Republic of the Philippines

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

RC- AL KHWARIZMI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS
National Highway Basak Malutlut, Marawi City, Lanao del Sur 9700

Subject : GED 11- R Room : 309

Description : UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Time/Day: 8:00am – 10:00 am (SW)
Instructor : Tasnimah A. Junaid Students’ Name; _____________________

Course Description
The course deals with the nature of identity, as well as the factors and forces that affect the development
and maintenance of personal identity. This course is intended to facilitate the exploration of the issues and
concerns regarding self and identity to arrive at a better understanding of one's self. It strives to meet this goal
by stressing the integration of the personal with the academic— contextualizing matters discussed in the
classroom and in the everyday experiences of students—making for better learning, generating a new
appreciation for the learning process, and developing a more critical and reflective attitude while enabling them
to manage and improve their selves to attain a better quality of life.
Course Outcomes
This course includes the mandatory topics on Family Planning and Population Education.
At the end of the courses the students will be able to.
A. The Self from Various Perspectives
 Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various disciplinal
perspectives
 Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across different disciplines and perspectives
 Examine the different influences, factors, and forces that shape the self
 Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of oneself and identity by
developing a theory of the self
B. Unpacking The Self
 Explore the different aspects of self and identity
 Demonstrate critical, reflective thought in integrating the various aspects of self and identity
 Identify the different forces and institutions that impact the development of various aspects of self and
identity
 Examine one's self against the different aspects of self-discussed in class
C. Managing and Caring for The Self
 Understand the theoretical underpinnings for how to manage and care for different aspects of the self
 Acquire and hone new skills and 'earnings for better managing of one's self and behaviors 1 1 Apply
these new skills to one's self and functioning for a better quality of life

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 Topic Outline Date
Lesson 1 - THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
Philosophical Perspective of the Self _____________________
Sociological Perspective of the Self _____________________
Anthropological Perspective of the Self _____________________
Psychological Perspective of the self _____________________
The self in Western and Eastern Thought _____________________
Lesson 2 – Unpacking the Self
The Physical Self _____________________
The sexual Self _____________________
The Material Economic Self _____________________
The Spiritual Self _____________________
The Political Self _____________________
The Digital Self _____________________
Lesson 3 – Managing and Caring for the Self
Learning to be a Better Student _____________________
Taking Charge of one’s Health _____________________

Course Requirements
Minor: Quizzes, assignments, oral recitations individual and group presentations, attendance
Major: Examinations and Scrapbook
Tests
Date Score
First Long Quiz - - - - - - -
Prelim Examination - - - - - - -
Second Long Quiz - - - - - - -
Final Examination - - - - - - -

Grading System
Areas Sub-Areas Percentage

Paper Works Quizzes & Assignments 20%

Performance Task Class Participation (25%)
[Oral Reporting, recitation, etc.] 50%
Requirement (15%)
Attendance and Behavior (10%)
Major Exams Prelim (15%)
Finals (15%) 30%
Total 100%
Passing Rate 50%

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Course Policies
Students are encouraged to adhere to the following policies:
 Attendance and Punctuality - Students are expected to attend their classes regularly. Students who come in
15 minutes after the time will be considered absent.
 Written letter re: absences - Valid absence from classes is excused if it is for reasons such as illness or death
in the family or any unforeseen emergency events or the like and confirmed by parent or legal guardian, either
personal or through a letter.
 Class Requirements - All class requirements are to be accomplished with the deadline set by the instructor.
Late requirements shall not be accepted. However, students with valid reasons will be given a chance to submit
but with point deduction.
 Active Participation - Active class participation is highly valued corresponding to 25% of the class standing
 Proper attribution of borrowed ideas - Always cite resources to avoid plagiarism.
 Proper use of grammar - Proofreading work or any paper works is a must before submitting.

