisms? 10. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Based on the results
(A) emergent properties of the mouse
(B) descent with modification coloration case study, suggest another
(C) the structure and function of DNA hypothesis researchers
(D) natural selection might use to study the role of predators in
4. A controlled experiment is one that natural selection.
(A) proceeds slowly so a scientist can make 11. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Scientists search the
careful records. scientific
(B) tests experimental and control groups in literature using electronic databases such as
parallel. PubMed, a free
(C) is repeated many times to make sure the online database maintained by the National
results are accurate. Center for
(D) keeps all variables constant. Biotechnology Information. Use PubMed to find
5. Which of the following statements best the abstract
distinguishes of an article that Hopi Hoekstra published in
hypotheses from theories in science? 2017 or later.
(A) Theories are hypotheses that have been 12. WRITE ABOUT A THEME: EVOLUTION In
proved. a short essay
(B) Hypotheses are guesses; theories are (100–150 words), discuss Darwin’s view of how
correct answers. natural
(C) Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in selection resulted in both unity and diversity of
scope; theories life. Include
have broad explanatory power. in your discussion some of his evidence. (For
(D) Theories are proved true; hypotheses are help in writing
often contradicted essays, see “Writing Tips and Rubrics” in the
by experimental results. Study Area of
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Mastering Biology under “Additional
Resources.”)
6. Which of the following is an example of
13. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
qualitative data?
Can
(A) The fish swam in a zigzag motion.
(B) The contents of the stomach are mixed
every 20 seconds.
(C) The temperature decreased from 20°C to
15°C.
(D) The six pairs of robins hatched an average
of three
chicks each.
7. Which sentence best describes the logic of
scientific inquiry? Can you pick out the mossy leaf
(A) If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and tailed gecko lying against the tree
observations trunk in this photo? How is the
will support it. appearance of the gecko a benefit in
(B) If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a terms of survival? Given what you
testable hypothesis. learned about evolution, natural
(C) If my observations are accurate, they will selection, and genetic information
support my in this chapter, describe how the
hypothesis. gecko’s coloration might have
(D) If my prediction turns out to be correct, my evolved.
hypothesis is
supported.
BAB II
Levels 1-2: 8. What coefficients must be placed in the
Remembering/Understanding following blanks so
that all atoms are accounted for in the
1. Compared with 31P, the radioactive isotope
products?
32P has
C6H12O6 S _________ C2H6O+_________ CO2
(A) a different atomic number.
(A) 2; 1
(B) one more proton.
(B) 3; 1
(C) one more electron.
(C) 1; 3
(D) one more neutron.
2. In the term trace element, the adjective (D) 2; 2
trace means that 9. DRAW IT Draw Lewis dot structures for each
(A) the element is required in very small hypothetical
amounts. molecule shown below, using the correct
(B) the element can be used as a label to trace number of valence
atoms through an electrons for each atom. Determine which
organism’s metabolism. molecule makes
(C) the element is very rare on Earth.
sense because each atom has a complete
(D) the element enhances health but is not valence shell and each
essential for the bond has the correct number of electrons.
organism’s long-term survival. Explain what makes
3. The reactivity of an atom arises from the other molecule nonsensical, considering the
(A) the average distance of the outermost number of
electron shell from bonds each type of atom can make.
the nucleus.
(B) the existence of unpaired electrons in the
valence shell.
(C) the sum of the potential energies of all the
electron shells. Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
(D) the potential energy of the valence shell. 10. EVOLUTION CONNECTION The
4. Which statement is true of all atoms that are percentages of naturally
anions? occurring elements making up the human body
(A) The atom has more electrons than protons. (see Table 2.1)
(B) The atom has more protons than electrons. are similar to the percentages of these
(C) The atom has fewer protons than does a elements found in other
neutral atom of the organisms. How could you account for this
same element. similarity among
(D) The atom has more neutrons than protons. organisms?
5. Which of the following statements correctly 11. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Female
describes any luna moths (Actias luna) attract
chemical reaction that has reached equilibrium? males by emitting chemical
(A) The concentrations of products and signals that spread through
reactants are equal. the air. A male hundreds of
(B) The reaction is now irreversible. meters away can detect these
(C) Both forward and reverse reactions have molecules and fly toward their
halted. source. The sensory organs
(D) The rates of the forward and reverse responsible for this behavior are
reactions are equal. the comblike antennae visible
in the photograph shown here.
