kCs352-S1nals Syrems

PAGE N0: I
NPRCollegeofEngineering &Technology UNIT: I
NPR Nagar, Nathari, Dindigul 6.24401, Tami! Nadu, I:dia.
-

R Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASSNO: I
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-nail:[email protected]_

TTTLE: Continuous Time Signals - Discrete Time Signals

OBJECTIVE:

The students Can be able t Gnouw the deinitton Ch Menal

and e di fieunte etwieen ard DT &qnal.
APPLICATIONS:

FC Sanal

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Deftnesiana.

NOTES

Introductfon
Signal
Some
intormatton can be called a shna
thect Carries
Anything
physial quanti tu thot Vaaias
AStqnal is deftned
as any

independent vaiabl
Lutth ttme space OX anyothe .

Ex.
Ex. ECq Proide indrmatron abou health of pekon's heaut

fbymatton atout brain actity a peiion

EFGAbuides
uncton. 6 n mere hdependent Vadiablas
Can be
A siqmal
inclependent vaqjables then he
on fub
a siqnol depends
krowon as tuo dimen ional saral.
sigml
 Clasaifteation o sqrals

COntiDuous -Time Sanal

he ianals har 0ae defined for eve tntcunt c

knbwn CTiqnaly.That aYo clenptd t)

t )

Practtcally the qnals CuR

cunaloa n natue

CT Sana
Stena
t tr)
1
t

2. DisCcte TIme
signa
The that dettmecdar ditrete rscunts
&qnau

knotwn iqnals C Conttnuas

tme als

and discxete n Hme they donpted by n).

In amplitucle

znT)=x t) | t :nT

whee Samptng pextod

h No Samples

3Dlaital Simal
that disonete in lme CUnd quanttzad
The iqncus

amp Hude aMe dgikd qnols.

In ro Ceing aund trasmission , dgitul cioncads ce wualy

eLOs and ont
Ox pmeased tn oinay toAm a
sring 6

Pagea o
Kepocortatten f Stgnals >

1.Etraphical epre sentatton:

Let uus Cosidea a Psiqral xen) witf valuu (1)-1

X(o) 2 ) =2 2 ) = 0.5 ard (3) = -0.5

tn

-0.5
2. Funetional
Kepr2sentatton
Sor n-1
2

0.5 n 2
-O.5 n 3

Otheawi

3 Tabuar Kepre sertoton

-1 2

2 2 0.5 -0.S

4. Sequence Reprezentatton

X( , 2,2, 0.5, -D
 NPR ColegeofEngineering &Technology PAGE NO: 5
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: I
NPR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 2
Kenh tre st
Website: www.uprcolleges.org E-inail: [email protected]

TITLE: Elementary sianals

OJECTIVE:
The &tudentA ot be study the
elemetau qrods
and thein unctio.
APPLICATIONS:

Samp&ng fheo2

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Cive the nalotien betwen CT unit impulse tunchien fa), 8rep fundion utt)

and ramp fun ction i ) L2M, N/DIs]

NOTES

lementary Sianals:
t.Unit Sep

utt) = 1 for tz0 un) for nEo

n40
 Unt hamp
r[t) = ) t for tzo rCn)-n fr nzo
n4D

3.Unt impulse (or) sample

Stn)-S for
St foT t o
t#o

+. Unit Expon etial

) = a for all n
at
tLt) e
A Tt)

ayi
XCn)

t
5. Unt parabol

function S qiven b

2
for tz

6. Rectangular Pulse
T Ct) = for It
othenwisL

T. Triangulca Pule

Ct)
Ac tt) S1-Jtl t a
t> a
8. Siqnum
Function
L70
Sgn tt) t6

9Sinc Functon tt

Sinc t) Sint -0t20

lo.Eansian tunction:
JaLt) at
- tiD

SinusoidalSgnal
Lt) =
A sin ( t +)

ASin Lwon +)

3 J
 of Unit impulse

=
cto)
-0

oc Lt) &Lt-tp) dt =
elto)

SLt)
a
4 S Ct) &Lt -t) dT =ct)

fe Fovots

Pcoe of43
 PAGE NO: 9
NPRCollege ofEngineering &Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: TL
Phonc No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 3
Wcbsite: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]
TITLE: Opeation Stanals
OB.JECTIVE:
The student be able to do the opoiatiem he
C
iqna
APPLICATIONS:
Convo ution two Sgnaus

| UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

GNen Plot Ahe gral Cn-l) [2m, NlDIS]

Even Xt A 3 , 2 . Plot the follouing groln. LbM, MDIS]

) z(-n-1) 1i) (-m12) i) 2l-2nt1)

NOTES

Oper cdttdon Signals

Time shtHHng
The Shift Opexatttm Dkes the quen Ctnd hits

b an inttges inosemem the indlerendent

Oa aduane the aeqLeences In ttm

VOmable. The ahifting may delay

A tn-2

Pageo
2. Time Rever sal

Ta tione evercal of Requonto Xcn Can be obnined

plding Rlqenle ucbut sdenctcd as l-h).

32 O n
3. Time Staling

This actompluhed aplacing n bH An in 7tn)

ytn) rlan)

tn)= X(en)

A Scalar Muttp cadion

&cale fad
muuti plhe4 b a

n) ,2, 1
aeCn) 9 tn) - 2,4 2 , *2
a-2

5. Signal Mult plier

CD)1, 2, 2
a Cn)= -2, 1

TC). C () 0 , 2,3, , 0

6. Acditton

t=, --2, 1

T,)+tn) , 3, -, -h, f

rage
Gtven
Gven tn): 1,2,3 -, 6 Plot the lnal tn-1)

Sol
yen)= tn-1)
n-0 yto) - C C0-1) H) =
2
2
n=l yt) c(1-1) = c (D) = 3

n:2 2

n 3 yt9) C2)
n yC)= TC-)=2l-2) = |

A DT sgral xen) -2,-1, o, , , 1 s multiptie

u-n-2) Ahat the Auting *iqnal 2

Sol
a cn) -2,-1, O, ,

u-n-2) =
,I,o,0, , o

an)un-2) -2, 6, o
 PAGE NO: 13
NPR CollegeofEngineering &Technolog
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: 1
NR M
Phone No: s746
04544- 246 500.
500, 246501
246501 246502
CLASS NO: 4
Wcbsite: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]
TITLE: Classification ofP CT and DT giqgls
OBJECTIVE:
The &tudent Can be Able ko
classsfiaton
CT iqna Ound DT
na
APPLICATIONS:

Sine Lwave

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

hat meant be peiodic anal?

NOTES

Clasificatton of Sqnals:

qnals classi fied CLCcoAA theih Chasactelisttis

etermBnlstic and TOndom ignos.

2 Penodic and apeui odie Canals

3. Even and bdd gnals

4. Enaugy and pouuo sgnals

S. Cana and on- Cuu al Aig nal

Pcrge ot*
1-Detominidic and Random Siqnal
A deteminislic Sn
Aqnal exhibitng
uncettaini tu magnitude and phm ot uny qien
Inataunt o time Its insto ancos Voulu Can be acwuately
deteumind by
b Mathemuti cal equation.
Ex A sin dt

A Yandom siqnal danal chavactesizad by

Cuncertainits abous act a l OCCUrYen ce E. NoiL

2 Pexiodi and
Aperiedic Signal
A CT
iqral Lt) s said to be pericdic if it katistres
l t ) t l t + T) fov all t

A DT Siqnau 2Cn) &ad o be peri odic f if atiftes

fo al n

Periodie CT
Signo
An

n
T Peviodic 9tqna
Spa DT Apeuiodie
3. Symmetric Even) and Anti-symmetric (odd) Signale
Eyen signal
Said to be even it it satisfies
A CT Sia zt)

t ) » xlt) tor alt

EX t) - A COs

even if it Catic fres

A slanal tn)

-) n) foY all

cn)
,2,3, 6, 3, 2,1 f
Odd Signal :

A CT g nal Lt) i Odd if tisfres

R-t) t) for a

EX t) =A cin t

DT 9gnal Odd satia fies

2 -h) - 2n) FoY all n

z n) 2,3, O,-3,-2,-

Energy and dwer Signals

Energ
Dne twnich has tHe energ
The onorgy Sianal
and COED and P=o)
aweoge pOWer

CT Signal
T0 Lt dt

DT Sional o)
N --N
n=-

Page as+
 PCues Sgnal i one which has inite powe

Ond tftnile ene3 O2 P4 0 and E 0)

T SAanal IT-0 T
rc dt
T

N
H
bT stanal P
N 2NEI n=-N

5. Caual and Non Canal Signal

A CT Said fo be Causa f
siqnal tt)

Causal t ) oD fort0

Non- Caual to t 7o

DT

Caus a xCn) = fo n4
fe n>o
Non-awnal

fiey Poiit
hnown
rhe iqnal hos uncotaini

dotemimstie iq na
a pashculoe ttme peiod
az
hehe aral opas
Called pOiodic ignal,
and power t
tnit
enerq o the tomal
fnc a Called eneq 9na,
he gnal fuibe
otiafiat power f
Tbuessigned
ana infinite ener

Irap 4
 PAGE NO: 11
NPRCollege ofEngineering &Techaology UNIT:
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
R Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS N0: 5
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]
TITLE: tericdic and Aporiodlic Sianalg, DeterministC ond Rondom
Kondom 9iqrals
OBJECTIVE:
The tudenh il be ko
able ftnd he peaiod ehthe qnal
and ohether th
iqna s pulodie 0A
apesiod ifc
APPLICATIONS:

CoSine Alave Nobe

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
iAtingui»h random and detomistic Mqnal [9 M, N/pis]

FPnd whethe 1fe

orlouing &igrals au peliadic O apeuteic. 1f peaiaic

the fundamental pex todand fundamertal fraqun LeM, M/T t6]

a n)-Sin Cos
NOTES

uwheth the oldwi ng ianalg ar peibd c hut. LEM, A/M I

2&t)-2 Cos (tot+1) -sin At -1)

Pcte o J
Find
Flnd the fundamentcd pericd T 6 the fblbwing CT igrals.

t t ) - Sin 5o nt

Furdamenal Pelod T9m

where Lo 5O IT

2IT
T
5T Sec
tt) +
Sin+ (COS 2t
2

21
2

eicdic hot
Check whe ther Poltowra Signals ae

yener al Formf 2T N

T
S 21T 21

The iven slanat pexodie with peitad N 2 &amplex

)cc COS )

TTS
2tT 21T

with eiod N 16 samples

Te gnal i peiedic

(n) » 6un

6T
T N
2T

TRie qnal is peaiedie stth pntod NI&0mple

Page2 o
 paicdic not
Check hethe qi

) (tot a1)
t ) 2 ccs -sin (ht -1)
10

2TT
-02
Tol T
T 5 To 2 To2 TT Sec

The un of Htwo grala 0e peodic wi fh polcd

ii n) e e

1T3 N 3
21T T

o1T

N N2

N= N, 3No = 94

ie 4ignal speslodic wtth pentcd N:2SAmplen.

Pag 3
 PAGENO: 91
NPR ollege ofEngineering & Technology - - -

UNIT:
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
-

NRR Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: 6

r t d tli. Stur Website:www.uprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Enexg ad pouex Siqnals

OBJECTIVE:
The studemA Can he able find ohcihe he
ener s pOwe Mqnal.
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Detne eweY Siqnad [2M, N/D15J

find whethe tho foltou ing qrals poua eneg4 qnalu

gt)- 5 cos 7t+ 26n (19Tt + ) 3M, M/J lb]

Ac)lo.5)" ucn) ****

NOTES

whetie the dotlolnq gnalS aA eneAqy 0R pow iqna

Ffnd out

pouel DA eneq 2t) = ut) +5ult-1) 2u lt-2) [9M,At MI7]

Detevmine Ond RM valuu o fhe ignal
t) A tos ( t +©)

Sol
Given tt) = A cos
(t + D)
Poner
T
S ltat

Ces A COs ot+P)] dt

2T

dt
A tos nt +D)
2
4 C o l2 o t t 8 )

T00 2

A Cos (2 t +2D) dt
4 A
T
J dt T00 AT
t

, To 4T

A 2T
T- 4T

A
POuer P AW
A
RMS P

i ) clt)» 5 (Ds50t + )

Pouser P- 5 12.5

RMS value PNl2.5

Pge
 23

CoCA CDSB CesA +B) + (DS (A-B)

S e 15t +5 (G) St

Powe 25W

Detone whe the the bloolng gnals eneg

Puer gnals.

i) l ) 1Dt utt)

Ener FTH
E
T
actt dt
20t
e dt

-20t

20

-20T

T -20

20 .Fner81 Arnite

Poue clt)1dt

20t dt
To T

x 20
2t

ftnite cand Po P=
enorg oOF
orgy tho sgnal
Hence the ignal energ glanal.
Page 3 * J
 OC(n)( uCn)

neray

un

N=O

Fnerg PtnHe
N
Puwe H
N0 2NH YE-N

+
ND 2N+1

-CVa)
2N+I
1Va

tnte and Poucs K d . So i t is enerey 3gal

nerg

Key Points
4 ihe qnad CT wne inteqraul fomtua

Summation orm cula to tnd

For DT manal

he unc

age 4J
 PAGE NO: 25
NPR CllegeofEngineering &Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT:
R Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 7
i,
,J.. c,
Wcbsite www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail:[email protected]
TITLE: CT &ustems aand DT Systems
OBJECTIVE:

he Stud ents be able to

sudy the deftitton he
Systm
and it clantifi cati on.
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Deccibe the cdaifialion of &q4TemE . L8M,N/D 15

NOTES

Systen
A delt ned phg cal dev tce thc pexfbms
System
and PROduces another
an operation an nput gnal
OLtptut T a Cause Cund effoct Yelation between
anal Os

ttuo 0 mone gnals.

EX Motor, Amptifter ter

An Amptor inemoases the strongth of the Mgnal

PrCs ent the input Ound unwanted raquenun

P2sRt in Inpuf sna.

Pageo
Conttnuow -Time Sqtem

A CT One ohich opevctos on Coniinuous

tfme hqnal and PAOcduces CT 0utput Rignal.

inpu ourd Ctput CT system ao xt) ad yt

thnan we Can tel hat tt) i tranrtormed to

y tt T[xw]

Continuous Time olP

zt) Syetem yc)

2. DsCvete -Time System

A DT Aystem One whhch bpel ate aDTignal
ancd produues aa DT Output Stgnal
yen T
Ix tn)]

Disenete - Time oP
System ytn)

Clasiicactten of SuctemS
.Linear and NOn-linas Cuchern

variant
md Tim -invarlant System
Tîm2

and Non- laual Syctem

3. Causal

4 StaMc ancl Dunamic

Unutable System
5. Stalble

Pcage 2 c 6
near Cuncl Non linear
Syctom
A system iha Scti afies the Supepos itton Doincdple

Said to be Tincar Syetem.