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Topic: _____________________________________________________
Group: _____________________________________________________
Guidelines for Oral Reporting
Prepare the following:
Deadline Score
Narrative Report
PowerPoint Presentation
Handouts
15 Points Activity

Reporters’ Tasks: Non-reporters’ Task during

1. Encode a written report on your assigned 1. Listen to the reporter
topic. 2. Ask questions to the reporters
2. Submit your written report on the given 3. Evaluate the reporters by filling out the
date. evaluation form basing from the given
3. Provide handouts to the members of the rubric.
class.
4. Answer questions from the members of the
class and teacher.
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 PEER EVALUATION SHEETS

Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________ Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________

Date: ___________________ Date: ___________________

Criteria Criteria

Scores Scores
Body Language: ________ Body Language: ________
Eye Contact: ________ Eye Contact: ________
Speaking Skills: ________ Speaking Skills: ________
Organization: ________ Organization: ________
Voice: ________ Voice: ________
Visuals: ________ Visuals: ________
Language: ________ Language: ________

Total: ________ Total: ________

Evaluator’s Name: ______________________ Evaluator’s Name: ______________________

Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________ Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________

Date: ___________________ Date: ___________________

Criteria Criteria

Scores Scores
Body Language: ________ Body Language: ________
Eye Contact: ________ Eye Contact: ________
Speaking Skills: ________ Speaking Skills: ________
Organization: ________ Organization: ________
Voice: ________ Voice: ________
Visuals: ________ Visuals: ________
Language: ________ Language: ________

Total: ________ Total: ________

Evaluator’s Name: ______________________ Evaluator’s Name: ______________________

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 PEER EVALUATION SHEETS

Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________ Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________

Date: ___________________ Date: ___________________

Criteria Criteria

Scores Scores
Body Language: ________ Body Language: ________
Eye Contact: ________ Eye Contact: ________
Speaking Skills: ________ Speaking Skills: ________
Organization: ________ Organization: ________
Voice: ________ Voice: ________
Visuals: ________ Visuals: ________
Language: ________ Language: ________

Total: ________ Total: ________

Evaluator’s Name: ______________________ Evaluator’s Name: ______________________

Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________ Reporter’s Group Name: ___________________

Date: ___________________ Date: ___________________

Criteria Criteria

Scores Scores
Body Language: ________ Body Language: ________
Eye Contact: ________ Eye Contact: ________
Speaking Skills: ________ Speaking Skills: ________
Organization: ________ Organization: ________
Voice: ________ Voice: ________
Visuals: ________ Visuals: ________
Language: ________ Language: ________

Total: ________ Total: ________

Evaluator’s Name: ______________________ Evaluator’s Name: ______________________

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 Lesson 1: 1. Socrates “an unexamined life is not worth
THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES living” it means that you need to reflect first.
 Every man is dualistic.
 Composed of body and soul
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy is about: Finding answers to serious Two important aspects of his personhood:
questions about ourselves and about the world we  Body
live in: o Imperfect and impermanent
 What is morally right and what is morally  Soul
wrong and why o Perfect and permanent
 What is good life
 Does God exist SOCRATES’ TWO (2) DICHOTOMOUS
 What is the mind REALMS
Questioning existing knowledge and intuitions to
get closer truth. 1. Physical Realms – changeable, Transient
and Imperfect. The Body belongs to this
What will you get out of Philosophy? realm.
The skills are: 2. Ideal Realm – Unchanging, eternal, and
 Critical thinking, immortal. The soul belongs to this realm.
 Argument skills,
 Communication, 1. SOCRATES
 Reasoning,  Socrates was the first thinker to focus on the
full power of reason on the human self: who
 Analysis,
we are, who we should be, and who we will
 Problem solving…
become.
 The soul strives for wisdom and perfection,
Which allow you to:
and reason is the soul’s tool to achieve an
 Justify your opinions exalted state of life.
 Spot a bad argument, no matter what the topic  Our preoccupation with bodily needs such as
 Explain to people why they are wrong and food, drink, sex, pleasure, material
you are right. possessions, and wealth keep us from
Philosophy basically teaches you to think! attaining wisdom.
 A person can have a meaningful and happy
Pythagoras – The first to use the term Philosophy. life only if he becomes virtuous that can be
- Philosophy came from the Greek word achieved through constant soul-searching.
PHILO and SOPHIA which means “love”  For him, this is best achieved when one tries
and “wisdom”, so literally translated as to separate the body from the soul as much as
“LOVE OF WISDOM” possible.
PHILOSOPHY AND THE SELF 2. PLATO: “The Soul is Immortal”
(ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS)
 A student of Socrates
“Know Thyself”  Philosophy of the self can be explained as a
– Socrates process of self-knowledge and purification of
the soul.
Philosophers agree that self-knowledge is a  He believed that in the existence of the mind
prerequisite to a happy and meaningful life. and soul