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Each filament of an antenna
6. We can represent atoms by listing the is equipped with thousands of
number of protons, receptor cells that detect the sex attractant.
neutrons, and electrons—for example, 2p+, 2n0 , Based on what you
2e- for helium. learned in this chapter, propose a hypothesis to
Which of the following represents the 18O account for the
isotope of oxygen? ability of the male moth to detect a specific
(A) 7p+, 2n0 , 9e- molecule in the
(B) 8p+, 10n0 , 8e- presence of many other molecules in the air.
(C) 9p+, 9n0 , 9e- What predictions
(D) 10p+, 8n0 , 9e- does your hypothesis make? Design an
7. The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur experiment to test one
combines with of these predictions.
hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a 12. WRITE ABOUT A THEME:
compound, hydrogen ORGANIZATION While waiting
sulfide. Based on the number of valence at an airport, Neil Campbell once overheard this
electrons in a sulfur claim: “It’s
atom, predict the molecular formula of the paranoid and ignorant to worry about industry
compound. or agriculture
(A) HS contaminating the environment with their
(B) HS2 chemical wastes.
(C) H2S After all, this stuff is just made of the same
(D) H4S atoms that were
already present in our environment.” Drawing (C) 100°C
on your (D) 10°C
knowledge of electron distribution, bonding, and 6. DRAW IT Draw the hydration shells that
emergent form around a
properties (see Concept 1.1), write a short potassium ion and a chloride ion when
essay (100-150 potassium chloride
words) countering this argument. (KCl) dissolves. Label the positive, negative, and
13. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE partial charges.
Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
7. Right before a predicted overnight freeze,
farmers spray water
on crops to protect the plants. Use the
This bombardier beetle is spraying a boiling hot properties of water
liquid that to explain how this method works. Be sure to
contains irritating chemicals, used as a defense mention why
mechanism hydrogen bonds are responsible for this
against its enemies. The beetle stores two sets phenomenon.
of chemicals 8. MAKE CONNECTIONS What do climate
separately in its glands. Using what you learned change (see Concepts
about 1.1 and 3.2) and ocean acidification have in
chemistry in this chapter, propose a possible common?
explanation for 9. EVOLUTION CONNECTION This chapter
why the beetle is not harmed by the chemicals explains how the
it stores and emergent properties of water contribute to the
what causes the explosive discharge. suitability
of the environment for life. Until fairly recently,
scientists
assumed that other physical requirements for
BAB III WATER AND LIFE life included
Levels 1-2: a moderate range of temperature, pH,
atmospheric pressure,
Remembering/Understanding and salinity, as well as low levels of toxic
1. Which of the following is a hydrophobic chemicals. That
material? view has changed with the discovery of
(A) paper organisms known as
(B) table salt extremophiles, which flourish in hot, acidic
(C) wax sulfur springs,
(D) sugar around hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean,
2. We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and in soils with
and a mole of high levels of toxic metals. Why would
vitamin C are equal in their astrobiologists study
(A) mass. extremophiles? What does the existence of life
(B) volume. in such extreme
(C) number of atoms. environments say about the possibility of life on
(D) number of molecules. other planets?
3. Measurements show that the pH of a 10. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Design a controlled
particular lake is 4.0. experiment to test the
What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the hypothesis that water acidification caused by
lake? acidic rain would
(A) 4.0 M inhibit the growth of Elodea, a freshwater plant
(B) 10-10 M (see Figure 2.17).
(C) 10-4 M 11. WRITE ABOUT A THEME:
(D) 104 M ORGANIZATION Several
4. What is the hydroxide ion concentration of emergent properties of water contribute to the
the lake described in suitability of the
question 3? environment for life. In a short essay (100–150
(A) 10-10 M words), describe
(B) 10-4 M how the ability of water to function as a
(C) 10-7 M versatile solvent arises
(D) 10.0 M from the structure of water molecules.