SuperpDS Hton poinci ple stato Thaf he ponse o

tte Sgsem woigbteda Signal& Should e

equal the COrTe spond ng veigh td Sum the

Outputs of the Sytem each o the individual

inp u
lanals.
System ineat and
on
T , tt) +aa t ) = a, TI t)]+a T lt]

DT tem
Similar d
T , Cn) + aa
a (n=a,T[,n)J+a2 T,tn»]
where2 ard ae Constants.

2. Time -¥ai ant and Time tnvaniant Sytem

time innaniant
A Syctem Saido be

i inpLtDutput chaTactosistics
shift in Yariant

do not charge twith ttme

the Syrtemn

For CT yStem

Time -invariant y tt ) ylt-t)

TIme Var\ant 3(tto) y(t to)

FageoJ
os Sucemn

Time n-Valant yn,Do) yn-No)

lime Vriant (n,no) 7 9n-np)

3. Causal and Non- Casa SqAtm

A Said to be the output

Suctem

he 8ystm at cun tme dependk eny on prLent ond

nptu but does not depend tutue input.

the output o a
Styslcm dapends on Ptune inputs

Ahe said to be nDn- Casal.

A. Stattc and Dynamic System

A System Caled sahic DA memosyles i

that
CU insfant daends On the inpuf af
6utput
not post Futue valuws the fnpur
nstanr bu

Ca, the Baid t be dunumic

Onyothe
Cm
In

have memo

5. 3table cundd nstab le System

8Table iP DADau ces bounded

sstem
to spme bourded
unded inpuf. 1h
oudput eveay
ey

,the odput unbounded (tntihite), the

tnput
unstabe
clasnRrod
 NO:31
NPR collegeofEnginering & TechnologyE
UNIT: T
NPR. Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
-

Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

akikdsta CLASS NO: 8
R h the Sur
Website : www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail:[email protected]
TITLE: Clasificoton Susems
OBJECTIVE:
The students Can be able to Clamify the atven Sstm

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
De ttnea ingai stystem. 2M, alM I7J

Determine whetha thg sysem Causal, Atuble, ineag, time învasiant and Stutic|

9g ct)- tx tt) MiD151 att)d 3t ytt)= 24)

dt2
TMIJ1
) yen)= an n)bn xtn-2) IMIJ 16 . v) Hn) xn) +Tn) [A/MI11

NOTES
i) d'ytt dyt) 5 d+t)- t) [AtMT
dt3 dt2 dt

vi ytn)- l02n) AIM I

vn)tn) =n z tn) [sM, N/b1S]

Check uhethes he ustem isuncar
non-inean, time-vcfant

OA tfme antant, Causa 0 no- auusad, sutc CAdai c

and stable On ustable

1)Lt) t t) LInear on Non-inea

For two inpud ,tt) and 2tt) the coepordin PA a

9,Ct)t stt)
9,4) - t t )

The weighted um ot outputa

a, T , 4)]+ a T t)] = a,t z,4) +agt z t) >0

The olP due touctghted um ot nput

Ta, lt) +as t] = t a (-t) +C (t)]

ta C-t) + t a 2 (-t

Supespos Hton ponciple Aatisfied. Henco the dustem tA nas

Ttme-Vanant Tme tnvaiant

ven yt) t r t )

The p dolayed by to RC

ytt, to) =t e(-t-to)

The otp delay ed by toee Qub t t -td

yt-to) (t-tp) ( - Lt -to))

(t-to) t - t +to)>

ten ce fho syst¬m á ttme- ant

Ytto) f ylt-to)
Casal hbn- cawsal

y t) t xt)

t
yco) D xto) pRcent

past

Futune

The oP deperda powpent, past and futue

Honca rton Causad Cystem

Stotic Dynamic
y tt) t se -t)

Sm he o{P demnda bn pOARNf POst

and Pturre YpA tenco tt is dynamic OT mamory sm

Stable Unc tabie

gCt)tc-t)

The noroaRAD inosoasîng t. 2 sm mvduces

unbounded olP fe the beunded unput. Hente the sm

unstable

The gven Susiem

1) near
1) Time -variant
im) Non- cou sat

Dynamic
) Unstable

TFage 3c
i) ytt) d gt). +3t dytt + y t ) = *tt)
H2 dt
Non- lineca.
CO3aespcnming oP ae
FoY inputs X t) ard Xtt

,tt) d9 3t yit) y, t) =
X, Ct)
dt dt

t) dyt)3t o t)+, tt) =f2 t)

dt dt

the elghied Gutputs

a, y,t) dy ) 34,t dy, ) Lt)+ O y lt) d2lt)

dt
a dt
dt

+3aat dy, t) a t t ) + O Xp t)>0.

a , t ) +92,t)) +3t . y
t

the s no-Lineai
Hente Systm

lima-vaaicnt Time-mvosianti

the apur delayed input.

yt, to)
dy Ct-tb) -to) tt-to) -D
Ct-to) d t-to) a3tt
+
,

ha or dtlayd
y t-to) dytt-tp stt-tb) dy(t-tb 2 + ytt-to) Xt-to) -
dr
dt

tne-vensant System.
Cas a Y Ndn- CawAal

Tho depends On Cnly. ttenee he

qAtem

Statsc O Dynumsc
dikheenhal equafion.
The susttm duvoribed by
Htn dyncumi

Stabe Unstab
in OreasMA with
Te th
Ottput
unstabla
tSo the
n eang

Iroge 5 o f 6
 PAGE NO: 37
NPRoliege ofEngineering&Technology UNIT: T
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.

PhoncNo: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502

th . Stur
CLASS N0: 9
Wcbsite:wIww.nprcolleyes.orgE-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Claswift catton C DT Syckem.

OBJECTIVE:
Tha tuderhy i Ghle to cloity R iAefe Time
SHsttm
APPLICATIONS:

| UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

umaryeaav

NOTES

Check whether the gyctem ineo OR hon linas, time -vooniat

and
OA tme -mvcuant COsal

stable unsuns table.

1) tn = Cosn)

for uo P Cnd Cn) the OP& ame

9 tn) COs , t n ]

9tn) Cos (n

SuperpooHbn Dainciple n o t Satistiod Hence non-lineaY \m

Page J
 tim in aiant
Tme arlant

yi co (n)]

f ne YP a delayed by no units

9tn,no) Cos t in-no)

no unHs Sub na Y-Do
tho op i clelayed buy

no) Co tn-no) ]

tn, np) y tn-hp)

time -in Vanint

Cawsal Non- auAa

For
n yu) CD C1)1
FY n- to C-)]
OP dopends n ent
For al Váueo

s COal
npur onty tlence the y um
Stattc OY Dyramic
vauues n fhe olP lanernds on paesent
For

ony t t n e Styrem atatic

npuf
Stable unstable
olP &quen ter
The Sgsicm pRoduwy bounded

couunded YP &quence So it s gm
NDn-mear, Time -invon)ant,
Heni the ven m

oual Hatc anc able .

Pocge oJ
 39
)
)yt) z(n) +xtn)
inear Or Non-linAT

the two VP& Cn ad a cn) the olP ame

y Cn) *2 ( ) + (n)

waig hBed oP

dm v inee.
pnple satsfted. hence the
Stupapositton D

Time-Vordant Time-hVAiaNt

no unitr
the P delayed by
y tn, no) = en-no) +tn-nD) 0

delayed by no unit

cn-DD ) e [n-no) r(n-no)

sm ttreVariant.

COu ad Non- Caws al

Fo yto) c (D) +Tb) t0) T (o

y Ctc() ) + C1)
y-1) 3r(ei)+x -1) - x0) +r-1)
Cond n=t t oP dopends on prOsent Yp onbj

br n= the DlP depercs cn ftune YP also . So nen-cauyal sm

Pageo 4]
Statlc yomic
VOlues fne bupLu derpendls n
n-o,

n- the olP dapenda cn fuuia e

P Bt
PALsent

tente amic

Stuble Un tab

pYo duces C botunded cPRequene

The Sm

(A stable m
enes tunded iP equenu S n

qven
nea tf-Vcalant non-coal,

y namic Cund table

Mey Points

LPoege 4J
 PAGE NO: Ar
NPRCollege of Engineering&Techmology UNIT: IL
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 1O
Website: www.uprcollezes.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: Tutdvial
OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

anna en
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Rod Nalue the intqral Ct+2) dt. [2M, N/DIS1

nd the Summadtom tn) Stn-1) Sin2n 12M, AlM I7)
Ne-

NOTES

Hod the fotlowing

-at
&tt-10) dt =e e

2 St-3) dt ts

S8tt)Cinantdt in9Tt|t-o Sin o = d

t +3) e-t dt e

5 St edt dt e e=

LPage of
Mhat the een and odd
pavty f a slqnal n

tn)= Ttn)+t-n)

Find the Qven a odd Compontg the iqoals

IA) =Cost + cint +COst sint

Replacingt by t n the qfven

t) co t) +
Alp l-t) + Co-t) sin (t)

cot s i o t - CoJt s î t

Xet) =
t) + (-t)J
Cost+int + cOst Asnt + COt -

int Cot sint

CeJt

o t) t ) -« l-t)]
= tot sintr +Cost s n t - oct + cint + Cost 8int

S i n t +tost Cint

1 n) -2, 1,2, 1,3

Te to)

y +)] t+]o
e Ca) tay+ (-9J - [3-2] = o.5

TgCn)>o.5, 0,2, D, 0.5

LFae2of 4
 d3

n n) - (-n)

gCO)
to) - toi- o-2 -o.

*gCa) s ) - t ) | = 3-C-251 25

otn) -25, , , , 2
Cheek whether the fotlotwing qnola ae Cnenqy DA power siqrals.

lt) uCt) - u t t 1)

EnorB T
cttdt

ut)- utt-1)l dt
To T

d t T tj,

Toule.
2
itdt
PoeA P T 2T

utt-u t-)l dt
T-0 2T

dt
Tao 2T

t
Td 2

inerqH tnite and powe is ZOAD Hene the e n

i eneru Sqnal.
igna
1) tt) «lt) - r lt-2)

Enere
Enera E
T00T
cttat

dt

T-00 +T-8

Toue 2T
t dt

T00 2T
dh a dt

T00 2T
+ AT-
H
T00 6T

+2- D 2

Tho POues Ptnte Cnd enesqu oftnite ttene he

gtven siqnal Ybwer Sgnol,
 PAGE NO: A5
NPR College of Engineering &Technology
UNIT: t
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.

NRR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASS NO: I1
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]
TITLE: Tutosia

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Check wwne the the gnal en@n n pose kiqral

)Tu) e t+ )
Enera H scCtdt

ed +4)dt

dt
T

2T J

Pag 1of 3
 e tof ds

dt
T0

OT
T-00 2T

ne power Riqal tnte and he n@n

inftnite. tena he na Pocue nal.

) n) cos

neay N0 n=-N

Co
N0 n-N

N ItCos
ND h N

H (14 co
N0 n-N

NS 00 n-N

N-S0
2N-H
Pouser ccn
NT NE-N

N-S00
Co
ON n-N

oNT1)
00 2NH

The encry inftrite Cand ho powe finite. ttento it

&ana

t) tu tt)

c tty dt

To
t utt f' dt
t t T00
T00

c tdt
T00 T

T
dt
TO

T-30 2T
T-oD T

P0D
Inftinito. tone he gfiven Siqol
Botm eneg ard Powe

rgither enerau nor pouyen Stgnal

iv) 2tn) e

Sol E x c
N-00 = -N

lim
N0 na-N

--N

2NH
N00

im
2N+I M=-N

lam
N
2Nt

2N+1)
N0 2N +1

twite. Henu t h
The
ene infimtt and Powe

1qnal wer Mg nal

Pcxge A c 4J
 *

PAGE NO: A9
NPRCollegeof Engineering &Techaology
UNIT: 1
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 12
Website www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail: [email protected]
TITLE: uuosial

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Check whetheA 4he Fblbwirg ysters a iheal ox non-lineaa, ime Uaynt

ime -ineuiant, ausal hon-causal tate D dynemit, sBable uns

Ancar or Non-ihear

Jot n and uD

y,tn , t ) un)

The weightad Sum of

Tho Dp du to ueig htcd Sun t s

Hone s[m near

Timo NaMant Tine invanant

The ol duo to delay ad

en,no) e N-No) UCn)

The olP deayed by

yCn-no) =
CCn-n o) uCn-no) >
Time Vaant Sim

Causal Non - Cawscu

t) TCm u cn)

yto) r lo) uto)

yCi) i) y )

yI)r-) ut-)
all t/P depende bn

lence he aus al

Stttc ynamic

FoY the oP doperds on piesont oa

So sm stotie

Sttube Unatable

exos oourded tven&[m pRucluce

boundd oP Hente sm stable

u 4
) y tt) t)

near NDn-inean
Tor tha VPa arc th Co2Apondinq olfA ale
.

9t)= t)

a, , Lt) tOg lt) >

Non- inaa
Tîma Yer ant Timeinvariant
\he P due Ho delayed Yp
t,to) = t -to) O

The
he dolayed o

yct-to) 1lt-to)>
Time învaian

Cautal OY Non-Ccuua yncimic Satie

for au YP dependa bn psent
enlui
tento 9ven m Causal Gnd

Gule Unsuble
fo oburcd ed tho Sm Pbdu es ounded oP.

thence Brable sA Fem.