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  Mind and soul is given in perfection with  The soul is that which makes a person a
God. person. The soul is the essence of the self.
 Aristotle suggests that the rational nature
of the self is to lead a good, flourishing,
and fulfilling life.
PLATO: SOUL HAS THREE PARTS  Without body the soul cannot exist. The
soul dies along with the body.
1. Rational Soul  Aristotle suggested that anything with life
 Reason and intellect his soul. His discussion about the self-
 Divine essence that enables us to centers on the kind of soul possessed by a
think deeply, make wise choices, man.
and achieve a true understanding  He introduced the three kinds of soul.
of the eternal truths.
2. Spirited Soul Aristotle: KINDS OF SOUL
 Emotional and passion 1. Vegetative - Includes the physical body that
 Basic emotion such as love, can grow.
anger, ambition, empathy, and 2. Sentient – Includes the sensual desires,
aggressiveness. feelings, and emotions.
3. Appetitive Soul 3. Rational – Is what makes man human. It
 Basic needs includes the intellect that makes man know
 Includes our basic biological need and understand.
such as hunger, thirst, and sexual
desire.

PLATO believed that:

 These three elements of ourselves are in a

dynamic relationship with one another,
sometimes in conflict.
 When conflict occurs, Plato believes that it is
the responsibility of our Reason to sort things
out and exert control, restoring a harmonious 4. ST. AUGUSTINE: “ I am doubting,
relationship among the three elements of therefore I am”
ourselves
 Plato believe that genuine happiness can only  Integrated the ideas of Plato and Christianity.
be achieved by people who consistently make  Augustine’s view of the human person
sure that there reason is in control of their reflects the entire spirit of the medieval
spirit and appetites world.
 The soul is united with the body so that man
3. ARISTOTLE - “The soul is the essence of may be entire and complete.
the self”  Believed humankind is created in the image
and likeness of God.
 A student of Plato  The self is known only through knowing
 The body and soul are not two separate God.
elements but are one things.
 The soul is simply the form of body, and  Self-knowledge is a consequence of knowledge
is not capable of existing without the of God. Sabi niya
body.
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 “Knowledge can only come by seeing the truth
that dwells within us”  Self is not just what gives one his personality
but also the seat of knowledge acquisition for
all human person.
 The self-constructs its own reality creating a
5. RENE DECARTES: “I am doubting world that is familiar and predictable.
therefore I am”  Through our rationality, the self transcends
According to him, the act of thinking about self sense experience.
– of being self – conscious – is in itself proof that
there is self. (Basically, what it’s trying to say is 9. GILBERT RYLE: “The self is the way
that, when you think, that’s already proof that people behave”
there is self.
 Self is not an entity one can locate and
Descartes’ two (2) distinct entities: analyze but simply the convenient name that
people use to refer to all the behaviors that
1. Cogito –The thing that thinks. Mind people make,
2. Extenza – The extension. Body  “I act therefore I am”
 The self is the way people behave.
He is famous for saying: “Cogito ergo sum “I
think therefore, I am” 10. PAUL CHURCHLAND: “The self is the
Brain”
6. JOHN LOCKE: “The self is consciousness”  The self is inseparable from the brain and the
 The human mind at birth is tabula rasa physiology of the body.
or blank slate  All we have is the brain and so, if the brain
 He felt that the self is constructed is gone, there is no self.
primarily from sense experiences.  The physical brain and not the imaginary
mind, gives us our sense of self.
THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS  The mind does not really exist
 Necessary to have a coherent personal  It is the brain and not the imaginary mind that
identity or knowledge of the self as a gives us our sense of self.
person.  The self is the brain.
 What makes possible our belief that
we are the same identity in different 11. MAURICE MELEAU-PONTY: “The self
situations? is embodies subjectivity”