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 12. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
5. A slice of pizza has 500 kcal. If we could burn
the pizza and use
all the heat to warm a 50-L container of cold
water, what would
be the approximate increase in the temperature
How do cats drink? Scientists using high, speed
of the water?
video have shown that cats use an interesting
(Note: A liter of cold water weighs about 1 kg.)
technique
(A) 50°C
(B) 5°C
to drink aqueous substances like water and (A) the replacement of the —OH of a carboxyl
milk. Four times a second, the cat touches the group with hydrogen
tip of its tongue to the water and draws a (B) the addition of a thiol to a hydroxyl
column of water up into its mouth (as you can (C) the addition of a hydroxyl to a phosphate
see in the photo), which then shuts (D) the replacement of the nitrogen of an amine
beforegravity can pull the water back down. with oxygen
Describe how the properties of water allow cats 8. VISUAL SKILLS Which of the molecules
to drink in this fashion, including how water’s shown in question 5
molecular structure contributes to the process. has an asymmetric carbon? Which carbon is
asymmetric?
Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
BAB IV 9. EVOLUTION CONNECTION • DRAW IT
Some scientists
Levels 1-2: think that life elsewhere in the universe might
Remembering/Understanding be based on the
1. Organic chemistry is currently defined as element silicon, rather than on carbon, as on
(A) the study of compounds made only by living Earth. Look at the
cells. electron distribution diagram for silicon in Figure
(B) the study of carbon compounds. 2.7 and draw
(C) the study of natural (as opposed to the Lewis dot structure for silicon. What
synthetic) compounds. properties does silicon
(D) the study of hydrocarbons. share with carbon that would make silicon-
2. VISUAL SKILLS Which functional group is based life more
present in this likely than, say, neon-based life or aluminum-
molecule? based life?
10. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Fifty years ago,
pregnant women
who were prescribed thalidomide for morning
sickness gave
(A) sulfhydryl birth to children with birth defects. Thalidomide
(B) carboxyl is a mixture
(C) methyl of two enantiomers; one reduces morning
(D) phosphate sickness, but the
3. MAKE CONNECTIONS Which chemical other causes severe birth defects. Today, the
group is most likely FDA has approved
to be responsible for an organic molecule this drug for non-pregnant individuals with
behaving as a base Hansen’s disease
(see Concept 3.3)? (leprosy) or newly diagnosed multiple myeloma,
(A) hydroxyl a blood
(B) carbonyl and bone marrow cancer. The beneficial
(C) amino enantiomer can be
(D) phosphate synthesized and given to patients, but over
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing time, both the
4. VISUAL SKILLS Visualize the structural beneficial and the harmful enantiomer can be
formula of each of detected in
the following hydrocarbons. Which hydrocarbon the body. Propose a possible explanation for the
has a double presence of
bond in its carbon skeleton? the harmful enantiomer.
(A) C3H8 11. WRITE ABOUT A THEME:
(B) C2H6 ORGANIZATION In 1918,
(C) C2H4 an epidemic of sleeping sickness caused an
(D) C2H2 unusual rigid
5. VISUAL SKILLS Choose the term that paralysis in some survivors, similar to symptoms
correctly describes the of advanced
Parkinson’s disease. Years later, L-dopa (below,
left), a chemical
used to treat Parkinson’s disease, was given to
some of these
patients. L-dopa was remarkably effective at
6. VISUAL SKILLS Identify the asymmetric eliminating the
carbon in this paralysis, at least temporarily. However, its
molecule. enantiomer, D-dopa
(right), was subsequently shown to have no
effect at all, as is the
case for Parkinson’s disease. In a short essay
(100–150 words),
discuss how the effectiveness of one
7. Which action could produce a carbonyl
enantiomer and not the
group?
other illustrates the theme of structure and
function.
 (D) All bases would be separated from the
deoxyribose sugars
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing
6. The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6.
What would
12. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE be the molecular formula for a polymer made by
linking ten
glucose molecules together by dehydration
reactions?
(A) C60H120O60
(B) C60H102O51
Explain how the chemical structure of the (C) C60H100O50
carbon atom accounts for the differences (D) C60H111O51
between the male and female lions seen in the 7. Which of the following pairs of base
photo. sequences could form a
short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?
(A) 5r-AGCT-3r with 5r-TCGA-3r
BAB V (B) 5r-GCGC-3r with 5r-TATA-3r
(C) 5r-ATGC-3r with 5r-GCAT-3r
(D) All of these pairs are correct.