Puge 3 4)
 PAGE NO: 53
NPR collegeof Engineering & Technology
NPR Nagar, Nathani, Dindigul-624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: T
Pione No: 04544- 246 500, 246.501 246502
CLASS NO: 13
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail [email protected]

TITLE: Laplace Transfornm

OBJECTIVE:
he udens wil be able ap toce tYCmturn for
appy the
Coninuus time Aig nols ond tb unduustemd RoC

APPLICATIONS:

Prersore Monite

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Gve the elatton etvvoen Foueles tsansforrm and Japae tremafon.[N/Is, 2M3
e the
Japtaceirovitorm o t t ) =3eutt) -2 utt) uth koc CMJ1b, 2MJ.

find the apla cetrunnform and Roc f the qnal t) te . [/DIS, 1MJ

NOTES

Laplace Transtorm
Fouries ranafom o CT i q r a l t l t ) is expwoed
The

xtja) xtt)e-nt dt

Repacing i by + )

X Co+j-n) t t ) e-(ot)-a)t
)-a)t

St
Xts) Dt4) e dt

inve'ge Lopt oce TYnctoem

Xtt) ds

Pnga o AA
Region Convergenco
Ofo whnch he tra-tom
The Laplace

ConveygRo kntun CD Reqiom Converqene CROC)

foymula of LT a rodt o twp pouromialn

oncaal

M-1 +o S + bo
XCa) NCs)
S+ON- &N
t9,

the cots o Nr polynomvice of C)

ne oots PoLy nomial ame poleo Co Xt)

Frd the Loptace rcunsorm and RDC tottootng stanals

) u lt)
xC) att) e " dt

at utt)e dt

a t Cat ) t
olt Re Cta) >o
J
Re Cs) -a
S-plcine
+O ROC

ut)] ROC 0> -a

Pouoe ot AJ
 at 55
i) - e
u-t)
Re (S+ a) <O
XC5) t ) e *d Re (t)-a

eut-t) edt Splana

ROC
dt-a-)t7°
-a

- Cats)

X (s) ROC o4-a

S+a

Rrd ne
he Laplace transomm o the slqna
2t
utt + e utt) and And ROC

Xs) t ) e-St dt
at

t
XCs) e u t + eut
3t ut) e dt ult e dt
e
-00

-C3)t dt -C2)td
t2)t,
3

Xt
S43 S42
plane
S42+ +3
C9)(4 2) RDC

Page 3 I
Sol:
tiven Ct Se for t4d
et
tzo
D
xCs) Tt) e
St
dt

AtSt dt+ At
-St d

e e )t dt +
O
e C34Atd
)t

e
-CS-4) -tsta)

-4) S-

St S-
S-4-S-J
StA) CS-4)

e Itt 7
6.
Re CstA) . Re Cs-A) >0 S-pone

ReCS) 4 A Re C)
ROC

Key Point
Laplace trumstorm wned o ramfom a tma dormaiy Sqno
oComplex taauany Comain.
CcTmolex queys
Sisdtind S oj-
vaw S
onich ct e dt convorqeo
Colla Roc
 PAGE NO: 57
NPR ollegeofEngineering &Technology UNIT: I
Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu,
NPR - India.
Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 4
t i Sur Website: www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail:nprgi@ nprcolleges.org

TITLE: Jnilateral Laplace Trans-m

OBJECTIVE:

The studena Cn able to tundistcurd the unil ateYod Loplac

tYans fom elementaMY Mq ncls and bonit Mqnaln.

APPLICATIONS:

ECG Monthters.

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONSS:
Fnd the aplaee cms-fdom an Cunt tap Punctfon. LN/DIs, 2mJ.

NOTES

Unilate ral Loptaca Tircuntorm

trarifom applied o the sianals
The unilctey a aplae

Causal.des siqnals whbe meqnitude

that ane

Atme tAo.
t) n detined y
The uniladeral Japlau asfovm of a
siqnal

XS)= xttyest dt
dt

nt
dt
C) e
e

l. .. ihe intcqsal Convemoo

t e tdt o

frngeofJ
 Rnd he untladoral Laptac ransmn of thebtocuing a

Ct) St)

Xs) r lt) e dt

&t) et dt

i t) u tt

xlt) e -st dtT

otdt

utt) edt dt -St r

O

ee®]

L[u

D Ces o t

Cosngt eote)npt
t d o t edlote dt
-j.o)t dt

9-jno

tes At
iv t) Stn n, t ut)

LSin not ult

stn n t u lt)

sin Pot ot _not

st dx
Xt) = t)

(++a-t -+a tj-no) t 7 dt

-(SH4 ) t T
-S4a-]-0) t e

(s+a-}-Ao) S+attAO

e e e

+a-j Ro) S4a-j-o.

e

S+at-Ao

S+a-)-o C+a o

+a+-oS-a+)-Lo T

2--O

a t sin not utT

(S4a)+

Pge 4
SummaTY fcplaca and Fourter Transttrmmér Caua Siqnals:
It) ROC xia)xu)ls»j
-planhe
utt
J

tutt O>D
y.ay'
-

ttt)
C-1 jn
n
nl

eautt)
Jta
- at

te u tt) >-a
4a) Cj-a
Sfn.not utt)
2

CoS-oSt u tt

Stnh-ot u tt)
2 2

Con s t ut
S-So

StnNot u tu) -a
j 4 0a) +Sa
CLt
Coot utt) -a
JR+a

Key Point:
tho mns t a a -o to oo ron JT called bilareal LT.
1f the mt ntegvo dtoo then LT callad unilaterod iT.

Page f 4
 PAGE NO: 61

NPRCollege of Engineering& Technology India.

UNIT:
624401, Tamil Nadu,
Nagar, Natham, Dindigul
-

NPR
Phone No: 04544- 246 500,
246501 246502 CLASS NO: 15
[email protected]
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:

TITLE: Inverse Laplae TYonsform

OBJECTIVE: nvore
The tudents uill be able ftd he Japlace

tranctom o a signal
APPLICATIONS:

VidLo Conferoncing1

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Rind the nverse oplaa form of X S) (84-1) (S+2) N/DI5,8M]

Deterrine invQIIQ Loplae rvnstom o h olloujing AIM 7, 1bM

iDxI)=
sts+3)stA) (S+1 (430+2)

NOTES

Determine transform ot he btlowing

inverte apoce

xs)
Sts +4)Cs 42)
P.F.E

A C
S
ssA1Dt2)
2 A Cs+1) (s+2) B s (s+2) + C (S+1)

A = I
0
-B 2 B -2

- 2 t C-1) 2 C
s-2

Peage f4J
 x t 9
S+

Take inverse2 .1

tt) 2e u tt).

2
x (s)

By P
2
C
X (S) sts+1)s*2 A-+
S S+ (S+2 St2

2
=ACS 1) CS+2) + B s ( + 2 + CsCs+1) + Ds ts+) C+a)

S O AA 2 A V O.5

S B. -2

2 CI
-2c 1)

CocHft corts A+B+b = O.

tompong

- 0 . 5 +2 s
D-A B

Xt S
S
Ct2
TakeLT
xt) 0.5 2 e t e 2t +1.5e 2 t ut)
x4)

in)xs
(2 S1)
P.F

Bs+C

C42 (sS41) (S+ 2

 63

A (s`+ S+1) +(B S+C) CS+2)

As+AS+ A + B 2 BS CS + 20.

Compoin ,Sand ton tant tems

A B Ys.
ACA + 1 ) ~t 3A =1 A

A+2c + 2c 1.
2c

XCs) Y +
S+2

/3 -1)_
S+2 +1)

+2 (S+0.9)*0.RLL

. S+0.5 6.5
C +2 S+o.50.t

Y S+o.S t.5 xSteo.e

+2 ts05)+0.t6 CStos+0.St62
St0.5
0.5T7
S+2 Sto.5)+0.t (Sto.s0.b

Taka
-o.5t
0.9 cos 0.tbt att) +o.577eSioo.stbt ut>
z t) =

eu4) -

PcaR
 t) t-) Fmd Laptace Trons bm Me aen gnal.

X te A) e dt

ult-2) e d . eSdt
dt

1 2

29
ut-2) ] .

Key irtr
fOr tawpal sigmad,the RoC includes all poin5 on

plane to the ight abalcca Convetqen

Tor anticausad rignad, the ROC mcudes al peinh

Splone Lett o bsicca convevgen

TPcrgeof AJ
 PAGE NO: 65
NPR Collegeof Enginecering &Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: T
NRR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 1b
Website : www.uprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: Comtnuous Time faunieg Tanttoum.

OBJECTiVE:

te studems cotl be able to ttnd th trquonto ooporr

Cotiouos Thne Fotunea Ramfprm.
APPLICATIONS:

Mobiu Phone Comunicatton

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
ottna burner tranatorm paix Conttnuous ttme Aqna. LM/DIs, 2M

NOTES

Cominuous Time touniex Transovm:

The Comtnuous tme Fouotes Tansfom e a Ciqnal t)

by
XCi.a) clty e2t dt

The imverse2 CTFT

x tjn) e d n
11

Tnexe tuuo equattos Ose Hnoon aR toues ireumfUm pa

Mounitude of x Cjn xtjal: <etja) xUa

Phouse xtja) xjA)tanXz Cja)

Pcge tof A
Exis-lence Fourier Transtorm

The fouses Arans-fom doo not eist dor all aperio dit

Jtunchtons. The Conditto t)to hove Fumien ranotonm

tmeq ocible
absoutey

lt| dt <
2 t has Rnie numbe dos continuitfæo and a fimte

umber maxima Ond minima i evAyAnitt h'L tnteaval

And the urier ram form o the olazolng nd 8ketch the

mcqntude and phee Shectoum.

1 alt) &t)
j.t
Xtjn) ace) e dt
Ixtj)
8tbet dt
FLe-4

xtjn br all
) T 1t) at ult)

xtn) C eJaL dt
e
a utt)
t
dt

e
-(at)N)t
dt

Page o
 67

XCj.a) Ixtj.a

at

F a ut)
otin Xy-n) in d

x
- -t

tj-n - tan

3 -2

x. oS 447 D-27 0.185 D. 0q 0.b9 1&S o.22 0.27 0.35 O.s

Xtfay 2bS S6.3be'77 q0 a787 66343 563 4S

- Iti
it) att) =e

x0-n) E dt
t t +) e t

- t-J-n) t
-C113-) t,dt
lt + e

C1-ja) Ctj-a)

Ietl 14-
 or al

all

3 -5

xtja) 2 o.2 0.bT o.D19 0.07 0.2 0.

iv) tt e ut)
t c q able
nal i noi abto utoly
8tven

ey 2 t dt

ranom o lt) dpe ot enist

hey Potnts
Fouwve trantum ed to obta he tauonu domai
The
OvD wel oo peiodic qralo
sopreoentaton enonpennodc
founon tram fosm c a Marcs Oxdots onty f Fhe stqna

ob&o utoly inttarable

Pe 4 o
 PAGE NO: 69
NPR College ofEngineering & Technology
India.
UNIT: IL
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401,Tamil Nadu,
-

Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASS NO: I7
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Fuporlfeo CSTFT.

OBJECTIVE:

The studont Can be tbte to knnw tho paopoxTio

COntfnuDUs Ttme tduaten Tocmsfoosn Cortinuou TImo SAgnas.
APPLICATIONS:

klineles Commums catt on

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Stote od yoe an{ uo paopetgo CPouvion Tramforrm. LN/DIs, &M

State amd povre Posevol elatton tor T grals using Ff.[u/bIS, gM)

Stare and pove nq

Cun foun oaperio t F . [u/pi5, lEMJ.

NOTES

Poopotleo bute Tranfoem:

.aneart
I x4)] Xx, Cj.a) and * t ] Xatj-a)

Fa, 7, tt) +aa 2 (t) J =

a, X, )A) + X a Ja)

ax, t edatdr +aa tt) e dr.

-0

dt X tt) e
at dr
- -

F f a t ) 42 o u)] =a , X, Cja) + a, X t}a)

Page of43
2Time Shifing:
x tj)
FI l)]
F[xtt-to)J =
t o xlja.)
e
then

Poof e7atdr
zt-to) J=. xt -tp)

Let
t - to = t t t+to
ct dt

e7EtED dt
F[xt-tp)J x(t)
0

xt) e

edato xtt)e dt

zt-to)] =e x lja)

3 Time caling:

tt x Cjn
FIztatJ = a)
tnen lal
Pvot )
x tat) e J t dr
Ftat)J
et at T t a and dt = dt/a

F[xtat)J. xT) e a ) dt

2t)) e dt
0

xtar)]o*(
 7
A Time Rever cal:

then xt-t) J xt-ja)

SDm time Staling Paoper y

tat)]a
et, a -t

FIzt)J x(-ia)
5. Conjugation

[ * u] xtjn)

then

Pobf

etyeAtd

tt) e

6.Fe ny ghiftin
[z42 ) = x tja)
then

fet xtt)J- e'st att)1t dt

--o) dt

Ee)aot zt) x
(-ao))

Pce
7. Yarsavat's Relodion
Fnerq spect ral clensitu:

O
then
Satd xtj.a)l' da

zttsl dt zlt) a*tAydt.

inete T

zt xtjay a da
the
takin Conugae akove

Ct xj4) a td
zt dt
x t i a yeat da dt

ia
2T
m a r dt
aa
2T x ) xù a)da

-0 2

Mey Paint c
Tha FouMoy *YOnsjborn o
angroa alld analrio o qnal
 PAGE NO: 73
NPR College ofEngineering &Technology UNIT: T
1ndia.
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -624401, Tamil Nadu,
R Phone No: 04544. 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: |8
Website ww.prcolleges.oIg F-mail pLgianprcolleges.org

TITLE: fouia oioo

OBJECTIVE:
The icn tutll be Obleo wrecet thg 1Aqral tn tn r
igonometnittorm
APPLICATIONS:

Satelite launthin

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Obtaih the fourie8ernes coficten cnd plot the aroeTuum foa 9ven unvatoAm
M , EM

NOTES

Four ier Series

Sine and Cosine erm KnDWn
The Series of
can be wnitten OM
Founien Sea ieo and
tigonomettic

lt) ap an Co (n not) +brn Sinln pt)

Constans Op (alled de comptne nt
whow On Ond bn

H ) dt

t) Cos (nao t) dt

bn t C i n (n not) dt
o
Hnd the rigonomeiric Touier &estos for Ah peaiodic

Signal tt) ven

-1.D

So
Tne eviodT o he given Cigra

One peeiod the gnal trom t to t 3

fundamental Prauont
from rtt for -1t
t3
t
The tourier senies tor periodic gral
ifigonomeiric
rtt) - ao + an cotn no t) * bn sin Lnapt)i

Ogt an Colt)bn sin (nt

1pt T

AO
Tlt)d

dt d

2
 15

(4) -6-1) +1 -3 +J

otT
Casn not) dt
an

ttt) co» ) dt

dt + S t-)ce t ) dt
Cos t )

( - i n ()J
Pm()+sn( n(3)+n

WHere stn

stn

bn toT C(t) sin (n Apt) dt

to
f l t &in ( t dt

i n ( t )dt + t ) sin ( : ) dt

+t * - Cco
trs es - Cos

o
 for n even
On Sin
2
n l, 5,9,
B, T,1,

Fourter

xtt) Cn cos

Keu Pbimt&
pwontouriom pdedic. nab,
Yaurnon f r a u a n y domain

Lwth nagahe frauont

de uL o
The
he ro
S mo
mathamaicod Tapoooontahon aalo

Comollx exponeneNicy qra

 PAGE NO: 11

NPRollege of Engineering & Technology India.