7. DAVID HUME “There is no self”  The mind-body bifurcation that has been
 Self is simply a bundle or collection going on for long time is a futile endeavor
of different perceptions, which and an invalid problem.
succeed each other with an  All knowledge of ourselves and our world is
inconceivable rapidly and are in based on subjective experience
perpetual flux and movement.  The self can never be truly objectified or
 The idea of personal identity is a known in a completely objective sort of way
result of imagination (the self is  The self is embodied subjectivity.
nothing but an imagination)
 There is no self.

8. IMMANUEL KANT: “We construct the

self”
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 THE SELF IN SOCIOLOGICAL  Children pretend to play the role of a
PERSPECTIVE particular or a significant other.
 Particular or significant other are the
perspectives and particular role that a
1. George Mead (The Social Self) child learns and internalizes.
2. Charles Cooley (The Looking-glass Self) 3. Game Stage: Children play organized games
3. Erving Goffman (Constructing situation and and take on the perspective of the generalized
Drama) other.
4. Generalized other: The perspectives and
They look into how the self, the society and the expectations of a network of other.
culture are interrelated
This results to the dual nature of the self:
1. GEORGE MEAD: “THE SOCIAL SELF”
- The belied that we experience the self as
both subject and object the “I” and “me”
“The self is born of society. The self is - I –spontaneous and unpredictable, your
inseparable from society and bound up with only concerned about yourself.
communication. It builds on social experience. - On the other hand you have your “me” is
This is largely a matter of taking the role of other the part of you that’s been socialized to
with increasing sophistications, broadening out think beyond yourself.
from significant others to grater complexity”
2. CHARLES COOLEY: “THE LOOKING-
-George Mead
GLASS SELF
THE SOCIAL SELF “One’s sense of self depends in seeing one’s self-
 Created through social interaction reflected in interactions with others”
 Process started in childhood, with children The looking glass self
beginning to develop a sense of self at about
the same time that they began to learn - Charles Cooley and George Mead’s
language. collegues
- The looking glass self-refer to the notion
Three (3) point were raised by Goerge Mead in that the self develops through our
the social self theory. perception of other’s evaluation and
1. The self emerges from social experience. It is appraisal of us.
not part of the body and it does not exists at ERVING GOFFMAN: “CONSTRUCTING
birth. SITUATIONS AND DRAMA”
2. Social experience involves communication
and the exchange of symbols. People create “People routinely behave like actors on a stage.
meaning. Everyday social life become theatrical. There are
3. To understand intention you must imagine roles, scripts and actions. Daily life as a series of
the situation from another person’s point of stagecraft rule.”
view. By taking the role of the other: the self
Presentation of the self in Everyday life
is reflective and reflexive.
- Believed that meaning is constructed
According to Mead, there are different stages in the
through interaction
development of the self.
- ‘interaction order’
1. Preparatory Stage: Children mimic or imitate o What we do in the immediate
others presence of others
2. Play stage:
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DRAMATURGY - Psychologists today realized that there is no
single perspective that can fully explain
4. Focuses on how individuals take on roles complex behavior and the self.
and act them out to present a favorable
impression to their “audience” William James: “The self and its Selves”
5. And this is what he call impression
- He is as psychologist and has introduced the
management. principle of psychology which contain
“All the world is a stage, and the means and women numerous concepts and distinction of self.
merely players they have their exits and their - His main concept of the self are the “me-self”
entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts” and the “I-self”
“The self and its Selves”
“I-self”
THE SELF IS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION - It is the self-though or self-knower
- Is the subjective self is aware of its own
Goffman identifies the following components in its action. It’s describing yourself using your
theory of impression management own perspective.
- Example, the sense of being agent or
 FRONTSTAGE
initiator of behavior.
- People play different roles throughput
“Me-self”
their daily lives and display different
- Is the phenomenal self, the experience
kinds of behavior depending on where
self or the self as known.
they are and the time of day. (is where we
act, where we play our roles , basically - It is the self that is an object or the self
this is our stage ) you can describe.
- It is from the perspective of others or the
 BACKSTAGE
more objective self.
- When people engage in back stage
- Ex: My parents told me to become
behavior, they’re free of the expectations
lawyer.
and norms that dictate front stage
behavior. (is what we do when no one is
According to James, there are three (3) subcategories
looking)
of the self:

The Material Self – It is constituted by our bodies,

clothes, immediate family, and home.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE The Social Self – It is based on out interactions with
SELF society and the reaction of people towards us.
The Spiritual Self – The most intimate self, Spiritual
self. These are our personality, character, and
defining values.
What is Psychology?
- Psychology come from the ancient Greek David Lester: “Multiple versus Unified Self”
roots psyche, meaning mind, and logos, - The construction of multiple selves varies
meaning Knowledge or study. across different roles and relationships.
- It is the scientific study of the mind and - Multiple selves is your different
behavior. Concept of concept of self in identities.
Psychological Perspective - Coping with different selves constitute a
- Psychology has various ways of formidable task among adolescents.
understanding a person and the therapist was
of helping people understand themselves.
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 - These challenges contribute heavily to Id – The center of primitive, animalistic impulses.
the young person’s struggle for a unified Superego – The center of ethical imperative. The one
self. that reminds the self of what is right and what is
wrong following morality principle.
Donald Winnicott: “True Versus False Self” Ego – The moderator between the Id and Superego
- The function of the self is to hide and which was driven by rationality principles.
protect the true self. Although Freud argued that self has multiple
- This is our social self that we only show parts he still believe that ultimately unified beings.
to the people in front of us
- We only show the real us with people Whereas for Kenneth Gergen, proponent of
whom we trust Post-Modern Psychology, the individual has many
- People tend to display a false self to potential selves. He argued that having a flexible
impress others. sense of self allows for multiple "selves“.

Carl Rogers: “Conception of self”

- Carl Rogers is an American psychologist.
THE SELF IN ANTHROPOLOGAL
- For Rogers, he came up with the
PERSPECTIVE
conception of the self through his ides in
Person-centere Therapy.
- Person-Centered Therapy is a non-
directive intervention that believes that What is Anthropology?
all people have the potential to solve their Anthropology is the study of people, past
own problems. and present, with a focus on understanding the
human condition both culturally and biologically.
PERCEIVED SELF, THE REAL SELF, AND
THE IDEAL SELF Anthropologists explore aspects of human
biology, evolutionary biology, linguistics, cultural
The perspective Self studies, history, economics, and other social
Self-worth - how the person sees self, and other sees sciences.
them. The science of anthropology is
The real Self “doctrinahumanaeturae” includes that bodily
Self-image – How the person really is. (It is the characteristics of human as well as their spiritual
actual behavior, this affects how a person think, feel psychic and moral dignity
and behaves in the world.
The Ideal Self ARCHEOLOGY
How the person would like to be.
Archeology comes from the Greek word
Incongruent – there is an inconsistency between
“arkhaiologia” which means the study of what is
who you are and what you want to be.
ancient .
Congruent - When the person’s real self and actual
experience or consistent are very similar, a state of  The study of past human cultures by
congruent exists. analyzing the material remain (sites and
artifacts) that people left behind.
Sigmund Freud: “Concept of Unified and Multiple  Archeologists not only attempt to discover
self” and describe past cultures but to explain the
- He perceived a person as a unified being. development f these culture.
- He believed that the mind is divided into  Understanding patterns an changes in human
three connected but distinct part. behavior enhances our knowledge of the past.