Levels 1-2: 8. Construct a table that organizes the following
Remembering/Understanding terms and label
1. Which of the following categories includes all the columns and rows.
others in the list? Monosaccharides
(A) disaccharide Fatty acids
(B) polysaccharide Amino acids
(C) starch Nucleotides
(D) carbohydrate Polypeptides
2. The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic Triacylglycerols
linkages between Polynucleotides
glucose monomers only if the monomers are in Polysaccharides
the a form. Phosphodiester linkages
Which of the following could amylase break Peptide bonds
down? Glycosidic linkages
(A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin Ester linkages
(B) glycogen and cellulose 9. DRAW IT Copy the polynucleotide strand in
(C) cellulose and chitin Figure
(D) starch, chitin, and cellulose 5.23a and label the bases G, T, C, and T,
3. Which statement about unsaturated fats is starting from the
true? 5r end. Assuming this is a DNA polynucleotide,
(A) They are more common in animals than in now draw
plants. the complementary strand, using the same
(B) They have double bonds in their fatty acid symbols for
chains. phosphates (circles), sugars (pentagons), and
(C) They generally solidify at room temperature. bases. Label
(D) They contain more hydrogen than do the bases. Draw arrows showing the 5′ S 3′
saturated fats having direction of each
the same number of carbon atoms. strand. Use the arrows to make sure the second
4. The structural level of a protein least affected strand is
by a disruption in antiparallel to the first. Hint: After you draw the
hydrogen bonding is the first strand
(A) primary level. vertically, turn the paper upside down; it is
(B) secondary level. easier to draw the
(C) tertiary level. second strand from the 5′ toward the 3′
(D) quaternary level. direction as you go
5. Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the from top to bottom.
hydrolysis of the Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. 10. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Comparisons
What would of amino acid
happen to DNA molecules treated with these sequences can shed light on the evolutionary
enzymes? divergence of
(A) The two strands of the double helix would related species. If you were comparing two
separate. living species, would
(B) The phosphodiester linkages of the you expect all proteins to show the same
polynucleotide back degree of divergence?
bone would be broken. Why or why not? Justify your answer.
(C) The pyrimidines would be separated from 11. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Suppose you are a
the deoxyribose research assistant
sugars. in a lab studying DNA-binding proteins. You
have been given
the amino acid sequences of all the proteins (A) mitochondria.
encoded by (B) ribosomes.
the genome of a certain species and have been (C) peroxisomes.
asked to find (D) lysosomes.
candidate proteins that could bind DNA. What 5. Which cell would be best for studying
type of amino lysosomes?
acids would you expect to see in the DNA- (A) muscle cell
binding regions of (B) nerve cell
(C) bacterial cell
such proteins? Explain your thinking.
(D) phagocytic white blood cell
12. WRITE ABOUT A THEME:
6. DRAW IT Draw two eukaryotic cells. Label
ORGANIZATION Proteins,
the structures listed
which have diverse functions in a cell, are all
here and show any physical connections
polymers of the
between the structures
same kinds of monomers—amino acids. Write a
of each cell: nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER,
short essay
mitochondrion,
(100–150 words) that discusses how the
centrosome, chloroplast, vacuole, lysosome,
structure of amino
microtubule,
acids allows this one type of polymer to perform
cell wall, ECM, microfilament, Golgi apparatus,
so many
intermediate
functions.
filament, plasma membrane, peroxisome,
ribosome, nucleolus,
nuclear pore, vesicle, flagellum, microvilli,
plasmodesma.
Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
7. EVOLUTION CONNECTION (a) What cell
structures best
reveal evolutionary unity? (b) Give an example
of diversity
related to specialized cellular modifications.
8. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Imagine protein X,
13. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE destined to span
the plasma membrane; assume the mRNA
carrying the genetic
message for protein X has been translated by
ribosomes in a
Given that the function of egg yolk is to nourish
cell culture. If you fractionate the cells (see
and support the developing chick, explain why
Figure 6.4), in which
egg yolks are so high in fat, protein, and
fraction would you find protein X? Explain by
cholesterol.
describing its transit.
9. WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION
Write a short
BAB VI essay (100–150 words) on this topic: Life is an
emergent property
that appears at the level of the cell. (See
Concept 1.1.)
