Pharmacy Informatics

Activity 3

Group Leader: Date: MARCH 23, 2024

1. LINGAYEN, RUBELYN KATE

Members:
2. REYNADO, SHYMALEE SUZANNE L.
3. YUSOP, NUR-SHAIMA S.

Instructions:

Based on the topics given, provide a brief description of the article/book/topic and the link to each source type. You can adjust the
size of the table to accommodate your answers. Each member of the group should contribute to the activity.

Topic Primary Secondary Tertiary

CRISPR Technology CRISPR editing technology "The CRISPR Revolution: CRISPR is a powerful tool for
involves manipulating cellular DNA What You Need to Know editing genomes, meaning it
sequences at specific genomic About the World's Most allows researchers to easily
sites by creating altered DNA Powerful Gene Editing alter DNA sequences and
sequences through nuclease- Tool" by Kevin Davies. modify gene function. It has
mediated site-specific DNA breaks This book provides a many potential applications,
and subsequent DNA repair comprehensive overview including correcting genetic
pathways. Among the nucleases of CRISPR technology, its defects, treating and
used in genome editing, clustered applications, ethical preventing the spread of
regularly interspaced short implications, and the diseases, and improving the
palindromic repeats potential impact it may growth and resilience of crops.
(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated have on society. However, despite its promise,
protein (Cas) nucleases are highly the technology also raises
convenient, efficient, and precise, ethical concerns.
making them the most commonly CRISPR technology is a
utilized tools. The CRISPR-Cas9 revolutionary gene-editing https://www.livescience.com/
system, initially designed for RNA- tool that allows scientists 58790-crispr-explained.html
guided DNA cleavage in to make precise changes
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Activity 3

prokaryotes, has proven to be to DNA sequences in

effective for editing eukaryotic living organisms. It has
genomes. This discovery has led to transformed biological
widespread global interest and research, enabling
significant advancements in advancements in areas
CRISPR-based genome editing such as medicine,
technology, resulting in the agriculture, and
development of new tools with biotechnology.
expanded targeting capabilities,
enhanced editing specificity and
efficiency, and other improvements.

https://
mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/
articles/10.1186/s40779-023-
00447-x

Pharmacist as Immunizers According to recent systematic Pharmacists can play an Pharmacists play an important
review of the literature and meta- important role in disease role in knowing the
analysis, conducted by mining prevention by advocating immunization schedule,
and administering recommending specific
several scholarly databases
immunizations. Such vaccines for individual
(including PubMed/MEDLINE, activities are consistent patients, and providing patient
EMBASE, the Cochrane Libraries, with the preventive counseling. Vaccinations save
the Cumulative Index to Nursing aspects of pharmaceutical millions of lives and are widely
and Allied Health Literature or care and have been part recognized as one of the
CINAHL, the International of pharmacy practice for world’s most successful and
Pharmaceutical Abstracts and over a century.1,2 These cost-effective health
guidelines address the interventions. From a public
Google Scholar for the gray
pharmacist’s role in health perspective, community
literature), pharmacists, acting as promoting and conducting pharmacies can play a vital
educators/facilitators or as proper immunization of role in that pharmacists can: (i)
administrators, can improve the patients in all organized act as immunizers (vaccine
number and success of health care settings. The distributors, educators,
 Pharmacy Informatics
Activity 3

immunization campaigns with a pharmacist’s role in facilitators and administrators),