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 It aids us in planning, not only our future, but Anthropologists have pointed out that
for generation to come. through culture people can adapt to their
environment in non-genetic ways, so people living in
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY different environments will often have different
It is the study of human biological variation cultures.
and evolution.
 Biological anthropologists seeks to
document and explain the pattern of
biological variation among contemporary WESTERN VS. EASTERN PERSPECTIVE OF
human populations, trace the evolution of our THE SELF
linage through time in the fossil record, and
provide a comparative perspective oh human
uniqueness by placing our species in the
context of other living primates. WESTERN THOUGHTS
- They conduct scientific investigations in
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY the effort of to understand the self and
Linguistic anthropology is a branch of have developed theories and differences
anthropology that studies the role of language in the among them.
social lives of individual and communities. - They emphasize the importance of
Linguistic anthropology explores how language scientific methods of investigation to
shapes communication. provide satisfactory answers to
understanding the self.
Language plays a huge role in social - The emphasis individualistic rather than
identity, group membership, and establishing rational.
cultural beliefs and ideologies.
 It is the anthropological subfields that EASTERN THOUGHT
focuses on language and its importance to - Raise questions about the ultimate
understanding human history, culture and meaning of human life.
biology. - Developed theories of self as they have
 According to Pier Giglioli in “Language and investigated what it means to be a
Social Context,” anthropologists study the human being.
relation between worldviews, grammatical
categories and semantic fields, the influence EASTERN THOUGHTS AIM AT
or speech on socialization and personal TRASNFORMATIONS IN 4:
relationships, and the interaction of linguistic • Consciousness
and social communities. • Emotion
 In this case, linguistic anthropology closely • Feelings
studies those societies where language • One’s relationship to other people and the
defines a culture or society. world.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY - The emphasis is relational rather than
individual.
Culture - is a system of human behavior and - Self is considered not in isolation but in
thought (Edward, n.d.) relation to others, society, and the
universe.
Cultural anthropology is a branch of
anthropology focused in the study of cultural
variation among humans.
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 - Eastern theories are highly practical, - “The goal of man is to have knowledge
they do not utilize the scientific of the true reality.”
techniques of investigation. – Brahman.
THE DIFFERENT EASTERN THOUGHTS: - They also believe in the Law of Karma
which is the most important doctrine of
BUDDHISM Hinduism.
- Comes from the root word “budh” - Example: “Everything you do in the
meaning awake . past will eventually comeback to bite
- Siddharta Gautama known as Buddha you. “
the founder of Buddhism. - Hindu believe that Atman (Sanskrit
word of the self or inner self) being an
immortal soul continues to be
5 PARTS THAT COMPOSE THE
INDIVIDUAL reincarnated from lifetime to lifetime
until it is freed from the cycle of rebirth
• Matter and reach a state of nirvana or non-birth.
• Sensation
• Perception CONFUSIANISM
• Mental construct
- System of thought and behavior
• Consciousness
originating in ancient China.
- This is mostly characterized as a system
- There is no self (or no soul)
of social and ethical philosophy rather
• There is only nothing and all else is
an illusion. than religion.
• There is nothing permanent, but - Golden Rule: “Do not do others what
change. you would not want others to do to you.”
- “Anicca” - The individual’s greatest mission of
attaining self-realization where in self-
• Literary mean impermanence.
cultivation is instrumental
• Means that everything in life is - Self-cultivation could be accomplished
always changing, that nothing last by knowing one’s role in the society and
forever. act accordingly.
• The ideal is to experience Nirvana, a - Moral character is perfect through
state of transcendence devoid of self- continuously taking every opportunity to
reference. improve oneself in thought and action.

- The ideal is to experience Nirvana, a TAOISM

state of transcendence devoid of self-
- Chinese Philosophy attributed to Lao
reference.
Tzu
HOW TO ACHIEVE NIRVANA - The self is an extension of the cosmos,
- This state of transcendence can be not of social relationship.
achieved through meditation. - The self is described as one of the
limitless forms of the Tao.
HINDUISM - The Tao is commonly regarded as a
- The religion of an ancient people nature that is the foundation of all that
known as the Aryans exists.