Levels 1-2: 10. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Remembering/Understanding
1. Which structure is part of the endomembrane
system?
(A) mitochondrion
(B) Golgi apparatus
(C) chloroplast
The cells in this SEM are epithelial cells
(D) centrosome
from the small intestine. Discuss how
2. Which structure is common to plant and
their cellular structure contributes to
animal cells?
their specialized functions of nutrient
(A) chloroplast
(B) central vacuole absorption and as a barrier between
(C) mitochondrion the intestinal contents and the blood
(D) centriole supply on the other side of the sheet of
3. Which of the following is present in a epithelial cells.
prokaryotic cell?
(A) mitochondrion
(B) ribosome
(C) nuclear envelope BAB VII
(D) chloroplast Levels 1-2:
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Remembering/Understanding
4. Cyanide binds to at least one molecule 1. In what way do the membranes of a
involved in producing eukaryotic cell vary?
ATP. In a cell exposed to cyanide, most of the (A) Phospholipids are found only in certain
cyanide will be in membranes.
(B) Certain proteins are unique to each tificial cell
membrane. become more
(C) Only certain membranes of the cell are flaccid, more
selectively permeable. turgid, or stay
(D) Only certain membranes are constructed the same?
from amphipathic (e) Eventually,
molecules. will the two
solutions have
2. According to the fluid mosaic model of
the same or
membrane structure,
different solute concentrations?
proteins of the membrane are mostly
(A) spread in a continuous layer over the inner Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
and outer 7. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Paramecium
surfaces of the membrane. and other protists
(B) confined to the hydrophobic interior of the that live in hypotonic environments have cell
membrane. membranes that
(C) embedded in a lipid bilayer. limit water uptake, while those living in isotonic
(D) randomly oriented in the membrane, with no environments
fixed inside have membranes that are more permeable to
outside polarity. water. Describe
3. Which of the following factors would tend to what water regulation adaptations might have
increase evolved in
membrane fluidity? protists in hypertonic habitats such as the Great
(A) a greater proportion of unsaturated Salt Lake and
phospholipids in habitats with changing salt concentration.
(B) a greater proportion of saturated 8. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY An experiment is
phospholipids designed to study the
(C) a lower temperature mechanism of sucrose uptake by plant cells.
(D) a relatively high protein content in the Cells are immersed
membrane in a sucrose solution, and the pH of the solution
is monitored.
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing Samples of the cells are taken at intervals, and
4. Which of the following processes includes all
their sucrose
the others?
concentration is measured. The pH is observed
(A) osmosis
to decrease until
(B) diffusion of a solute across a membrane
it reaches a steady, slightly acidic level, and
(C) passive transport
then sucrose uptake
(D) transport of an ion down its electrochemical
begins. (a) Evaluate these results and propose a
gradient
hypothesis to
5. Based on Figure 7.19, which of these
explain them. (b) Predict what would happen if
experimental treatments
an inhibitor of
would increase the rate of sucrose transport
ATP regeneration by the cell were added to the
into a plant cell?
beaker once the
(A) decreasing extracellular sucrose
pH was at a steady level. Explain.
concentration
9. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
(B) decreasing extracellular pH
Extensive
(C) decreasing cytoplasmic pH
irrigation in arid regions causes salts to
(D) adding a substance that makes the
accumulate in the soil.
membrane more perme
(When water evaporates, salts that were
able to hydrogen ions
dissolved in the water
6. DRAW IT An artificial “cell” consisting of an
are left behind in the soil.) Based on what you
aqueous solution
learned about
enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane
water balance in plant cells, explain why
is immersed in
increased soil salinity
a beaker containing a different solution, the
(saltiness) might be harmful to crops.
“environment,”
10. WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INTERACTIONS
as shown in the accompanying diagram. The
A human
membrane
pancreatic cell obtains O2—and necessary
is permeable to water and to the simple sugars
molecules such as
glucose and
glucose, amino acids, and cholesterol—from its
fructose but impermeable to the disaccharide
environment,
sucrose.
and it releases CO2 as a waste product. In
(a) Draw solid arrows to indicate the net movement
response to hormonal
of solutes
into and/or out of the cell. signals, the cell secretes digestive enzymes. It
(b) Is the solution outside the cell isotonic, also regulates its
hypotonic, or hypertonic? ion concentrations by exchange with its
(c) Draw a dashed environment. Based
arrow to show on what you have just learned about the
the net osmo structure and function
sis, if any. of cellular membranes, write a short essay
(d) Will the ar (100–150 words) to
describe how such a cell accomplishes these red arrows and minus signs to indicate
interactions with inhibition.
its environment. L can form either M or N.