UNIT: TL
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul
-
624401, Tamil Nadu,
246501 246502 CLASS NO: 19
Phone No: 04544- 246 500,

Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Symmetry londetion

|OBJECTIVE:
the ven summei e
The stdents tan be ab dilerentiate

odd sqnmetrte Dqnals.

APPLICATIONS:

Radas Comunf caibn

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

6ymmetry Conditions
even periodie unctom
Seried expansion

Cosine term and a Constant e Dn=F0

Contais Cly

an 4 tt) tes lnap t) d

t t ) dt

odd peaidie uncton

Pouler expanslon ofan

Contains Ane eXms. ie ap and n 1 ZD

T/2
t) sin (n pt) dt
 the trigonomatrie fourter he periatiC

tt) as ghcwn in
nad xtt)

-3 2

The boriod T The

qven siqnad
One period t-to t 1
from
Dung intcaval

TgonomeBric tounoy

t ao a nLan co tnnp) b n sin (n Apt)1

n-

Tundamertal Fiquoncy o= T
T

|An Cos (nTt) +bn sm Cnmt) |

tptT
ao cCt) dt

tdt

Pag o 4
 79
totT
an ty coi Cn Not) t
to

Co (nml) dt
-

Sin CnTt) Costnut)

an O.
Lpt T
bn t ) sin CnaoL) dt

Sîn tnTt) dt

C Cnut) +n tnt
Cosn_

-2 CD n

en
Dn n (nt)
t)=
Y\

Stn ( n t
n

in 1 - c i n omt t S i n 3t -s n tATA)*

3 o
Cosne Repro sentcdion
By uing friqoncmetric identity
Cos (rnnot) +bn sintnt) An Cos (nnottDn)
Cn

An co (n n o t t Dn

wone
Anplitude Cogtfcianto o FS
An n + bn

ta a hase cocffteiorte f FS

hayonts
For N$aTadn with evon mnay n ane zeno

f gnalo títh cdd summet Qp and

Pea A o 4
 PAGE N0: 91
NPR College of Engineering & Technology
UNIT: I
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -624401, 1amil Nadu, India.
NRR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501
246502
CLASS NO: 20
Website: www.nprecolleges.org E-mail: nprgianprcolleges.or

TTTLE: Fxponentka tounea Seates

OBJECTIVE:
the studors uill be able to eptcsert the gen
ven Mqnal

fouy ea fvam
4 exponenHel
APPLICATIONS:

Tra ttre CUntroiez în aîreraf

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

conditton or the exstence c tcunter Setg tor a siqral ? [Atm17, 2

| What ishe

Stade Daichtet ss CondtHos . lN/DIS, 2MJ3

NOTES

xonerttcu Founier Serioe

wping Euler's identy exppay the foureo

80riep Pxponerttal orm

lt) n at
n--0

lhere Cn burer Coftcroots of xponertial FS

totT Cty Jn aot

C dt

and
tytT
Co ) d

Pnge of 4
Fxiatance Totrrier Sorie
Condition undea wheh a poiadie Siqnal Can be

oprcoentad by S Diichler Condttns

nown

.The funcditn t ) have dnly tnite humber

maxtma and minima

2The functiom e lt have attnite nunmber o dis cottnuitr eo

S. Thetunctfom tt) thteara ble Over Ono peñod

abrolete

SIct)t dt

Deteymíne he exponerrttal om Foer Sertoe

Tpserntoctton siq no shown n tg. tente determine

riqonometnc Fo terior Sertoo.

Sot

Mathemctdtta) n for rtt)

ne
-
lhone 2 3T
=t

&) t)
ett)- tt)

t Lt][oo] and t>, rit)I-[T, AJ

t- Ct)= A
A T- O T

t) = At ot T

2h1
 83
tnd Co
tot T

Co T

At dt

C A

TO nd
tT
Cn Se tt) e dt.

no dt d
A e

t enAt 7
J n o Jo

T edn 9NT/+ n on /t
e
n o7t n4TT n2/2

enn
A
jn
on nA12

A n2n
A
Jnam n42

A A
n'42
A
Jn 2T

CA A
C - A

C J4t C AT
A
J4T

Pceae 3 4J
FpOneryttad torm Foier Soxriea

nlot
t) Cn e

n ednAot
+Co + Cnennot
n-

e tt

Ce C eo Co 3not
e o t

A 3lot A J2-Lot ot

jAT
A A o 2 Sot 2ot
A_
J4T jbTT

A_ e3t ot

ot e2ot J3ot

Tonomethe touner Sefee

d2ot J2ot
ed ot

e3ote)3.ot

Sn n Lot+6in 9lo sn 3ot.

Kay Points
ahsfted.
exios Dmchlet's Condi hem aw
fouren saie Cmiy if
foumo 3 i c
m exponenhal bm
Com ponent
ropoomerhs the megmitude " hormor
Cn
the n" hamofe Component
Cn eorwoen phon
 PAGE N0: 85
NPR CollegeofEngineering &Technology
NPR Naga, Natham, Dndigul - 624401, Tanul Nadu, India
UNIT: T
RR Phone No: 04544

Website mww.prcolleges.or
46 500, 246501 246502

manl prgignprcoleges.gog
CLASS NO: 21

TITLE: Tauperties A Teounten onteo

OBJECTiVE:
stutents be abie bporto tounon
CUnuo Uo Tme
Agnals.
APPLICATIONS:

VidLo Broad ca}ng

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Propertoo Fourier Serteo:

1ineaty.
t) and Ct) cve tu peicdic stqnals totth

emcd uth ourfeg Sexie CEeffichents Cn and Dn thocn

fouer coettcioriS of incn Comtinatin C) r

on
F A (t) xs tt) ACa BDn
2 Ttme2
shttm
the Oustos series coefftciens Cr fhon
the Fourtes coeffictents stvftod stqnal tt-to) ae

n to
FS c t to)J

t-to P t : Ptto

dt dp
Jhotp+t
TSctt-to) p) P e

Ttp)e n-loP n naoto dp.

nato Etp) eu noPP dp
dp

3. Tima Reven al

f tha Touror Sertoo coefftcionts a orceli c tqnal e t)

are Cn thonn ie oune sertoo cottctonts of t ) . he

tme Cheal ven

Foumeo SoMed Coettioerts the ttme

Aevesse iqnal &tma CvOsal the

fouieaA Coefficents ok the COmepondina slgoa.

TPoae 4J
A.Tme Scalinq
CLt pesiclie wtth poried T, furclametal
So 211/T und fotutor CocfPtcionts Cn
AOueny

Tourio aerneo ceeticlonts Cct) ae

FStat)S Cn
totn f n d amental ticquonc -

Thene iA n0 chanE in Cn but the fundamental tiquonty

mtuttpod b
5. Muttplitt ton:

t) cund Ct) c2 both peicdie Cwrfh period T

Fouster cere co eftt cients t and t) are

and

and Dn wOo pectve ly then

Fox t) A3 lt) J Cn n-L

6. Coojuqaton:

1 I« t)3 =
Cn
Cn

7. Farseyal's Tho rem:

Consider ane ottt) Cuih
wo elodie iqnals
the foun eR Sieo Coettteens these
quak neuiod T. 1F

tud iqralo Cn Dy hen

Cnl
where t) tt xt)
Cn DR
LPcage 3 of 4
c Points:
Seloo
q nolo halk wOne Sumeiry the Foures

odd hormoic exmo alone

hau
hau
A uith hal wane ymmemy, if in additton

Or cdd SymmehH hen aud to hove uarter

evOn

CUmmet

Piq A A
 PAGE NO: 9
NPR College ofEngineering &Technology
UNIT: T
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.

NRR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASS NO: 22
Re tet tlhr Stur Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: "Turtorial

OBJECTIVE:
The Studentr uil able eve he ven wavefomm

nd the Fo e r Cte
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Detesmne TOurmes 8erie Tpoecertadiom ot half-wae actifes olP.

Sot

The siqna shown in ncrther even nor od

The madhemoljeal oprooenthng hmtf oae ecod OP

Ct) D to T/2

The peiod -ne ven T

qmal
Fundamentadrquonc o
Pcege o6
The tri qono motte Tourton Soxtes fbr etadic Stanal

t) = Ap + coJ (n-no t ) + bn Sin (nnot)

an

To Tind

LgtT
Ct) dt
to
T/2 T
A shn n t dt A
T
8in o t dt
O

COS o t

)
CDJ o

A COS

A
x 2
27

On

tptT
CAn 2 COS (nNyt) dt

A sin n o t cos Cn l o t ) dt

Sin (not +n t ) + sîn Cot -

n Not) dt
T/

Sin1n)-not +S Ct- n) Jotdt

CoCl+n)o t CDs tt-n) Aot T /
14n2 No
Ct-n)No
Pone 9o6
an Cos 11m x COS O

14n) 9T/t Ctn 2 11/T Ct n) oT/T

TCos Ct n) T
Htn) 2 1tn) 2 C1 D) 2n)
evauattd for ati
Apove ExponDoON Can R

of n
except

TO tod

Asin NOt Co o t d

T
QA
fn 2 d -Co Lot
T 2 o

CO
XT/T

C 4
A

A Co C11n) A ACO C-n)

(n) 2n Cn) 21.

tonoo

Cos 1h) TI

ohon the tem even

Cos Ct4n)T 1 o tn) t

Pce 3 6
 an 0 od valua> C

A on even ¥cdiuOs
(14D) 2oT Ct-D2n -n) 211

A
(14) 21 -)o1 C1tn)

A C1D) 4 Ct4n) t 2 A

T id
oT

T/2 sfn tnot) dt

ASn Not

T/
A C9 o t-N o t ) - Ceo» CLot +nLot)

_Cos Ctn) Nt
-

Co» C1+ r) Motdr

T2
Sn Ct-m
(1-n) 217T

A i0 tt-0
T Ctt 91 T
C-n)21/*

C n) 2 n ) 21

M2 aboue eprcobn for bn tcun valuatec fo a

vaue& n ex cept
 03

b tt Stn o t dt.

Asfolot

T/2 T
A olk
s n o t dt
2

T
T
2

stn

Sin
2

b
voJlues en Ceptt n-

ourier

+ |an bsCn Aot) * bn sin Cn.cot

n Cod tnot) + b Sinnot

A tod 2 t 2 Costp lot

1ST sn Aot

6
 PAGE N0: 95

& Technology
NPR College of EngineeringNadu, India.
UNIT: I
Dindigul -
624401, Tamil
NPR Nagar, Natham, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: 23
246 500,
Phone No: 04544-
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.nprcolleges.org

TITLE: Tulorial

OBJECTIVE:
Coleulat Fbonios e ñ e
e able Ahbto
t StutentsS Com

gven Aqnad,
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

For the Contnuous -tme periodic anal tt + cos (2 t )+ asint

Fundamenta and the oter
Deter mne

rie Coetfrcien%

t
Gven att)Dt Col () + 4 Sn

and
3

To 2 2n

2
St1/2

T Tol
To

IPcte o6
 T 2 To 5 To2

Fundame ntcd pevioct 6 sec

furdce men tcd rueny

t) 2 cOs
(2) +
4 stin t
nt/s t /3 JBt/3 JSTt/3
2

t0.s t/3 aTt/3 bnt/s_smt 33

snt/3 t
e +O.S e 42 to.s t/3i oJ STt13

t2) (E/3) *oK 2 ) eis (t/

ouieT Cpefftctoms.

C C O.5, C 2 5, 2)

Deterine fm2 gonometrte tourior serte

th tuae n2cied sme twaAe

The wave forr o Puut eiPted

Kiqal even Summetry.

Mathematt cal uanon f R

T2 Y
P
att) A in loi

2T
iqorometric founex serde

et) o An tos (n no t)+ bn sîm Cn Aot)

 91

To fnd

T/
xt) dt

T2
os At 7 T2
2
sin o t dt

Co
217 t 2 T/T

2A

10 frnd
T/2
2t) Cosn Lt dt

d.
4 A
sin ot Cosn o t
Sin (Ao t +n Aot)sn Cot - Nlot) Ar
2

T2
sin t t ) o t dr + 2A. ) sîn (Ct-n)Aot dt.
T

V2
tes ttn) Not 2A Co) Ct-n)-ot T2
Cun)-0

Cos CItn) C
Hn) 2| T H ) 2TW/T

A -coCt-p)
(1-n) 21T
cos Ctn) n
Atos ttn)T
1-n

A Lo (1tn) A AC t D ) A
Ctn) Hn)T t-n) T.

Paxp 3 6T
 The e On CaUn evaluared all valueo
xop
A Sio Aot tos sot dt

T2 T
sin 2 o
AAS d. 2 T
n 2-2,t dt
Tla
2 o

2x 2T 2x21T

a o.

An A Cas Lttn)n . A CoCt-n n A

ttn)n 1-n)T C-DT.

when eNen Ctth) and ttn) illbe odd

C CD) T=A.

ohen cdd Ct+n) Cund Ct-n) tsill he even.

.s Cl4n) T=

bdd values

an A A A fov een valuos b

(1-n) t-n)
2 A 2AC-n) n 2AHD) n
n) n). 14n) t-n)
A A
1A
t-n2)
 4A
3T
-
4A AA
I5 T.

4A 44
6 t-62 ) T

Founteo Sexieo

n= even

Co's 2 O t AA Coi4 ot - AA Cos 6 ot

35
Co) 4 c t
+Cosblot
3 15 35

Poge 5 o 6
 PAGE NO: foi
NPRCollegeof Engineering &Technology UNIT: L
NPR Nagar. Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.

R Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASS NO: 24
Website: vww.uprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Titoricnl

OBJECTIVE:

T &tudents tst able to nd

qenSSqnol.
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Hnd the iverce Foures trancform me bttooinq

i)xti) 8(n)
Sol. xlt xti ) e d

Sta)e

[StaJ
R)tjn) - Sta-)

xtja) e d

StA-No) ejntda
2

jot
& - Ao)) 2e

3 +1t
j.n+1j.a + 12
Sot PF

3tn) + 14 3)+
Jay + tjn2

3 n ) 4 14 A
n 13)j.n1) 3 2 44

3 (j.a) 14 A Cjn ) +B j.n43)

J 3

B 2 -2

x1j-) =

toke nverse2 Uoanstovm

3t u tt)
elt) 5e u lt)- 2 e

Pag 4
 103

Hopertoo of aptace Transtorm

Time domain Sqnad S- domain Siqnal
Phopanhy
tAmpltude Scalin A ett) Ax Cs)

2neasr ttu aac,Ct) +a t)

. Tme drPerenticdton

4. me teqratton Sc tt) dAt X($) t ) dt lt-o

S

5. Fcquory 9hattmng tat t ) C a)

e
6. Tme ShFHnq tt)

7. requonc
tt) xts
DHFevonttactton
tt C- Xx ()
8. Foqtuoncu
tt) XC ds
ntogratton
9. ime Seona

. Inittal Vaulua t
tt eto)
Theorem t0

Hnad Valuo tt Sx)

t) lao)
The onem SD

2 Convolut to
T)x t)=
Theo2em XCs) X Co)

Pege 3 C4J
 Determntne he ntital Value to) and
Me
ottoina lonals.
XCs) =

Intial Yalue Sx Cs)

to) t t
sCs-1) S-1
0s1-

Valuo aLt SXCs

S
stS-1)

)xt)
S+2S +2

Inttal value S 8t1)

Xto)= SXCS)
S S+2 42
a14) t

nal aluo Cob) S Xtr)

S29+2
Co) O,
 -- *
PAGE NO: lO5

NPR Collge of Engineering & Technology

NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tanil Nadu, India.
UNIT: t1
Phonc No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 25
R thi Stat Website:www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: DHferricd Equatfon

OBJECTIVE:

The tudenmA caup o able to olve ho dgeernial euation

oCT by Laptace aorm

|APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

iAdrntiate betuueen notuocd w»po and reospor 2M, N/D1SJ

find the natuad 0pUr b.he stem eocaibeol me ditjeunial en

6 3+xtt); yto") 2 ; y t o -3 [16M, N/DI5]|

y dt

NOTES

placa Tsansrm
espon se Corttnuous Time Systorn Ustng
LTI (inar
In genesal, ho input- ouutput relotion of an

by fhe
tme Sustcm s opposetod
Tme invoriant) ontinuDs
ghown below
Cewfount coeftctert drtovotial quctfon
N-2

tt + 9t) + a
a
tt ta- E ) +a y&)
N- d N

M*2
d *lt)
ti) + M.
dt

The 80luctton of the above diffonen-ftal quatton

the Totaleopot ytt) 11 Sustem, osch COniot

of twD partc.

Page J
 In stanals and ytom poots of
colled oro înput ooponte t t ) and

LONO Stode OOponse Yzs t )

yCt) z Ct)

Zoro Input Responte Reponse (o) Natcrscd Response

The KeNO - inpat
OporAe t malny due to

inttal output (on inttta tored ncrgy n tho System

me o-Input oponue is obtalned om 9stem auaton

twhon inpat t t =Od

Cnsustitdinq and yt) yt) fn 2an

N
N i lt) +a N-1

aking Laplaca tocnstom the above ean stth

non-z@O initial ondittoA or ouspett we can torrm ¥zi Cs)

The inpud porne yi t) in y zit

Zoro-State FReponse or) torced Roponse

zOo-Scde yzett he dopome the Sptem

B
Anput Atqnal and tuith 2ero tnttial outptd. H

obtanod dftovential equatton qovenfng the a

fro ho

fovtzo and with zoo întttal bttpcst.

pecAtc inpi CE)
Sub ytt) zi t)
N
N-zs t) + . .

dtM
t)+ b

Page 2 4J
 above ecn With zevo
On
On ak ng
taknq Laplao2 ane brm c

non-zoo initfa valueo

tnitial condlttonsbr oLcdput CHNO

torm n ecn or ze (s)

input can

zs t

Total Kesponse
The itoal wponse y n e ODporne, h O Sustern

and tnittad ectpuut

cue to inpout Signal
9L5)- xs tt) + yz

Detormine Hhe natuvad sponse the System deoibe

equa

dyt)4 6 y t) A eAr tt); yto)=l; Sy -2

dt t

Sot
for natural esponse the YP t) = o

d'yt)
dt dt

On taIng aplace fran storm

SYziC)s yto)-y Co) +6sYzi (a) -yto) +5 Yzi C*) = o

Au givan nitial Conditos

SYzi C) - (s x1) (-2) + b SYzi (s) - I + 5 zi (s) o.

Yzit s) S +2 +bSYzi
-

Cs) -
6 +5zi (t) =o,
Cs+6S +5) Yzi C3 S - >0.

Pege3 o
 S+
S bS +5 S+5) C+1)

Sy P.F E.

S+ A B
(S+1) Cs+S) S+1 S+5

S+4 ACS+S) + B Cs+1)

S- AA 3 A 4.

-AB =

3 4 YA
S+1 S+5

On taklng tn ver se T. e natural ropps

it) = i Cs)
S+1 S+5

-t 5t
eult)+ e ult)

3e 5tutt

Lrage 1
 PAGE NO: t09
NPR Collegeof Engineering & Technology
UNIT:
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401,
-
Tamil Nadu, India.
Phonc No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 26
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: Dtffeenttal Fquotton

OBJECTIVE:
studeA Cl be able to tnd the reo cpoma-forLed
eopomse Cvnd total CopoMe CT 4tim

APPLICATIONS:

orana

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Ung . dtemîme thk woponm e the STem by the equaton
dmaibecl

initi al Condittoms to)b y'Co)= I|

dt
pa the input tt)= e2" utt) ItsM, Alm17
dr

NOTES

Detormne Atne Forced rOBponse the yetorn daribod by

5 dy t) 10y tt) = 2 t ) 2 fo the input t t = 2utt)

dt

Sol
fovcod the ctm qn Aoed the
sOsponse

gven yp wnh 1ntiad olP

t ) = 2ult)
YP
xCs)
S

azt)
dt
1o yrs t)2 tt)
On tatng T. S z s s ) + 1o Yzs s ) = 2X es)

LPeage 4J
 5 S +9) Tzs (s) 2x

Yzs)
5SCS+2)
B P.F.E.

A CS+2) +B

S= 2A A

S-2 2B B

s+a

Szs t) =

4)-Ys -2tu t1

-e ut
1e2t u t)

Detomine the Comptete spon8e ftna Custem ecribed

yne an dt) s
dytt) + Ay u) d*t)
dt2

dy the fnput lt) e tt)

Inputr u O21ult)
x Cs) 2 t u
S+2

Inttal Value ot to) =e utd) t

Pege 2 43
Etven sim ean

dyt) 5dy yu) de tt

lt dt ct

n taking T
Scs s
yo-y co) + 5 8 Yes) -yio) Cs) SXCs) -

o)
Sub the inittat Valuo C blp and V

SC)- Sxo-1 +5S YCs) - o 4YCS) = Sx) - .

SYes)58 YCs) JA Y Co) -1 =SX tt) -1

S
S+2

YCs) S

S+2) (s5S 4A) S42) S+1) CS1A)

By P.F
YCs) A
+1 CS+) Cs+Jt) +1 S+ S+
=ACs+a) (s+) 4 BCS+1) CS+ A) +CC+1) Cr +2)

J4=CCA+1) C-At2) A 6 C C= 3

S- AGt42) (-1+J4) -I 3A A =3
2 -9+1) (-2t4) - 2 - 2 8 s B

Yc) /3
S+2
Tako 1T.

utt) + e t u tt) - e ult)

ytt
-9t
e
1 u lt)

Page 3
 PAGE NO: t3

NPR ollegeofEngineering & Technology Tamil Nadu, India.

UNIT:
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401,
-

Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASS NO: 27
ilu' Stur Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]
- -

TITLE: Block DcLoram tepresentaticon

OBJECTiVE:
Me studs an he
ftenential equattm
by bloek diagam
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Block Dlaqram Reprosert atton

a dinec
Bloch dicgram Opoesentattbn the arem qe
ad s- domain eqn. The main
ttme domaln
20tactton betwen

he c o dgjecent al eauctrons
duarco seanangr
tomplexi ty and memuy 0quemeDtS.
to dute th computational

Tupo Struct ureD.

Droct form I Sruetue

2.rect orm , structuve

3. Coscade p c i zatt on

4Parallet lzatfon
 Basic ElemertsS

meqrotDr xCo) Vs X s

Mattpliar X Cs) axs)

Stgnal Addor XCs)

X CS) +X Cs)

.Direct Struetume .
Consider differemf quatom govarTina tho a 8ystern

ct d N
t) + .

aN 8tt) + aN Utt)

Do Ct)+ b d t) t
EM-ct)+bn t)
ntaKma T.

N
Yt)4+ SYs) +NT (S)
M
Rts)+.. tbM1 SXts)4 bX C)

I a, N
StM
A

H CS) YCo)
Xfs)

dtvidng oug hout by and

Letinq M N we 9et

HCS) N N

43
 t15
Do
XCs)

-N
bN-1

Droct em-1 Structure

2. DTrect Struett2
Diect tom- ctructun2 can b r a l zad um ber
wing
aructuTe .
Antcgretpas tnan dnect om1

b
xt)-

ba

-AN

Dect uctu.

Pa 3 o4
5Cascade 9truetu
The irdnsfer unciton a CT Stuctem un exnossed
umber

cttos
H CS) YeS)
tHm )

A. rallel Structte
he tramfor tundton HC) Ch C MSTem can be oxroned

Sum ftut and &Lco no ctio wing

pontial acttom expamioOn

HC)= ) +Hmt)
xts)

fage A o 43
 PAGE NO: I17

NPRCollege ofEngineering & Technology UNIT: i

NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul
-
624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
246501 246502 CLASS NO: 29
RR Phone No: 04544- 246 500,
[email protected]
Website: www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail:

TITLE:

|OBJECTIVE:
he suuderiA can be able to phooerd The obteentfal tpuatfan
by AectoRmf,dfAeet foam , Cascade and fonalel

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

tn penaltel om H()= stS+22TAM1, 13M

Reali2 he hcn Ltom +es19s12
Read e îh dnict hørm-
COM, Ms

NOTES

Cuncd DLct Fom- stuetumk o the CT

Draw the diooct Form

the eauatton.
SHsteme
resernted

d d.b
4 o.b +0.7 y) a t 0.5 dx tt). D4x tt)
odt dt

takina Laplae Taansfom

S*t) + 0.5 s x c) + 0.4 X ts)
YCs)+ 0.6 8 Y() + D.7 Y t) =

YIS) +o.b8 + O.1|,XCs+0.5.S o.

+

S+0.5S + 0.t
YCs)
x() S+0.6S +0.1

HO.5 +0
40.b O,T S

LPagp 1o 4J
 0.5 -0.b

-0.T

form 1

x ts) Ys)

0.b 0.5

-01

DMr2ct

Obtan the Cos cade anc paAaled stuct

govenad the 29uatton.

t)3 4),2 dat)

dt3
32 dt dt dt

On taktin4
Cs) S YC) YC)=3 sX)+ 2 Sx(s)
sYC) 3 92 64
8

Tto)+ &- x c)3+ 2 s*1

2s+29s
H-
x (s)

CPage2 4
 t9

S))()

t
X HCs) 3 (s)

Castade Struttt

Paalel Stuct

s ) )( )
PFE

A B
S+0.125) CS+0.5) Ce-0.95) S+O.95 S-D.25

3 s+ 2g ACs +O5)Cs-o.95) + B(S+0.125) (s-6.25)+ c

ts+b.l25)Ctos)
-O,125 st .12s) +2 (-o.125) AC-o125S +05) E6,125 D. 25)
A
13/a

S 5 ( 6 5 + 2C-0.5- B(-o.Sto.l2 5) (-0.S.o.25)

B /

Page 3 j 4J
S 0 25 3 lo,25)+2 lo 25 Clo.25 u.t25 Co.25 4o.5)

-13/42

Aa

aralel Ctructuue

fage 4 4
 PAGE NO: 121

NPR collegeof Engineering & Technology

India.
UNIT: t
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul- 624401, Tamil Nadu,
R Phone No; 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 24
Wcbsite: www.uprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: tmpl te Respbn se

OBJECTiVE:
Te &udenMA be able ftncd the mpule Opomu
a ditjerertfal euaftan a C stom By Laplate TAounfoi
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Impule esponse and ransfor uneton

ronsler tundton a ontinuous tme system deftncd
he Gccto of Laptace ransfbrm otlpot and aplace

Tansbxm c npr
Cs) )
Xts)
er, an TI Contfnuowu fme system
OlP or 0pont Of JI Cottnuoo tno m brYe Ct)

htt -\mpulse Popome or Trmpcil ca put

Page og 4J
 SpoLe tt ven cColrl\on Of 4 ) and htt)

t e tt) x htt)

On
aklng T.

YCs)

YS)
xI
fmp ue Reo porm

Doiermne the fmpul8e negponse ht) f he

blousng som
Aesume zero nHtal Cendittoms
dyt)
dt2
4
dt +3 yt) dr) +2rtt)
dt
On takig-T
Twith nttial Condition

Y C)+ YCs) +3 YCs) 8 x (s) + 9

X(s)
+ S + 3) TCs) (S2) x (1)
4HCs)»YI) S+2 S+2
XC) s4S 3 S+1) C3t 3)

A
S+3
A C 3) + B (s 41)

S
AC- +9)
S 3
32

feage
 123

+CS) D.5 O.

S+3

mp culse Reo ponse blt) " n Cs) 3.

O.5 O.5
hCt) 941 T

S+3

.5 e ut) + o,5eult)

htt) O.5 (e e ) utt)

) ytt) dyt)
3 4 y Ct) t)
dt dt
On taking Crith 2030 nltiat conditios

SG)+3 SY Cs) + 2 Y(s) * Cs)

(s+3 s +2) C$)=X (s)

NCs)
x(s) s+342 (S+1) (S4)
By Pt.E

B
CS +1) Cs+2) S+1 +2

A Cs +2) + BC3+1)

AC-1 +2) A=

S 1 BC-2+1) -B

hCt) t S 41 S42

htt) e utt) - e ult)

e7t ) utt)

Page 3
 PAGE N0: 125

NPR CollegeofEngineering & Technology

NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT:

NRR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502

CLASS NO: 30
1 t d : tfis star Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE
OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

the
Hnd the trarster tuuncttbn Cth Systoms govend by
rjollowBng differertial oquationg.

dyun dyt 3 4dt +5y) d r)

dt
dt dt
L. sttn KerD injta condiftons
On tokínq

YO)+ A SYIs)+ 36Y (s) 4B YC) = 2 sX ()+X CD

2 S+
Tranafer Fundfon ) I)
xs)
 dy a dUt) 6 ayt + nyt) z lt -2)
dt dt
wth QD infifal condittons
On takmq
faking T.
2S
YS) + 6S Y6) +IIY() - exc)
&Ys) + 8

e 29
Y
X s+9s+ 6S+ 1t

the tran sfer tunctton Of th Systems gpverned b

he
bltowing fmpul se 2sponse9.