relative risk (RR) of 2.96 ([95% CI promoting disease (ii) improve vaccine-related
1.02–8.59], k = 22 studies) and of prevention through health literacy and vaccination
participation in community coverage rates as well as (iii)
2.64 ([95% CI 1.81–3.85], k = 14
efforts is also remove barriers and obstacles
studies), respectively. Overall, discussed.As health care to the access to healthcare
acting either as providers, pharmacists settings offering immunization
educators/facilitators or can administer vaccines services and (iv) counteract
administrators, there is a general or host other health care vaccine hesitancy.
positive effect of the role of professionals who can
pharmacists as immunizers on administer vaccines.
Pharmacists must https://pharmacyforme.org/
vaccine uptake and immunization
understand the legal and 2018/04/24/pharmacists-role-
coverage rate (RR 2.74 [95% CI professional mechanisms in-administering-vaccinations/
1.58–4.74]). by which authorization to #:~:text=Pharmacists%20play
administer vaccines is %20an%20important
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ granted, as well as the %20role,and%20cost
articles/PMC6958368/ additional responsibilities %2Deffective%20health
and considerations that %20interventions.
accompany this expanded
role. The feasibility of
vaccine administration by
pharmacists within a
particular practice
site or health care system
can be determined by
analyzing the issues of
legal authority, training,
and program structure.

https://www.ashp.org/-/
media/assets/policy-
guidelines/docs/
guidelines/pharmacists-
role-immunization.ashx
 Pharmacy Informatics
Activity 3

Prembrolizumab Pembrolizumab is a relatively new One informative book that Pembrolizumab is a

biological agent, and even though it discusses Pembrolizumab humanized monoclonal
is effective, it does require close is "Pembrolizumab: The antibody therapy that targets
monitoring for safety; thus, besides Immune Checkpoint the cell surface receptor PD-1.
the clinician who prescribes the Inhibitor for Cancer It is an immune checkpoint
agent, both the nurse and Therapy" by Michael A. inhibitor initially approved in
pharmacist are responsible for Postow. This book 2015 for treating metastatic
educating the patient on the provides a comprehensive non-small cell lung cancer
potential side effects of the drug. overview of (NSCLC). Several cases of
Since some of the adverse effects Pembrolizumab, a pembrolizumab-related irAEs
are delayed-onset like colitis and groundbreaking immune were found in the literature in
hypophysitis, an outpatient checkpoint inhibitor used 2018. March published a
oncology nurse should follow the in cancer therapy. It report of a fatal
patients. The clinician, nurse, and covers the mechanism of pembrolizumab-induced case
pharmacist team members should action, clinical of myasthenia gravis in a 63-
regularly check the renal and liver applications, efficacy, year-old Caucasian male
function. During IV administration, safety profile, and future patient being treated for
the drug is known to cause chills, directions of malignant melanoma with
fever, flushing, hypotension, Pembrolizumab in the pembrolizumab [31A]. The
hypoxemia, pruritis, rash, rigors, treatment of various types patient was administered
and wheezing. While checkpoint of cancer. The book also pembrolizumab 2 weeks
inhibitors have lower rates of explores the latest before the onset of right eyelid
infusion reaction than other research findings, patient drooping, puffiness, blurred
monoclonal antibodies, it is still outcomes, and the vision, and shortness of breath
essential to monitor. More crucially, evolving role of when walking. He suffered
the drug may cause transient Pembrolizumab in the these symptoms for 2 days
increases in blood glucose. Finally, field of oncology. before admission to a hospital.
because the drug can trigger an Presence of acetylcholine
allergic reaction, the receptor modulator antibodies
interprofessional team needs to in the patient's blood after a
have the necessary medications week of hospitalization along
and equipment to counter it in the with progression of weakness
room. and respiratory failure led to
the diagnosis of
 Pharmacy Informatics
Activity 3

pembrolizumab-induced
Pembrolizumab is a medication myasthenia gravis. The
used in the management and authors state that the
treatment of various oncologic development of new-onset
conditions. It is in the cancer myasthenia gravis or the
immunotherapy class of drugs. This exacerbation of it associated
activity will highlight with the use of pembrolizumab
pembrolizumab's mechanism of is rare, but that more evidence
action, indications, adverse event of the possibility of
profile, and other key factors (e.g., pembrolizumab causing this
non-approved indications currently adverse effect is emerging.
in clinical trials, administration,
dosing, monitoring, and relevant
interactions) pertinent for members https://
of the interprofessional team in the www.sciencedirect.com/
management of patients with
advanced cancers. topics/immunology-and-
microbiology/
pembrolizumab
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK546616/

Antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobial resistance happens Antimicrobial resistance is Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
when germs like bacteria and fungi a major global public is the ability of microorganisms
develop the ability to defeat the health problem. This book to persist or grow in the
focuses on the clinical presence of drugs designed to
drugs designed to kill them. That
implications of multi-drug inhibit or kill them. These
means the germs are not killed and resistant pathogens; drugs, called antimicrobials,
continue to grow. Resistant tracking AMR and its are used to treat infectious
infections can be difficult, and evolutionary significance; diseases caused by
sometimes impossible, to treat. antifungal resistance; and microorganisms such as
current and alternative bacteria, fungi, viruses and
https://www.cdc.gov/ treatment strategies for protozoan parasites.
drugresistance/about.html AMR, including
 Pharmacy Informatics
Activity 3

antivirulent, antibiofilm
and antimicrobial
resistance breakers, https://www.fao.org/
repurposing of drugs, and antimicrobial-resistance/
probiotic therapy. background/what-is-it/en/
Advances in antimicrobial
stewardship, antibiotic
policies from a global
perspective and their
impacts are also
discussed.

Book TitleAntimicrobial
Resistance: Global
Challenges and Future
InterventionsEditors: Dr.
Sabu Thomas M.Sc.,
Ph.D.

https://link.springer.com/
book/10.1007/978-981-
15-3658-8

Novel drug delivery system Evolution of an existing drug Novel drug delivery Novel Drug delivery systems
molecule from a conventional form system (NDDS) is an Novel Drug delivery system is
to a novel delivery system can expression mainly the advance drug delivery
significantly improve its associated with the system which improve drug
performance in terms of patient formulation of new potency, control drug release
compliance, safety and efficacy. In pharmaceutical forms to give a sustained therapeutic
the form of a Novel Drug Delivery which have optimized effect, provide greater safety,
System an existing drug molecule characteristics such as finally it is to target a drug
can get a new life. An appropriately smaller particle size, specifically to a desired tissue.
designed Novel Drug Delivery higher permeability
System can be a major advance for parameters, and selective
solving the problems related site targeting.
 Pharmacy Informatics
Activity 3

towards the release of the drug at

specific site with specific rate. The Book title: Novel Drug
need for delivering drugs to Delivery Systems https://
patients efficiently and with fewer www.primescholars.com/
side effects has prompted Author Name: Dr. Rehan scholarly/novel-drug-delivery-
pharmaceutical companies to Uddin, Dr. JS Rajawat, Dr. systems-journals-articles-ppts-
engage in the development of new PS Naruka list-5834.html#:~:text=Novel
drug delivery system. This article %20Drug%20delivery
covers the basic information https:// %20systems
regarding Novel Drug Delivery www.books.ipinnovative.c %20Novel,specifically%20to
Systems and also different types of om/books-details/154- %20a%20desired%20tissue
the same. ODY0Mjg1NzE0Mjk=#:~:t
ext=About
%20Book,parameters
https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/novel- %2C%20and%20selective
drug-delivery-systems-an-overview/ %20site%20targeting

Group Participation

The leader should fill out the table below. The participation/contribution of the members in the activity must be clearly stated.

Group Member Contribution to the Activity

1.LINGAYEN, RUBELYN KATE Ms. Lingayen was the one who researched about the given topics using tertiary
sources.
Encoded some parts.

2.REYNADO, SHYMALEE SUZANNE L. Ms. Reynado was the one who researched about the given topics using secondary
 Pharmacy Informatics
Activity 3

sources.
Encoded some parts.

3.YUSOP, NUR-SHAIMA S. Ms. Yusop was the who researched bout the given topics using primary sources.
Finalized the document.