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 - The perfect man has no self and the Factors Affecting Physical Growth and
selfless person leads to a balanced life, Development
in harmony with both nature and society. Human Nature: Nature Vs. Nurture

NATURE VERSUS NURTURE DEBATE

LESSON 2: UNPACKING THE SELF Nature
- Sociobiologists, physiologists and other
in the natural sciences argues that
behavior traits can be explained by
“THE PHYSICAL SELF” genetics.
Different Stages of Life Span Nurture
 Refers to the body that includes the basic - Sociologists, anthropologists and other
parts such as head, neck arm and legs. in the social sciences argue that human
 Made up of other organs such as brains, heart, behavior is learned and shaped trough
lungs stomach, intestines and muscles. interaction.
 In general, the body performs its functions Factors Affecting Physical Growth and
least well during (1) infancy and (2) old age. Development
 Physical Efficiency generally peaks in early 1. Heredity
adulthood and declines into the middle age. - Biological process of transmission of
traits from parents of offspring
 Physical development and growth during
- The sex and other physical traits are
childhood continues at as slow rate compared
determined by the combination of (1)
with rapid rate of growth in babyhood.
chromosome and (2) genes during
 One of the most crucial stage of development fertilization (the union o the two cells:
is the adolescence stage Egg and Sperm)
- Chromosomes – Thread like tissues that
ADOLESCENCE carried the genes, and are usually found
 Begins with the onset of puberty. in pairs
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
 This stage is characterized by rapidly
2 Types Chromosomes
physical changes that includes the
maturation of the production system. 1. Autosomes or trait Chromosomes (22 pairs)
LIFE SPAN 2. Gonosomes or sex chromosomes (the X and
Y)
 The development from conception of death.
- Genes – Basic carriers of hereditary
 Outlined the stages of life span traits
 She divided it into 10 different stages

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 2. Environment 4. Cosmetic surgery
CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
- It refers to the factors to which the individual
is exposed after conception to death which - In Egypt art, beauty is portrayed in
includes learning and experience. women with slim high waist, narrow
- Factors such as diet, nutrition, and diseases hips, and long black hair,
play an important role in physical development. - Women with full figure and rounded
hips were considered beautiful during
Body Image the Renaissance period.
- It refers to how individuals perceive, think and fell - Some tribes (e.g., Africa) during the
about their body and physical appearance. medieval age consider chubby, fat, or
APPEARANCE
plum women beautiful.
- Some tribes Malaysia, Philippines and
- Everything about a person that others can Indonesia considered flat noses to be
observe such as height, weight, skin color, most attractive.
clothes, and hair style.
• Standards of beauty have change over time
SELF-ESTEEM
based on changing cultural values
- Adolescence worry about different parts of
• All cultures have, more or less, the same
their body and usually we are frustrated about it.
concept standards of beauty.
- A person’s overall evaluation of his or her
own worth. 4 STANDARDS OF BEAUTY

- Younger women and girls tent to have poor 1. Clean and unblemished skin
body image. 2. Thick skinny hair
3. Well-proportioned bodies
- Body image can affect bot the adolescent’s 4. Symmetrical faces
physical and psycgological well-being.
CAUSES OF POOR IMAGE • Beauty is considered important throughout
history.
1. Emphasis on thin ideal body
• This is because these features indicate
2. Bullying and peer pressure
3. Media youth, health, good genes and fertility.
• Beauty is important in all societies.
EFFECTS OF POOR BODY IMAGE • Attractive people have a lot of advantages in
life
1. Body Dissatisfaction • Above all things physical, it is more
2. Depression important to be beautiful in the inside!
3. Low-self Esteem
4. Eating Disorder (Bulimia)
5. Eating disorder (Anorexia Nerosa)
6. Body Modification
TYPES O OF BODY MODIFICATION
1. Tattooing
2. Permanent make-up
3. Body piercing
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