1htt)= (2tt) e utty

Tiansfor Functtonh +Cs) » LThlt)]

HCs) C2ti) e t u t ]
3t
2e ult+teut)]
2

S+3 s+3)
2 CS+3) + 29+1
2
S+6+
+3 S+68+

ihtt t ult) -e utt) +e-7t utt)

+t) htt)]
= t ut) - eA utt)+ e utt)
. [ t ut)] -

eat ut)]+ [et utt

2
+ s+28 +2o3 +56b
S
S+4 S+11St28&

Lae 13
 The unt siap nesponse of Stomn belouo
Determ1ne tramter fun cttom Ane 3stem,

2t
yt) u t) + e u tt)

On Haking .

YCs) Iutty + eutt»| + S+2

2S+2

t) u tt

xtc
9+2
2 S+2
x C) S+2

i1) yut) = t u t ) + to*t u )

On takin T.

-At
YCS) = tut) +te ult

S+4)
(s+a)+
s(s+gc+ 16)
2

(stgs + 16)
u lt

lutt:
3 + l65+3
s) 2
ts1bs

CRage 3 S
 PAGE NO: 129

NPR ollegeofEngincering & Technology

NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: 1fi
RR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 24650 1 246502
CLASS NO: 31
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Convolutfon Tnmegra

OBJECTIVE:
he studets Can be Rnow the tonvolut ton noCor
and popeotfe o C nal,
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
4e the expsom tovouctton thegrod 2M, A/M17]
Pestve the exe son foa torwolution îttgnal Expladn any throa piopeatroo

Oconvolutiom integaal in detait. [l6M, NlDIS]

NOTES

Convotutton Conttnuous tme Siqnals

The Corvolutton tuwo Conttnubus ftme iqnals t ) and t)

lof ned as
2) , (t -A) dn

Hopetieo f Corvotutton'

Conutattve:

Aocicetve: t ) * *a tt*23tt) t t ) a 2 Ct) * xs (U]

Dstaibutve
 Comcchattve hopoiu
2CCm) T, lt -m) dm

et t-m =p t -p
dm-d
whon P t-m t+ O

t m = t-b =-

t-p) Cp) dAp

C p aa, lt-p) dp

Ct) * ot) t) * T t)

Phooof AssoAsso ctatve Poparty

tt)* tlt* tt) » e, Ct) x *> tt) * *z lt

Let

Replace
t m ) C - m ) Am.
-0

t) T tt)* 2tt)

Jtt) R Cq) 2 t-q) da

3t-m) C) 3 tt- m)

T)** t]* x t) = y, t) * tt

9Cp) z t-p)dp

fap 2 4
 Cn) *Cp-m t t p) dm dp.

*Co) dm Rtp-m)

cp doq
Repiace p-m

t ) dm C)2lt-qm) da

t m H , t -m) dm

t) t ) x tt) tt* tt* X3

Proo stribrtfve opeeto

Dtm) # lt -m) dm.

t ) I x3 t -m)+xslt-m)] dm.

tm) K2 (t-mn)dm + *tm) 1att m) dm

3 43
Staps ftn oonvolutfon:

. Takee T o r t ) io et xcs)

2 Take LT of htt) 991 Hs)

Compute
A. Take Irvevse of 1 ytt)

Stops Deronvolutfon:

Decohvoludton to xtroot he fnput tt

the enor t b he srem
yston trom

Y Cs)
Take . 4)X
Take ht)
x )= YCD
by HCo)

hrerta2 . of Xc to t)
A. Toe
 NPRCollege of Engineering &Technology -
PAGE NO: 133

NPR Nagar, Nathanm, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India. UNIT: i

Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
.ructh Star CLASS NO: 32
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: prgicauprcolleges.org

TITLE:

OBJECTIVE:
Vhe students Li be ah to fmd he Convoluttton
en Sgnals by ptace ransform
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Covolve the ignci lt)= eult-2) and htt) : e u t ) t lbM, M}DIEj

NOTES

Dertormn cOnvoltibn tne tollotvin qsgrali tstngaplace Transtoim

tt) ut) t ut)

So

TTOm Convolucton thoorm

ytt) ttx Ct

ytt) tutt
 u t)
t ) :(t) e u utt)

2t
utt
S+2

S+5
Y Cs)X, Cs) Xo (s)

TS (s+) [t+5)
By P.F.E

A
(S42) CJ+5) S+ S+5

AS+5) + Btsta)
S2
- 3A

Sb 3B B V3

Y =
S+2 S+S

yt)
. S+5

e 9t t ) - eotutt)

yCt) -estu utt)

i t ) = cot utt lt :tult)

*, Cs) L t t ] cest utt

Cs) LI*,tt)]: [ tutt

/ sts+1)

LPage t
B P.F.

Bs+C
SCs2+1)
t A s + 1) +Bs + C) s

tAS+A B

Equating Constants A = 1

Fquattng loatft ctents C O.

Fquatinq Cocichenk

YCS)

u t)-Cost u t)
 PAGE NO: 137
NPR Collegeof Engineering & Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: t1i
Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO:33
ic1?u* `tar Website: wIww.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE:
OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

AA Causal 91 &stem haung a f u n y aapUm H(ja) 4 faceutng

H)
un otpur yt e -3t., t)-e" utt) ta a paaticulo tnput xtt). Detemine
Tr3M,/m

NOTES

Peorform deconvolutton to extra ct the

sanal
) tt)* C t) 2t u Lt) t ) =utt)

2t u lt)

yu) =I 2 t ultsl

YC)x CS) X C)

/s
 5t
i) tt aty (e 5t ) ut Ta lt) = 2 ut

( e - e ) uu)

YC):ytt)T e t ut
eut- uu

3CS+2) 3 (S+5)

St5

S) = S) 3 (42) 3ts45)
xCS) /45)
CS+5)
x) 3CS+2) 3+5)
St5 AS)
3C+2) 3 S)

St5 8 2
3(S+2) S+2

Ttt) [x,cnJ- eult

L) t u tt)
i tt) * a* t) : u t ) - cost u lt)

ut) cost u t )
ylt) tt) * q lU)

Y) Iyuy utt-tost ut>T

S
s

Fae 1J
 t39

Cs)Xi C)X ()

Xs) Y()

Vs
S
S+1
Ss
s s

tt C) j cost u t)

Page3
 N P R C o l l e g e of Engineering & TechnologyAGE NO: 1A

NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tanil Nadu, India. UNIT: Wi

NRR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 34
Rratc tla Star
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail:
[email protected]

TITLE: Ttoríal

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Ustng Laphu transbrn, detemne the Complate OpOse of the syskm

Cforcntfal equattom
oprcenttd by
d t)+I 25 «t)
dt dt
to input tt) 2 t Llt
yto=

Input tt) = 2 eutt)

S+3

ntal Yodne of P o ) 2 e utb) 2

Page 1J
 Gven 2qn

dy+0 t yt) = o.2 t +1«25 «tt)

olt
d
On faktng
SYs) - y t o ) -y Co) + s YCO) - y to)]+0- s)

O.2Sx(s) - e to)] +1.25x (t)

Sub the iNfal vauoo 0lP cnd P.

1.25 X)
SYCS) Sxl +2 +ts Y(s) -i+0A YC1) O.2 [tx()- 2]+ =

SYS) -S +2 t t-4 Y CS) A to.4 Y¢s) * 0.2 9 XC3) - 0.4 1 2 5 X /1)

s + H S t 0 + | Yts) - S +0.6
0.28 + 1.25X (s) -

o.4

&+48 +0.4 YLs) o.2 s +1.2 5*t)ov +S+0.6

o.2 +1.25) 2 3-1

YCs)
Y) 0.4S+2.5 +CS+a) (t-1)
(+2) (S+ I4S+0.4 )
0 J4S +2.5+ S +2.8- 3.

(S+3) 1.4 +0 A)

S+4 -0 5
Y)
+3) S+o 4) (r+1)
2
& +2 4 S 0.5
-

A t3
Cs)
S+6 4) Cs+1) (S+3)
+ C CS+0 ) Cs+1)
A (+1) CS+5) BC t+04) (S+8)
&*948 -b.5 =

A -0,9833
g33
.9 B
3 C 5.2 C 0.S
S
 YC -.8333 5 8 83
O95
t0.4

LT

Co.25 5833 e o.2333 6e Dututt)

i) y t) n
dt
+ y tt) 3z (t) Co) 2 dy o05
dt

vo 1oput t t ) A ult)

Sol On
On taking
takng . o gtvon eg
deforert en
SY) - Sycw) - y'Co) + I YCc)- yto)] + 24 Y(y 3 *tD

Sres)- 8 x2 t0.5 + lSY) - 2 t 2 4 YD 3 *

SYS) - 28 + O.5 + 11SYCs) - 22 +24 YCs)

S

S+ns 24J Y«) -

2s - 21.5 -
s+11 +2+] YCs) +2S+21.S

2 s + 21.5
Ststu s+24)
2S l.5 S+)2
sls+ 3) (sa8)
BP.Ft.
2+21 5S+ 12
Yt)2
SCS+3) (St 8) CS+3)CS+ 8)
2 1 . 5 s4 12 AS439 (st 8) + Bs(S +8) * Cs r+3)

A O.5

S-3 -34S B2.

S -8 32=JJoc. C -0.8

TPage 3 1
Ycs O:2 2,2 0.8
S S+3 St8.

-&t
+2.3e3t- o . e e d u t t )
y tty- Jo.5
 ----

NPR College ofEngineering &Technology PAGE NO0: 145

UNIT: 11
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.

Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: 95

Rec: th Stur
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE:Tictorial
OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERsITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Reaize he Sustem deoontbed fottovtng uteuntta equatonm

DiARct fUAm hd Dihe ct foar L

d'y A +1 eytt) de (t)TEtt)

dt2

LT.

3
SrCs)+ AS YCs) + 7s YCs) +?Yts) SS x ts) + A& * ts) +7 * (s)

t +h TS+2] *co s 4 S +"]

5+A S+Y
 >YCS

,
rect foom- TL

a 5 dytn. 3y t) d + 2 tt)
dt

Ob
akng .

T+ ss ke) + 3S) x(s) + as Xts) + 2x ()

+A t2 2

Xts) 9

Ys)
t

1
Toxm-
ec Fovm -1

Pa 2
o 4
 }41
Reali 2e the in coscade

HS) = 5 (s+38 +2)

s +15) ls +o,5)

4) ss+1)+2)
(S+0.5)te+3) (s+5)
5 s(14 ) s (14 21s)

) e ) :%)

YCS)

.5

ascade Reali2erto.

ccu the cascade aund panallel StAUctu p he

otened S+2) (-5)

(n44) 4 s 8)
+S)= C+a) C-5
CS+aCS+12 Cs+3)

) )G))
C) s C) ts (1)

- L - >Y(o)

CPag3 oq 43
 9 3 -O
4A) CC41) CS+3) (s+ C+ 3) (s1)
P -98 10
941 (c423) C)

34-1D AS43)(C+) + BA)(t) (D+1) Cr+ 23)

6A A

S3 & 2B B
S
te 3 C

A
HS)- St3

A1S4b/8
14Vs tAs

4J
 PAGE N0. t
NPRCollege ofEngineering &Technology UNIT: II
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
R Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS N0: 36
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: utdni eul

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

emq
Lkmg Lapiace tiransjovm, dotamine ha atunial poKe toth e 2
Topresert ed
S s ten
by fbllocoq atiorM,

dgtty
+ 5 +0.86t) o.t aT)+0. ctt)
dt dt
to) o.3 -o.2

For noturad t ) =CO.

dy t.5 dytt) +0.Bb yt) = o

d dt

C takig
0.
&Y Co)- S yo) -yco)+ 15 |SYzics) -yto)T +O. 36 iCe)
SYri Cs) - (Sxo.3) +o.0 t . 5 s Yzi cr) - o . 3 + 0.96 z i cs) =o.

&z (s)- o.3 s +0 .2 +t5 SYzi Cs) - O.AS + 0.36Yzi Cs) =o

foge 4
 s 5 S+0.36 zi CS)0.9S o.25 = O,

YI CE) O.39 +0,95

S+t5S +0 36 CSto.3) CS+1
PF O.38 +0.25
CS)= A
S+o.8)CS+12) S+o.3 S+1.2

O.3s+.25 =
ACS+1.2) + BS+o,3)

S 2 .11= o , A B0.t299
S= - O.3
O. 1 O. 9 A

.1118
S+O.3 S+1,2

1222
S+0.3 S+t2

7 1 4 e0.8t +Ot992e

dy +21t = 2li) y t
y to)2
ct t o

naturad th YP t)OD.

dy uy +Id 4 21 uy tr) = 0.
dt dt
Ctaing -.

sri C- *a) +3 t toS Yzi ¢1)- t21 zi t) O

S C 2s
+3 + tos zIS)
-

-
20, 21 zi C9)
+to 21YC)-9-I7 0

S)= 2+7 29t17

s+loS t21 S+ Cs+ 7)
PrE 99+17 A
+9) (s t7) S+3 S+7

2 t17= A CC7) +B(S+3)

S AA SA

S 1 3

t/A
S3 S+7

Tuu
forted emem the utor.
transfoom detamine
usin aptace

qdydtt 20 4u) o.2 h +2xtt) 1npur z*)= buu)

t) b ult)

xts L xu)J [butt J=

Sze C+ Yzs )+ 90Yzs(

0.2 [s xt)- xco) 2x()

sxu) (©.2-x b) +2*t

Ye()| 4 a +20 D.9 -

2) x ts) 1.2
(o-2s
-

6Co.2S +2) - 1.2

I2S
2S + 12
S.

12
2
sts+As+20) ss+4 ts+5)
y PFE A
S S SS
StSTH)s+S)
12 A(S+4) (s+5) + B s s+5) t s Cst)
2 20A o.6.
12 46 -3
S-5 2. A
4
Yzs) -
+ -

SA S+S
cye 3 q 4
 aktng T LT,
st
yt)= o 6u (t) -3e4tu(t) +a.4eult)
9t):6 -364ta.hetult)

) g + 1o 7 +q) 2zt)Inpur xti)=e* utt

clt

S+S
Co)e 0) = t.

talulng L 5 gfvon djeentfal en

szsts)+10& Yzits) +27 Yzs(s) +16 Yzst1) t2 xt)

S+S
12
YzsCs)=
Cs+S) Cs+tos+2S +18) (S+5) C+1) ts+3) ts+6)

t2
By PFR
a
*
t
S+S 3t6
+ s+3) CStS) C3 t6)
5) Cs+b + Bl S+DC8t5)(s+6) +eCS+1) Cs+3) (+5)+ D (DO+3)(+5)
12 ACt+3) C
2 HD A A 0.3.

