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Theory of Development

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11 views

Theory of Development

Goods

Uploaded by

Meow Meow
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Erik Erikson, a prominent Harvard professor and psychoanalyst, developed one of psychology's

most influential and widely accepted theories of human development. His pioneering model of
eight stages of psychosocial development provided a comprehensive framework that supplanted
Freud's more controversial psychosexual theory. Each of Erikson's stages, influenced by
biological, psychological, and social factors, unfolds sequentially—from birth through infancy,
childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, and eventually old age.

Unlike other developmental theories that conclude with adolescence, Erikson's model
emphasizes that personality transformation continues throughout one's entire lifespan. His
theories, formulated in 1958 and 1963, suggest that our personalities evolve through eight
distinct stages, each marked by a specific conflict that arises between our psychological needs
and the surrounding social environment. Success in these conflicts results in the development of
the "ego quality" or strength, with an ideal balance of personal initiative and cooperation leading
to a profound sense of purpose.

Children who receive consistent encouragement and praise from parents and teachers tend to
develop a strong sense of competence and confidence. Conversely, those who lack support often
struggle with self-doubt and the fear of failure. Each stage in Erikson's theory builds upon the
previous one, setting the foundation for future development. He believed that every stage
presents a critical conflict that acts as a pivotal point in one's growth. These conflicts can either
foster psychological qualities or lead to setbacks in personal development.

The potential for significant personal growth is most pronounced during these times of conflict,
although the risk of failure is also high. Successfully navigating these stages instills a sense of
mastery and ego strength, while failure can leave individuals feeling inadequate. People who
manage to resolve these conflicts effectively will acquire psychological strengths that benefit
them throughout life. If they cannot, they may lack the essential skills needed for a robust sense
of self. Erikson also posited that a sense of competence is a driving force behind our actions and
behaviors.

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