Calculus II – Integral Calculus

1. Title of the Module

Chapter 9: The Indefinite Integral

2. Introduction
In this module, we shall start our study of the inverse of differential calculus and its
various application. We have learned that differential calculus is the process of finding the
derivative or differential of a given function. Clearly, we expect its inverse to be the process
of finding the function whose derivative or differential is given. The inverse of differentiation
is called integration. Many of the important applications of calculus depend on this
operation.

3. Learning Outcome
It contains the list of competencies that students should acquire during the
learning process.
//Based from the CMO/PSG of the Program
It maybe per topic or per module
4. Learning Content
9.1 The Indefinite Integral
From the preceding chapters, we know that by differentiation, a derivative or
differential is obtained from a given function. Suppose the derivative of a
function is given, how can the function be found? For instance, what function
has for its derivative 3𝑥 2 or for its differential 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥? From our experience
𝑑
with differentiation, we know that (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 or 𝑑 (𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. Hence, our
𝑑𝑥
answer to the question above is 𝑥 3 . But that is not the only possible answer.
Recalling that the derivative or differential of a constant is zero, we may also
give the following functions as valid answers:
𝑥3 + 4
𝑥 3 − 15

𝑥 3 + √2
Thus we see that there is no unique answer to the question above. However,
one thing noticeable from the possible answers above is that, pairwise, the
 function differ by a constant. In fact, it can be proved that if two functions have
the same derivative, their difference is a constant. Thus if we let C be any
constant, then we may write 𝑥 3 + 𝐶 as our general answer.
Definition: A function F is called an antiderivative of the function f on an
interval I if F’(x) = f(x) for every value of x in I.
THEOREM: If f and g are function defined on an interval I such that f’(x) = g’(x)
for all x in I, then there exists a constant k such that f(x) = g(x) + k for all x in I.
Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a
given function

∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶

where
F’(x) = f(x) and d(F(x)) = f(x)dx

9.2 Basic Integration Formulas

The first five basic formulas are given below. In these formulas, u and v are
differentiable function of x. the letters a, n, and C are constant.
I1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

I2. ∫(𝑢 + 𝑣 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 (Integral of Sum)

I3. ∫ 𝑎𝑢𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑛+1
I4. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1 (Power Formula)
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
I5. ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢

Example 1: Evaluate ∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥 by I2
= 6 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 by I3
𝑥3 𝑥2
= (6 + 𝑐1) − (4 + 𝑐2 ) + (5𝑥 + 𝑐3 ) by I4&I1
3 2

= 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
 where 𝐶 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3
Example 2: Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 16)𝑑𝑥 why?
9𝑥 3 24𝑥 2
= + + 16𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
= 3𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2
Example 3: Evaluate ∫ (𝑥3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
4 2 2
∫ (𝑥3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 −3 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 4𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫
𝑥
4𝑥 −2
= + 2 ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
−2
2
=− + 2 ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥2

9.3 Integration by Substitution

Some integrals cannot be evaluated readily by direct application of the
standard integration formulas. The technique for evaluating such integrals
leans heavily on what is known as the method of substitution. This methods
involve a change of variable, say from x to another variable u. The purpose
of substituting a new variable is to bring the problem to a form for which a
standard formula can be applied.
Example 1: Evaluate ∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4 then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑥 = 3

Then the given integral becomes

𝑑𝑢
∫(3𝑥 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 3
 1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
3
1 𝑢3
= ( )( )
Neutralizing factor (nf) 3 3

(3𝑥 + 4)3
= +𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 4
9
Example 2: Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
Solution: Let 𝑢 = sin 4𝑥 then 𝑑𝑢 = 4 cos 4𝑥𝑑𝑥, hence 𝑛𝑓 = 4
1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑢6
= ( )( )
4 6
1
=( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛6 4𝑥 + 𝐶
24

9.4 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

The standard formulas for evaluating the integrals of the six trigonometric
functions are given below.
T1. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
T2. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
T3. ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶
T4. ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
T5. ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
T6. ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
The following formulas are also consequences of their corresponding
differentiation formulas.
T7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
T8. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
T9. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
T10. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
 Example 1. Evaluate ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
This takes the form of T1 with u = 4x, the du = 4dx and nf = ¼.
Applying T1
1
∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (− cos 4𝑥 ) + 𝐶
4
1
= − cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4
1+sin 2𝑥
Example 2: Evaluate ∫( cos 2𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1+sin 2𝑥 1 sin 2𝑥
∫( cos 2𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos 2𝑥 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (let u = 2x)

1 1
= ln|sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥 | − ln|cos 2𝑥 | + 𝐶
2 2

9.5 Integration of Exponential Functions

The following formulas for evaluating the integral of exponential functions can
be proved by differentiation.
E1. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
E2. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎
+ 𝐶, a > 0, a ≠1

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Here u = 4x and du = 4dx. Hence nf = ¼
1
∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 43𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: this take the form au with a = 4 and u=3x.
hence du = 3dx and nf= 1/3
 3𝑥
1 43𝑥
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ( )+𝐶
3 ln 4

43𝑥
= +𝐶
3 ln 4
43𝑥
= +𝐶
ln 64

9.6 Integration of Hyperbolic Functions

The following formulas are used for evaluating the integrals of hyperbolic
functions:
H1. ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶
H2. ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶
H3. ∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶
H4. ∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −coth 𝑢 + 𝐶
H5. ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − sech 𝑢 + 𝐶
H6. ∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csch 𝑢 + 𝐶
H7. ∫ tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln |cosh 𝑢| +𝐶
H8. ∫ coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln |sinh 𝑢| +𝐶
1
Example 1. Evaluate ∫ cosh(4𝑥 + 3) = 4 sinh(4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 by H1
1
Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ln|cosh 𝑥 2 | + 𝐶 by H7

9.7 Application of Indefinite Integration

Indefinite integration finds application in some geometrical and physical
problems in physics, chemistry, mathematics and engineering.
An equation which involves derivatives or differentials is called a differential
equation.
Any equation of the form 𝑦 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 may represent the equation of a family
of curves having a common property, say, the same slope at any point (x, y).
Through specific point Po(xo, yo), there passes just one member of the family.
The value of C for the member passing through Po can thus be obtained by
 substituting the coordinates of Po in the equation of the family. This is illustrated
in the following example.
Example: Find the equation of the family of curves whose slope at any point
is 2x. Find also the equation of the member which passes through
the point (2, 1).
Solution: since the slope at any point (x, y) is 2x, then we have
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 (1)
𝑑𝑥

or 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 (2)
integrating both sides of (2)
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝐶 (3)
Equation (3) is the equation of the family of curves with slope 2x. to
find the equation of the member through (2, 1), we substitute x = 2
and y = 1in (3) and then solve for C. Thus,
1=4+C
or C=-3
substituting back C = -3 in (3), we get the required equation of the
specific member of the family. That is, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3.

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

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