S 3 t2B
S=-5 2 Se .5

S-6, ta = lSD P-0.

s 0.
S+3 StS S+6,

Ct)" S
0.S

o.3 e ee 0. 8 e
btutt
 PAGE NO: }6
NPR collegeof Engineering&Technology UNIT: IV
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -624401, Tamil Nacdu, India.
Phonc No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS N0: 39
Website: www.uprcolleges.orgE-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Discrete Tine Fourier ranebrm

reuvmmnz

OBJECTIVE:
The students e dbe ohnd the
ad nnerAtad the Spe
ctaum a danal
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Digerote Tfme Fourlor Ttansibrm: (DTET)

The Dwcrete tme Fourtor Tranafbrm of a Stvfte energy
dtite ener4

cincrete tme cignal cen) dofmcd

Xce =

The tnvarje DTFT of xteu) ts cetned as

scC xce ejonAR

2T

Tese equatiors lso hnown M DTFT paln

 Rnd DTFT o he blouwing signods

Xt t) n

n-a

S8tny eun
N=-0

t n ) utrn)
xte 2tr W
e n
n--0

3 tun) eJun un
n-0

-0

Fuun)]

ii) rtn) = Stn-k)

xte =
N=-0D
jon juOK
8tn-3) e SCR-) e

=uCn-5)
00 JDn e TUn

Xte ucn-k) e
-dD
)Cn) = 1, -1, 2, 2 3
x(e n) pJWn

) eJ2to
Co) e Ct)e

cn) Co5" utn) +2 u-na)

Xe tn) e
JOn

jdn
D.5 utn) + ut-n-)

jwn
OSutn) e u-n-1)

0.5eUn d n

CDS eJud, d O

e
n

0 COse ,

0.SeJ Ose

t0.5e + (o.5e (1ose

D.5e) Lt-D.5 e )

0.5e O seO O.25

I-0sed 0 ..
sJe 0. 225
+0.

O.TS
-

1.25

3
 PAGE NO: \b5

NPRCollege of Engineering & Technology UNIT: V

NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
NAR PhoneNo: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: 40
Website www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: opertioo of TFT

OBJECTIVE:tucterrts o abte
The totll trow the p t o
oiOie romstom a lcrate tma homal
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
S4ake and rove ditererniaticon n fiauonc and Convoleten pooperty 1M, Al M14]
tate and vve any

NOTES

.nearttu:
f F n) =X, (e) ad F[tn»] Xa ( e , then

t n ) eWn

N=-0

S a Cn) e as CoCn) e
Me-0

C eo n +a E,n)e
2. Pevi odtcty

n) =xCe), then x( u poidie totth pemiod 211

Xte )= xte, ,oheL m s an intcq e

Proo t n ) e JÜn.

Mz-

x(d12tm) LO21T m) n
n)
N=-0
e
n) e nmn
n-

JLOn
2tn) e
0

CeWt 21mm) Xe

3 Tme hHAfng

F I n J X teu) then
FItnm)J = e Xt e

X tew) On
n) e

-m e JWn
F2-m»J N=-0
Lot n-m-p N= mtp

p e
jd (mtp)
P-0

xCp) eWM OP
P-0

m «(p) e
P-0

Fzn-m)=eMX(
ATime ReveT sal

x t m ] = x te hen

Phoof xte RD) ee

n-0

n ) ewn
at-mJ =
Let -n
Cp) e
-0
p (edud?

Xtevw

5- Convo lutton TheDem:

t)J = (el®) and +tmJ =

Xa (e
EIx, X,

then

whone O(m) Cn-m)

Prvo

Jedn
R (m) R2
m
Jon JWm JOm
m 2(n-m) e
ME
-jw Cn-m)
Om xatn-nm) e
XCm)e
M= 0 Lot n-m= P

E . ritm) e m 2(p eTp

M-0
P=-

Xce) xa (e®)
TAnge 3 U
6 DIAfAMenticttdn m Frzuont domain

hen F[nxn)J- j x te)

n ) eWn
na-

d nd
XCe tn)
dw
e

Wn
C n ) jn) e

-0

du
Dgpwal's Relotion
f [ ,cm» J= x, ced cnd F n]- *a(

thon x,Co0)x( do.

n-

uhon hen.

F [ n J -x,te0) a,tm
-00
luo.

e c du
2
T (e) x* ce)as
) eu do
J'x,ce) e un du
cr

Pcage
 PAGE NO: tBct
NPRCollege ofEngineering &Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: I
PhoneNo: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO0:41
Website www.uprcolleges.orgE-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: Z- Transtbrm

OBJECTIVE:
Tho tudents Coun be able Anders bnd 2-tromsform
RUC a tcete ttme tqm
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

tetme Z-tran.stosm 2M,N/D IS]

Frd tm Ztransform tunit tcp seqiuena om, AlmI
Ftned EM, N/DIS]
Z-franstzm cand Roc t o Cn) =
,, 2, 3, 4
Sttute otalishp between DTPT Omd z-transfosm aN, NDIS

NOTES

Z- Tronstdrm

The -transtorm of a DT Sonal em s defined a

zm= X Cz)
n

Te nversee Hrarvsform o x Cz A dofmod

x Cz)z dz
*Cz)

hee two hnown -tronslovm

Peage o
 Region of ConvangenceRoC

Regon F Converne of XCx) he set of a

vch xz) attaîs a Anite valme.

Nalue

bo+b +ba t +by"

Xtx
4+a + agz+

The numercutor me-o sad s

polroma
oots
xCz) . t denoted by 'o ymbol. The

ccenominatpr polynomial e Referned to m poles KX(x

denoted by '* Sqmbol

ind z-traunstbrm and RoC of 4ne tbllowing sgnals.

sctn {1, 0,3,1,2f

-n
x Cx) s)
n=-D
3

2 -3

or al vouues o Z excopt at
XCx) conve vqoo

iDC = - 3 , 2, , 0, l

xtz)
2
=CC-¥Jz" t Jr (-3) +C-) < +e(-+) z + e to) z

3x z*z t+
XC) Converg for all ex cept a

Peug
)rtn) 2,-1,3,2,1, b, 2, 9,
-n
X (x) cn) z

X() Converqeo all vclus o exeept Z0 and zob,

Detormine ne Z-transorm and ReC e he olowing nals

i)cn) = a " utn)

Xtx) Cn)
n-

2
Coz"

Xt) ROc: z>a

- a -

n
n) tn) =- b ul-n-1)

xx)= c)z"

but-n-1) z

". n _%bz

n=

bx
b
XCz)= - bz RoC x | <b
-b

aae 3 eg 1
11 cn) = utn)

X(z) =

utn)zn

(-1)
1
xz) Ro C z|z

Cn) = SCn)

XCa)= Cn) &t)z"

SCo) = RoCEntte z-plane

ReyPoirhs
 PAGE NO: 73
NPR CollegeofEngineering&Technology UNIT: IV
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
Phonc No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 4.2
Website: www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail:[email protected]
TITLE: Tanctorn

OBJECTIVE:
the studsotR Ccan bo ablo to And the Z-tromrform ond

a Ten Mqhal.
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Determlne the -transtorm and ROC o tbtto cutng signals.

ie)=a(3-atos"]ut)
Sol
XCx) cn) z

n=-

3(3" utm"-24o utn) z

n -0

(3"z"

n=0

Pexg
 The -ret Ower ocnvergeo Cohen

zl>3.
The ARCond Seiroo nverq00 COhen

-3z

3 ROC: Izl72
3

i)C) ( ) ut+5 ( uc-n-1)

Sol
x()=
00 - D

( ) " un) s () u-n-1) z

-o0

(29 ~ n

2
-02z +5

-0.2""+

RoC
1-0.2 <1

z z 0.2 zl 2

Xz) +52z
+0.2z 2 z

Z+0.2
RoC
0. O.24 |z 22

LPge t AJ
 15

Rind the Z- trans-form Cunc ROC o ac)= Cos w n r nzo

c cos do n -
eo+ edubn
zl>a

zed,n , x]71

z n1-
X)- z Leubn Aedon

a-o 1-

-ez"+1-e 0 T
( 1 - o ) C1-e@oz") J
2 cos do.

z ' cEs wo
i -2 Ces wo+
z -CeS ) RoC z l >1

the ztransform t n a " castdnn

.k.T

zIcest n - -
z a ecn X Calz)
scoling Popomy
z a os n J-(az)" cosd 2a usu+az
-2 (azLos W+ loz

z-20z toiup+G
2 Transtorm

Xx)
ROC
klHh POs Hive poNer Of <
| Aith hegative poweT

Fnire x pane

1-
autn) a
-az

a
na'ucn) zl>a
(-a (1-az)2

na ut az ( z t a ) axC +az") z a

(K-a -az)

z a
-aun-) - a az

-na"u-D-1) a izla
-a Ct ax

Sin won
z SinuDo Sinudo z
2 z CosH

CCocdo)
- z cos &eH -27Cost0 +z

a n sin Wn
Zasin Wo. azsin zia
20Z cEsUd +ta -20zCos t+C

a z Ccestdo+

LPege At AS.
 PAGE NO: F77
NPR College of Engineering &Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: 1
PARR Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: 43
Website: www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE: kopartieo ZTranesorm

OBJECTIVE
the Studonts Con be able the npettoo
Ztronstorm
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

SHate nd pptoe ihz probentteo ot Z-rons torm bM, DIs].

Stare Omd pone Any tuo pejopaHe o z-roastorm M IDIJ

ne

NOTES

PrDper-ttes o Z- Trane-torm

inearity
and (z) (m, then

Prof 2 1 Cn) +g X2 (n)

tm

Cn)
a , S 1 , tn) z

(z) +Og *, Cz)

2. Tme
shfAtng
hen

mxC2)
x

Z [* cn-m] Cx)

Proof -n
(n-m) z"
=-

-nHm-m
c Cn-m) z
n
Cn-mn
2tN-m)
e n-m= then

cCn-m) =

X (z)

3 Time Reversa
then ROC: T<zl 4T2

Ic-m] = * Cz") RDC < lzl«

t) z tohce -n

LPage o U
 19
4 DiPerantiaton )

#x(x) : [r tn) then

n e tn J - z Xx)

Prcof
X r) z
n=-0

Differentialing twith 2 pect to

c XCx) xn) (
n-1

n-

n=-

-zX) =
ne tn) z "
nrcn)]

5. Scaling
X Cz) = z [tn» then

RDC al 1zl 1al T2

a cn a' rcn) z

ren) (az)"

Xaz)

6. Conjuqatlon:

hen

z C 1 x* ( z*)
 Poof

cn) (x*)*"

x"tz*)

TCbnvolution Theovem

1 x) = Irtrn] and 1 Cx) Lhtn)j, thon

t * htnm] = X(x) HHCK)

Convoldion b 3equoncen.
ctonotoo linoar
tuhex

Proot
= CCK) htn-k)

Ye) Iyun =
k) hen-*)
n-+h
Ck) htn-k)
R=-0

hth-k) z Cn-)

CR) z htn-k) zn-k)

K=
Repiace

eCH) htt) "

1
Yzy = X Cx) HCZ)

eyfbtos
 PAGE NO: 11
NPR College of Engineering &Technology
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu, India. UNIT: IV
Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS N0: 44-
Ruurch ihe 5atar
Website: www.uprcolleges.orgE-mail: [email protected]
TITLE:

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

X(z) = 3 + 1 2M, AM141

S7A)(x+o.9)
Ond Initta Alu thonem LM, MJl6

NOTES

nital Natue Theorero

Le n be an one sfded signal defincd in the ange 04né
Now rm = Xx)
hen the initral value et ccn) te O) en D

Xz)=

On expandirg h aoe Sum matton

) = 0 ) + c CDz '+ (a) +

 Cn above

H Z) )+ 0), ..

H x (z)

Fina Value Theore

et Cn) be one sdod slgral clefnad m the rone enéo

thonthe inal value Ctn) goD

o) C1- x(x)
Proof
z n - Xx) = (n)z
n=0

'
|xn-4) -x Cn)
z Ttm - xin)J = z ztnmDJ -z[zcn
X(x) +cC-)-x(z)
Take Hz
= 4 ) -t1-z x(x)
c - ) - Ct-)xtz)
) Ct-zx C) >0.

tn-1)-x tn) h-)-

|cth-)- rn]z

Y=
t - ) -atmT
Cran ho urornollon index from bto p and then

Laktng imit

tt Cn-) -cn
n=O

-1)-b) + rto) -cu) * cCp-2) -CP-1)

Cp-1)- CP
-1)-p
=C-1)-( 6 ) e

Cquatng eqr O and

(o) =C ) Ct- xtz)

C)=E +(t-z")xtz)

Tarseval's Relation
f x t n ) J= X,z) and zIt,tn>= Cz)

hen tz) x dz
M-

et Z=¥
cv
a4n) xCx) dz tV

Ne
en) d
( dv
tvL
 ) dv.
ti 2->1

) n z

t n ) 72 th) =T xtv) X ) y ev

X, x ( ) " dz Le y z
,Crn) xin)

Hnd the initia value cnd thal value fx(x)=

Sof. y înitial valte theprem

o) = Hxz)

Final valuo thehem

LE Ct-z")xlz) =
, C-2)-
*)=

CtZ)-)

cy Poln:

faga J
 PAGE NO: 18

NPR College of Engineering & Technology UNIT: VV

NPR Nagar, Natla, Dindigul 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
AR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO: 45
Website: www.nprcolleges.orgE-mail:[email protected]

TITLE:nveTce Z- TransiDrm

OBJECTIVE:
the sudets sill be abl to fnd th tnve se Z -ramrfo rm

C a ignad or valous slana.

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Transform
that. ane OfHon Lsed tbr the
the
Thore ane methas

tnverse - tronstorm.
evaluatton
t.ong division Methed.

