Academic year 2024-2015

British section
Science department
Year 7

Summary of unit 2
2.1-2.2 and 2.3 solid, liquid and gas :
State of Solid liquid Gas
matter
Shape Keeps its shape Takes the shapes of Takes the shape of
container container

Volume Keeps its volume Keeps its volume - Fill any

closed
container

Is it no - no - yes
compressible

Movement vibrations vibration and flow and move freely

flow.

Particle - Solid is made up - liquid is made up - Gas is made up of

theory of tiny particles of tiny particles tiny particles
explanation
- Particle are held Particle are held Particle there very
together in a together by a weak weak force of
regular pattern by force of attraction attraction or nearly
strong force of no force of
- touching each
attraction attraction between
other and have
them so they are
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 enough energy to able to move freely
be able to slide and randomly.
past one another
to change their
positions.

Use the particle theory to explain what happens when liquid is

cooled and change into solid

- The particles in a liquid are touching each other and

have enough energy to be able to slide past one
another to change their positions.
- They are held together by weak forces. When the
liquid is frozen, heat energy is transferred to the
freezer. The energy is lost from the particles and they
are not able to move as much. The particles become
unable to slide past one another and become fixed in
regular rows with all the particles touching one
another.

Use the particle theory to explain what happens when solid is

heated and change into liquid.
- Particles in solid are arranged in regular pattern because of the
strong force of attraction between them
- When solids are heated their particles vibrate faster and the
force between them becomes weak.
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 - So particles start to slide past one another and change into
liquid.

Use the particle theory to explain what happens when liquid is

heated and change into gas.

- The particles in a liquid are touching each other and

have enough energy to be able to slide past one
another to change their positions.
- They are held together by weak forces. When the
liquid is heated, the particles overcome the week force
of attraction between them.
- The particles start getting further apart, moving
freely and liquid changes into gas.

Use the particle theory to explain condensation

The particles in a gas are spread out, have no forces holding them
together and have so much energy that they can move about. When
the particles touch a cold surface, some of their heat energy is
transferred to the surface, so the particles lose heat energy. This
means that the particles cannot move about, but can move past one
another forming a liquid with the particles touching one another

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2.4 water cycle:

- Water vapour is formed when aquatic areas evaporate.

Also when plants do evapotranspiration.
- When water vapour in the atmosphere cools it condenses
forming clouds where water droplets are tiny and light so they
are unable to fall.
- Clouds move with the wind to make and more water vapour
condensed, the drops become heavier so they fall. This is known
as Precipitation

- Different types of precipitation:

Rain – snow – sleet –Drizzle- Ice
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 2.5 Atoms, Element and the periodic table
Atoms:

are the smallest part of matter that is indivisible

Element : a substance that made up of the same type of atoms

Atoms can found freely not attached to each other like in neon, helium

Helium Neon Argon

Atoms may join together like in

nitrogen

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen H2

The number of elements are 118, 94 are naturally found while 24 are synthesized.

These elements are arranges in periodic table.

Periodic table has only elements

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Group

Period
Elements and Compounds
Elements Compounds
Contains only atoms of the same type Contains molecules made of different atoms
Metals Non-metals Water
- Hydrogen and oxygen

Lithium Li Hydrogen H Lime stone or Calcium carbonate

Calcium, carbon, oxygen

Sodium Na Oxygen O
Magnesium Mg Nitrogen N Sodium chloride
(sodium and chlorine)
Potassium K Carbon C Potassium nitrate
(potassium , nitrogen and oxygen)
Calcium Ca Fluorine F Carbon dioxide
(carbon and oxygen)
Aluminium Al Chlorine Cl

Iron Fe Sulfur S

Copper Cu Phosphorus P

Mercury Hg

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Page 7 of 15
 Work sheet
1

a. What is the name of this table?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b. Why element A is not on the left side?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Using formulae

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 2.7 Compound and mixture

When sulfur is heated with iron they combine and form iron sulfide
Iron and sulfur together before heating are called mixture
After heating they bonded to make a compound
Air is a mixture.

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 The Air we breath

 Air is made up of tiny particles

 Air is not pure
 Air is a mixture that consists of
 Nitrogen 78% oxygen 21% - 1%
other gases including carbon dioxide

 the simplest particles of matter called

atoms
 in any substance the atoms are held
together in a groups called molecules.




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 Atoms of Molecule of -Molecule of Molecule of
Argon gas nitrogen oxygen carbon
dioxide
An element An element An element A
The molecule The molecule compound
is made from is made from The
Identical atoms Identical atoms molecule is
made from
different
atoms

Elements Compound

 are simple substances  It can be split into elements

cannot split into anything simpler by chemical reactions.
using a chemical reaction.  Made from different types
 made from one atom or of atoms.
identical atoms.  To make a compound atoms
of elements have to be joined by
chemical bonds.
If they are not joined, it is a
mixture of elements

Mixture of Chemical reaction can turn the

Nitrogen element mixture of Nitrogen and oxygen into
and Nitrogen dioxide which is a
oxygen element compound




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 Atoms of Molecule of -Molecule of Molecule of
Argon gas nitrogen oxygen carbon
dioxide
An element An element An element A compound
Because it is The molecule is The molecule is The molecule
made up of single made from made from is made from
atoms not joined Identical atoms Identical atoms. different atoms
together Because the Because the Because the
molecule is made molecule is made molecule is
up of more than up of identical made up of
atoms joined atoms joined different atoms
together together joined together

The number of The number of The number of

atoms is 2 atoms is 2 atoms is 3
The number of The number of The number of
elements is 1 elements is 1 elements is 2

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