M can form O.
O can form either P or R.
P can form Q.
BAB VII R can form S.
Levels 1-2: O inhibits the reaction of L to form M.
Remembering/Understanding Q inhibits the reaction of O to form P.
1. Choose the pair of terms that correctly S inhibits the reaction of O to form R.
completes this sentence: Which reaction would prevail if both Q and S
Catabolism is to anabolism as ____________ is to were present in
____________. the cell in high concentrations?
(A) exergonic; spontaneous (A) L S M
(B) exergonic; endergonic (B) M S O
(C) free energy; entropy (C) L S N
(D) work; energy (D) O S P
2. Most cells cannot harness heat to perform 8. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Some people
work because argue that
(A) heat does not involve a transfer of energy. biochemical pathways are too complex to have
(B) cells do not have much thermal energy; they evolved because
are all intermediate steps in a given pathway must
relatively cool. be present to
(C) temperature is usually uniform throughout a produce the final product. Critique this
cell. argument. How could
(D) heat can never be used to do work. you use the diversity of metabolic pathways
3. Which of the following metabolic processes that produce the
can occur without same or similar products to support your case?
a net influx of energy from some other process? 9. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT A
researcher has developed
(A) ADP + ○ an assay to measure the activity of an
P i + S ATP + H2O important enzyme present
(B) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 S 6 CO2 + 6 H2O in pancreatic cells growing in culture. She adds
(C) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O S C6H12O6 + 6 O2 the enzyme’s
(D) Amino acids S Protein substrate to a dish of cells and then measures
4. If an enzyme in solution is saturated with the appearance
substrate, the most of reaction products. The results are graphed as
effective way to obtain a faster yield of products the amount of
is to product on the y-axis versus time on the x-axis.
(A) add more of the enzyme. The researcher
(B) heat the solution to 90°C. notes four sections of the graph. For a short
(C) add more substrate. period of time,
(D) add a noncompetitive inhibitor. no products appear (section A). Then (section B)
5. Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot the reaction
springs because rate is quite high (the slope of the line is steep).
(A) they are able to maintain a lower internal Next, the
temperature. reaction gradually slows down (section C).
(B) high temperatures make catalysis Finally, the graph
unnecessary. line becomes flat (section D). Draw and label
(C) their enzymes have high optimal the graph, and
temperatures. propose a model to explain the molecular
(D) their enzymes are completely insensitive to events occurring at
temperature. each stage of this reaction profile.
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing 10. WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ENERGY AND
6. If an enzyme is added to a solution where its MATTER Life
substrate and requires energy. In a short essay (100–150
product are in equilibrium, what will occur? words), describe
(A) Additional substrate will be formed. the basic principles of bioenergetics in an
(B) The reaction will change from endergonic to animal cell. How
exergonic. are the flow and transformation of energy
(C) The free energy of the system will change. different in a
(D) Nothing; the reaction will stay at photosynthesizing cell? Include the role of ATP
equilibrium. and enzymes in
Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating your discussion.
11. SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE
7. DRAW IT Using a series of arrows, draw the
branched
metabolic reaction pathway described by the
following
statements, and then answer the question at
the end. Use
Explain what is happening in this photo in terms (D) electron transport.
of kinetic energy and potential energy. Include 8. MAKE CONNECTIONS Step 3 in Figure 9.8 is
the energy conversions that occur when the a major point
penguins eat fish and climb back up on the of regulation of glycolysis. The enzyme
glacier. Describe the role of ATP and enzymes in phosphofructokinase
the underlying molecular processes, including is allosterically regulated by ATP and related
what happens to the free energy of some of the molecules
molecules involved. (see Concept 8.5). Considering the overall result
of glycolysis,
would you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate
activity of this
BAB IX enzyme? Explain. (Hint: Make sure you consider
Levels 1-2: the role of ATP
Remembering/Understanding as an allosteric regulator, not as a substrate of
1. The immediate energy source that drives ATP the enzyme.)
synthesis by ATP 9. MAKE CONNECTIONS The proton pump
synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the shown in
(A) oxidation of glucose and other organic Figures 7.18 and 7.19 is a type of ATP synthase
compounds. like that in
(B) flow of electrons down the electron transport Figure 9.13. Compare the processes shown in
chain. the three figures,
(C) H+ concentration gradient across the and say whether they are involved in active or
membrane holding passive transport
ATP synthase. (see also Concepts 7.3 and 7.4).