2Cwtial Fractton Expansion Method

3. Restdtuo Method
4 Convolution Mehod.
Long Divicion Method
.ona OpreeTed a M)_N) botb + .+bm Z
DCz)

=0)-+x)+ cco)z+ no
neo CLLSC qLunte

NN-CalLC q t o
6)z 4.. c - t eC1) z r to) fdr néo
Hnd the iverse -Ircun6 form of the oilooin
X(R) O,2
(10.5) (z 1)

HO.2 rom Roc

-0.SE-0.5

+0.1 +0. 85zto.T15z

- 0 . 5 z - 0.5
Zt0.2
R D5-0.5
. 1 +o.5 z
O.1-0.35 z1-0.357
0.5z'+D-35z4
0.85z-0.425z0.4.252
0.1157+ 0.4.253
3
O.775z-0.3875z -o.387sz*

K Z+0.1+0.05 2+ 0.1TS4-.

nere

setn)A \©.T, o.g5, o.T1S, f.

(z-3) Cz- H)
z3
xz) = Fom Roc r ) hon-causat
Z+12

12-z+12

5 128
31zS
X(z) TZ+ I120
- 1IT2
 PAGE N0: 225

NPR College of Engineering & Technology UNIT: Y

India.
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -
624401, Tamil Nadu,
246501 246502 CLASS NO: 55
Phone No: 04544- 246 500,
NR Websitc:www.nprcolleges.org E-imail:[email protected]

TTTLE: Convoluciton Sum

OBJECTIVE: tohvo Ive the tu
be abl to
Coun
Cund tbnlarton method.
Anals by ormula
APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

Convole rhe Clqnals zt)= {1,1,33 and htn)= {I,h1} [2m, N/DISJ
A/MI7)
Convvlve ztn) 2 '29,a3 and hn) \,2,2} LeM,

NOTES

Convotutton &um:
suSrom, Hthe mput Rq uon e rtn)
ttnear -tme AVOriAnt

eponse htn) ane oLcpLuf yin b exmossed as

and impuse Mentha

C n = t n ) * hcn)

Yen) CK)atk) hcn-k)

Poperiteo of Convetutfon
. Cormut orttve

2 Asspciotfve n ) * bito)'] * hacn) C) h Cn) * hacn

3. Dertbutt ve

Fage ey 1
 Methods
.Tabulatton

2. Commolutton ormla

nd ftnear Convo lcion -the eqtuan0

and hen) f,2

Cven T)= S\» 2, 43 and hn-,2?

ND. Of amples in in) 3

hn) M 2
NO Sampleo
N +M- 3 +2 -t= 4
ampleo in y)

Tabul ot on

yen- , Ay 8, 9

Formulaa Methpd.
ytn) CK) r Ck) htn-k
-

CH) h(-6)
-

0 ) ho)

K ) hC-k)

Co) hc1) +CI) h Co)

=
C1 (2)+ (2) C
 227

e ) h (2 -K)
-

Tto)hto) + C1 h lt) 4 c(2) hco)

+ (29 (22 + (A) C1) = 4+H=

Ch) (B-h)

)ht2) +Ll29 hC1) + C3) hto)

= CCo)h(3) +

(2)(o)+ (A)Ca) +0
-

C)C) +

yt) 4 e, e f

Compute h cvoldton cf n) = {1, L o,1,1

and htn)S1, 2, 3, +3
So Criv en 5

hi =S,-2,-3,4 M = A

No. ofF Sampleo C NLtM-1 =

5t 4-1 *

Jett ad tgnt extrermes ono.luted stanal yn)

n )

+h - 9 C-3)=-5

2+0=2

-3
4 4

ytn)= , -, 2 3, -5, t43

 PAGE NO: 229

NPR College ofEngineering& Technology UNIT: V

Tamil Nadu, India.
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul -624401,
246501 246502
Phone No: 04544- 246 500, CLASSN0:56
Wcbsite:www.uprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]

TITLE:'Kecurove ond Non-recurgive Syotems

OBJECTIVE:
he derts Can be iptoner t/ate Tbcwhe and

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS: 2M, N/D1SJ

klnat x t2 dr Hosono betwon tocunse o nonsocursc vo lueiemA ? 2m, AlMI7J

Define ho ounsie sesttm. 2M, MJIJ.

NOTES

RecuTSne CLnd Noneaursive System8

A susterm whose cutput tme n depends

or Valued a wetl as aCnent and

any number bOst Otutput

inpts called rCLUTAiYe Cshem

post
he ot outputa 0 Htn-1),ytn-9), Cn-3)

Hence Seystem the oP

tn-t yn-1),ytn-2) Cn-N),tn), C-1) D M)

A SAem whese cLttpat doeo ot depend on papt outpu

P0yent ad pot npu called

)
put deporcs chy on

R non cLLTAVe Sustem

 thene hon-tursive
qren
Hn)= F , Cn-t),

a 92OsÍve Ystem in rdea to Corrpute tNo)

Need o Compute all
peviDug values

he fona Cal cu cefrna

tno)
Etence We
ol Samplenn ef a meculve m ho to be

Comured ende ie) yto), y) *J . HR Sstemsas ecuasie sns

non CuUsiVe
sm CnD) Can be comuted Nmmedicty
ustthout hoinq CDD1),tDo 2) .Hene he o\p 3amplos
Caun be conmputed ny order ie yco) y5)-
FIR systams R ron c u r V e
LYstcms

FIR 94prem
t FRR
3YsemCFinite tmpuke Recponse), he Impude
Conslsh tote humber ample The onVD Ldion
fortmula or FR
ystm

e Ck) h(n-4)
Cn)
Luhese he = 0 and

From akove t be Lencludd that the impube

ukes &ample the Yp sqnal

In effoct, e Ctstem a toindDO thas views

on
N Ehpu anal pample in
fomingth oP

oge 2 1J
 231
sAmp qorgota au potor put ample.
FR N. ln
b leng t gencsal,
a FIR stm s decribod 4he defexerto

b n-4)

toho, bK - h Ck) f6r k=0 to N-

1R Sustem
he Tmpulse
In R 9yatem Inftni le Impulke Reopose),

han inttni te number Samplon To Convoutten

omula IR on

n) CR) h tn-K)
R0

inte nvotves Yeen cnd al

the npuut Sample e Say tat 4fhe lR susem
tn t e m2mosy. In aneal, an nR sm
deport bed by the dteen@

tn a h Cn-k) +2 b *tn-h)
-0
 PAGE NO: p33
NPR College ofEnginering & Technolog
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: VN
Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: S1
Website: www.uprcolleges.orgE-mail: uprgi@ nprcolleges.org

TITLE: Diacvete fouter Tnan sbrm

OBJECTIVE:
Can h dbl to f#nd e Dserete
the SttLdeMs

Jowen trorsfom a ven Shanal,

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:

NOTES

Dlecrete ourer ran&iorm

Let tn) be a tfmte duiatton Suuonc2 on the

S0quence
N-poit DFT xpressed

XCK) = 4 zty e nN 0,t. .Nt

n-0.

aund corecprmding DET

N-1
cCny XCk) e ,h0,t N-

Magottude SpectAum
.Pnae Spectum XCA) toXCh)/RCK))
Cormpute DFT ecr) 1,2,3, A

So kthee N

0,1 1

XCD) == Tm) e

D) + eC1) t LCo) + C9)

XC

2e

K2 Xt) = seen) e

ny e JN

h-3 Xt3 2 LCn) e

n) e

I+0 e 3e36/

+2 3 4 - 2 - 9)

x K)= o -9taj, - a , 9-) S

 295
Fand 1DFT XCR)1o,-24. 2, 2-2.

Sot XCK) eJ2Tkn/n

n :O,1. N

Number Scmploo

LCo) xtK e

1 - taj-2- -2j
Co)

JT)Kx1 /*.
xCR)
K=D
+Xyex) xpd 3

n2
xCh) e

D+C-9+>}) t-) + (-2)1) + t-2-3)) t1)

Xt2 3.

C Ca)= , xt6) e
Xo)+X(1) e"°xts) ed6t|2t8)e

(2-aj) tio
t + -+2j) t-})+ t)-)
+

16
CCn) \2,3, AS
 PAGE N0: 237

NPR ollegeofEngineering & Technology UNIT: V

Tamil Nadu, India.
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul 624401,
RR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502 CLASS NO: 58
www.nprcolleges.org E-mail: [email protected]
Wcbsite:

TITLE: Lctoma

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

wwwmcraamen
UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Realige he m tadcade formn tCz)

NOTES

Cbtatn Cascade and paraltel oat12ation tor he tbMduoina transte

Punctfm
t3z4oz
HC)

+ 2z +2)
Ht()

(Z-0.25) lz+0:5) (zt0.125)

71-+z) zCIt2z"
(t-6.2sz) z(1to 5zl)x(1t0 1257)

()
-0.057 )
HCz) 2 (7) Ha()
 Cos cade Reali2atton

Xtz)

O.99 -0-125

Parattel Reahatbn:

HCz) (z41) Cz4 2)

Z-25) (ztoS) tzto.25)

Hz) (z+1) (zt 2)

Z-0.25) (zto.5) (ZtO \25)
By P.F. F

(z+1) (z+ 2) A + - +
Z-025 ZtOS ZHO 1225
-0.95)Cz+0.5) (ztO1255)
1 ) (zt2) A (Zt0 5) (zt0.125)+BCz-0.25) (zt0 25)+ C(z-6.25 (zHO)

0.25 2,8125 A O.2g2s A = to

.S Bo. 2g12S

- 0.125 tbAO695 * -C o. l4o62s

51
Z0.255 to.s +0125

35/3 z
Z-O.25 to}D5

353
0,25z" +0.5} +0 125T
 234

X()-

o25

.125

H(z) =

( *)
+Cz)
Cl-
H1)2 (z)
Coscade ReatlzaHon

1/2

oralle Realt2ation
HCZ)
( ) (1 :74G*)
z (z+0.5)
x-zto.25) x(z-zt0.5)

g3 1J
 HZ)
( z4o.25) ( -z+0.S)
Ey P.F.E
z+0.5 Az+B Cz+D
(x2+0o 95) (-x1d.5 +0.25
Z+o.5z - (Az+B) (z-z4o 5) + (Cz+ D) (x- z+o.25)

Cornpomn Coetft cimh e z , z and conxtonrs

A +C , 5 -A+B -C +D. =
BtD- CA+c) t D
b - 1. S

O.SA -B +O,25- D O. 0.5+0.25 C- CBED) =0.

0.5A +0.25 -

15 -0 D. BA +O.25( =I.5
0.5 +0,25 D O,
On &ouing
,b -5 C=-h D
HC2 t 3z
o,25 z o. 5
Sz- Sz AZ+3z
z - z t . 25 O.S
S- 1 . z .
A z
+0.2522

Xt)> >Yz)

D25

A
 PAGE N0: 2 4l
NPR Collegeof Engineering& Technology UNIT: Yt
NPR Nagar, Nathan1, Dindigul - 624401, Tamil Nadu, India.
NR Phone No: 04544- 246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS NO:54
Wcbsite : www.uprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: stetoio

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERsITY QUESTIONS:

Canvolve xth- t ? ond htn) 1-2,3,3 [6m, M/si6

abhvolve 3 3 ancd htn): 2, 3, ? [aM, AlMITJ

a0)- t2,

NOTES

Compute the ao Coolutbn of tottowing 3gnals

sn) 1,1, 0,1,1 and htnm= {1, -2,-3, 4 3

Sol ytn)=CtN) *h Cn) K ) h tn-k)

when

to) tk)hc-k)
-2) hea) +24) hC1) +to)h Co)+«a)hH) +T2) hc-2)
Ct9o) +C) Co) + to) C4) + C1) (-3) + Cr) (-2)

-3-2

yto) -5

1J
 yu K) htl-k)

)b3)4+ r-1)h(2) +* Co)hC1) + ct)bco)+ ( ) h(a)

O+ot0 + CI) (+) + L)C-3)

h-2
y C k ) h Co-k)
-0
-2)htA) +eC-1) H¢3) +TCo)Ht2) +rC1) ht1) +c(2) hto

= U)Co) + U) to) + (o) Co) + C1)(a) + C12 Lo)

yH)
K-

Cyt-1) X-2) hC1) -+e-1)hto) +elo)ht4) + 2et) h-2)4 C(2) h(-3)

C ) l o ) + C1) CA) + ID) (-3) + CO0-2) +C)CI

N-2 y-2)=}.2tk)ht-2-k)
y-2 cc-2) hto) + 4) ht-)+ To) hl-2) + cC1) hc-3)

C1) C) + Ct) (-23) + (o) C-2) +C1) C1)

y-2) 2

yt-3) C4) bt-3-k

K=

yt-3)=X-2) hc1) + et9 H-2) +C C0) h (-3)

C1)-3) + C1) t-2) + (o) 1)

y- 5
 242

-A) cK) HC-4-K6)

K-

9A) xt-2)h-2) +(-1) h-3)

tnC-2) + C) C1)

n 5 y-5) 4 2k) ht-b-k)

-

95)xt-a)ht-3) + *0-1)ht+)
yt-b)

yen) 1 , , 5 ,2, 3, *

ge 3 4
 PAGE NO: 245
NPR College ofEngineering
NPR Nagar, Natham, Dindigul
& Technology
624401,Tamil Nadu, India.
UNIT: N
R Phone No: 04544-246 500, 246501 246502
CLASS N0: bo
Websitewww.nprcolleges.org E-mail:[email protected]

TITLE: uto a
ountanooanmen

OBJECTIVE:

APPLICATIONS:

UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS:
Dtermine ne ANAdy dtade ooponne fr he em wth mpulse {uncton
atn)= toslM) utn) tsM, /M4].
ht) (jo.5)" ucn)
= tos an npur

NOTES

Determme the eteady state response tor the sysiem with mpeuce

functon ht Y0.5)" u n ) o an input t t n ) = Cos Ctn) utn)

Funclton
So
atate. oopomAe t h e sem
Lerytn) 2the stoady
wheh ven by Corvoltton o an) and htn)

n) * h (n)
yh
|ct» * htn) X ) HCx)
ytJ= z

Givon htn) (J o5 utn)

-o.5

TPge 1 e 1J
 N

VT T
 8.-J0A 0.2+JoA
-jo.5

Yx) o.g-o. 4) +(O.24jo A) A -

z-JO5
= (o.4-0-J4) +to.2+ jo»)
-C-1
On alcl Z-rarsform

y lo.-jo ) (-)' ut) + (o.2 jo 4) Cjo.5)" utn)

A
A Causal tem Tepvosonted by tme diftenence equacton

9en)+ Jtn)2xt+ arcn-).Find the ustcm ftuncfon HC)

ans ebtain te unit Sample rcspom

Teauont
Sol:
ytm+yun-) a (n) + -
n-)

Tuke -tratom

Yx)+ Yz) =
X) + x(z)

YC 4 xt) [14
H+C) Y )

side tine Lunr Ccle SSIm isStakle

The po le

HC)

Pege 3C AJ
N
T