(D) transfer of phosphate to ADP.
2. Which metabolic pathway is common to both
fermentation
and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
BAB X FOTOSINTESIS
(A) the citric acid cycle Levels 1-2:
(B) the electron transport chain Remembering/Understanding
(C) glycolysis 1. The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle
(D) reduction of pyruvate to lactate with
3. The final electron acceptor of the electron (A) light energy.
transport chain that (B) CO2 and ATP.
functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is (C) H2O and NADPH.
(A) O2. (D) ATP and NADPH.
(B) water. 2. Which of the following sequences correctly
(C) NAD+. represents the flow
(D) pyruvate. of electrons during photosynthesis?
4. In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions (A) NADPH S O2 S CO2
(A) are the source of energy driving prokaryotic (B) H2O S NADPH S Calvin cycle
ATP synthesis. (C) H2O S photosystem I S photosystem II
(B) provide the energy that establishes the (D) NADPH S electron transport chain S O2
proton gradient. 3. How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants
(C) reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. and CAM plants?
(D) are coupled via phosphorylated (A) In both cases, only photosystem I is used.
intermediates to (B) Both types of plants make sugar without the
endergonic processes. Calvin cycle.
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing (C) In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix
5. What is the oxidizing agent in the following carbon initially.
reaction? (D) Both types of plants make most of their
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+ sugar in the dark.
(A) oxygen 4. Which of the following statements is a correct
(B) NADH distinction
(C) lactate between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
(D) pyruvate (A) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can
6. When electrons flow along the electron nourish themselves
transport chains of beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are
mitochondria, which of the following changes inorganic.
occurs? (B) Only heterotrophs require chemical
(A) The pH of the matrix increases. compounds from
(B) ATP synthase pumps protons by active the environment.
transport. (C) Cellular respiration is unique to
(C) The electrons gain free energy. heterotrophs.
(D) NAD+ is oxidized. (D) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria.
7. Most CO2 from catabolism is released during 5. Which of the following occurs during the
(A) glycolysis. Calvin cycle?
(B) the citric acid cycle. (A) carbon fixation
(C) lactate fermentation. (B) reduction of NADP+
(C) release of oxygen
(D) generation of CO2
Levels 3-4: Applying/Analyzing
6. In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most
similar to
(A) substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.
(B) oxidative phosphorylation in cellular
respiration.
(C) carbon fixation.
(D) reduction of NADP+ .
7. Which process is most directly driven by light
energy?
(A) creation of a pH gradient by pumping
protons across the
thylakoid membrane
(B) reduction of NADP + molecules
(C) transfer of energy from pigment molecule to
pigment molecule
(D) ATP synthesis
Levels 5-6: Evaluating/Creating
8. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
Scientific evidence
indicates that the CO2 added to the air by the
burning of wood
and fossil fuels is contributing to global
warming, a rise in
global temperature. Tropical rain forests are
estimated to be
responsible for approximately 20% of global
photosynthesis,
yet the consumption of large amounts of CO2 by
living trees
is thought to make little or no net contribution
to reduction
of global warming. Explain why this might be
the case. (Hint:
What processes in both living and dead trees
produce CO2?)
9. EVOLUTION CONNECTION Photorespiration
can decrease
soybeans’ photosynthetic output by about 50%.
Would this
figure be higher or lower in wild relatives of
soybeans? Why?
10. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT The
following diagram
represents an experiment with isolated
thylakoids. The
thylakoids were first made acidic by soaking
them in a solution
at pH 4. After the thylakoid space reached pH 4,
the thylakoids
were transferred to a basic solution at pH 8. The
thylakoids then
made ATP in the dark. (See Concept 3.3 to
review pH.)