Materials

Marcelino Dela Rama Tradio Jr., RCh, LPT, PhD-Chem

Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
School of Arts and Sciences
University of San Carlos
Nasipit Talamban Cebu City
6000, Philippines
Materials Science and Engineering

§ Interdisciplinary field of science and engineering that studies and manipulates

the composition and structure of materials across length scales to control
materials properties through synthesis and processing.
o Composition : chemical make-up of a material
o Structure : arrangement of atoms at different levels of detail.
o Synthesis : how materials are made from naturally-occurring or man-made chemicals.
o Processing : how materials are shaped into useful components to cause changes in the
properties of different materials.
§ Materials Science : relationship between the synthesis and processing, structure, and properties
of materials.
§ Materials Engineering : translate or transform materials into useful devices or structures.
Materials Science and Engineering
Tetrahedron of Materials

Processing, structure, and properties

are all interconnected and affect the
performance of the material
Classification of Materials : chemical make up

• Materials in each of these groups

possess different structures and
properties.
Classification of Materials : chemical make up

• The differences in strength as shown in the

right figure, illustrate the wide range of
properties from which engineers can select.
• Stress : load or force applied per unit area.
• Strain : elongation or change in dimension
divided by the original dimension.
• Elastic Strain : if the strain goes away after the load
or applied stress is removed.
• Plastic Strain: if the strain remains after the stress
is removed.
• When deformation is elastic, stress and strain are
linearly related (slope is known as Young’s
modulus)
• Yield Strength is the level of stress needed to
initiate plastic deformation.
Metals

• Combinations of metallic elements.

• Large number of nonlocalized electrons, i.e. electrons are
not bound to particular atoms, that attributes many
properties of metals.
• Alloy : a metal that contains additions of one or more metals
• Metallic Properties : luster, opacity, malleability, ductility,
and electrical conductivity.
• Metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for
their extensive use in structural applications.
• They are useful for structural or load-bearing application
• Metallic materials are susceptible to corrosion.
• Metallic materials are always crystalline in nature.
Metals

Corrosion of Metals : iron nail corrosion experiment

iron nail w/o protection iron nail w/ magnesium ribbon iron nail w/ copper wire
Metals

Band energy diagrams of metals, insulators, and semiconductors

Ceramics

• Combination of metallic and non-metallic elements.

• They are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides.
• Include glass, ceramics (clay minerals, cement, and
glass), beach sand and rocks
• Properties:
• Strong and hard, but very brittle,
• abrasion resistance,
• chemical inertness,
• Thermally and electrically insulating
• resist high temperatures and harsh environments
Polymers

• large molecules made of smaller molecules (building blocks)

linked together into long, repeated chains.
• Typically organic materials produced using polymerization.
• Include rubber and plastic materials
• Categories:
• Thermoplastic Polymers : long molecular chains are not
rigidly connected, have good ductility and formability
• Thermosetting Polymers : stronger but more brittle
(molecular chains are tightly linked)
• Thermally and electrically insulating, light weight, lower
strength, resist corrosive chemicals
Semiconductors

• Materials that have electrical properties in between ceramic insulators and metallic
conductors.
• Electrical characteristics are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute
concentrations of impurity atoms, which can be controlled over very small spatial
regions (Doping Process)

• Used in solid state devices, e.g. diodes, transistors, solar batteries, photoelectric
devices, radiation detectors, thermistors and laser.
 Semiconductors

n-type Semiconductor: Electrons from p-type Semiconductor: Electrons in the valence

phosphorus are added to pure silicon band are decreased by adding an acceptor element
(e.g. Aluminum
Composites

• Combinations of materials.
• The point where materials meet “interfaces” often produce new properties that
are radically different, and better than those in any single material.
• e.g. concrete reinforced with steel bars, plywood, concrete, fiberglass, carbon fiber-
reinforced polymers
• They are lightweight, strong, ductile, and temperature-resistant.
Composites

• Evolution of various type of composite

Composites
Composites
Functional Classification of Materials
Biomaterials/Biomedical Materials

• Materials employed in components implanted into the human body for

replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
• Don’t produce toxic substances and compatible with body tissues.
• Metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors may be used as
biomaterials.
Biomaterials/Biomedical Materials
Aerospace Materials

• include:
1. Light weight materials such as wood and aluminum alloy
2. Aluminum powder for booster rockets
3. aluminum alloys, plastics, silica for space shuttle
Electronic Materials

• Include:
1. Semiconductors used to make integrated circuits for computer chips
2. Barium titanate, tantalum oxide, and other dielectric materials used to make ceramic
capacitors and other devices
3. Superconductors
4. Copper, aluminum and other materials used as conductors in power transmission and in
microelectronics
Energy Technology and Environmental Technology Materials

• Include:
1. Uranium dioxide and plutonium as fuel in nuclear reactor
2. Glasses, and stainless steels used in handling nuclear materials and managing radioactive
wastes.
3. Batteries and fuel cells make use of many ceramic materials such as zirconia and polymers
4. Zeolites, alumina and other catalyst substrate used in oil and petroleum industry.
Magnetic Materials

• Include:
1. Computer hard disks make use of many ceramics, metallic, and polymeric materials.
2. Computer hard disks are made using alloys based on cobalt-platinum-tantalum-chromium
alloys.
3. Magnetic ferrites are used to make inductors and components for wireless communications
4. Steels based on iron and silicon are used to make transformer cores.
Photonic and Optical Materials

• Include:
1. Silica is used widely for making optical fibers
2. Optical materials are used in making semiconductor detectors and lasers used in fiber optic
communication systems
3. Alumina and yttrium aluminum garnets are used for making lasers.
4. Amorphous silicon is used to make solar cells and photovoltaic modules.
5. Polymers used to make liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Structural Materials

• Include:
1. Materials that are designed for carrying some type of stress.
2. Combination of strength, stiffness, and toughness are needed under different conditions of
temperature and loading
3. Steels, concrete, and composites are used to make buildings and bridges
4. Steels, glasses, plastics, and composites used to make automotive.
Smart Materials

1. A smart materials can sense and respond to an external stimulus such as changing
temperature, the application of stress, or a change in humidity or chemical environment.
2. Smart material-based system consists of sensors and actuators that read changes and initiate
an action.
a. Lead zirconium titanate (PZT): generate voltage when stress is applied
b. shape-memory alloys
c. Magnetorheological or MR fluids : magnetic paints that respond to magnetic field
d. Photochromic glasses
e. Automatic dimming mirrors
Structural Classification of Materials

Materials can be classified based on atomic structure as:

1. Crystalline Materials
2. Amorphous Materials
Tetrahedron of Materials
Levels of Structure of the Materials
structure

processing properties

performance
Levels of Structure of the Materials

METALS
Levels of Structure of the Materials

CERAMICS and GLASSES

Levels of Structure of the Materials

POLYMERS
Levels of Structure of the Materials
structure

processing properties

performance
STRUCTURE (length scale)

< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm

Levels of Structure of the Materials

ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT: ORDERED VS. DISORDERED

Levels of Structure of the Materials
structure

processing properties

performance

STRUCTURE (length scale)

< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm 1-1000 µm

Levels of Structure of the Materials

MICROSTRUCTURE
Bulk Properties of the Materials
structure

processing properties

performance

STRUCTURE (length scale)

< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm 1-1000 µm > 1 mm

Levels of Structure of the Materials

BULK PROPERTIES
Performance of the Materials

PERFORMANCE
Goal: increased strength
of the materials
Performance of the Materials

PERFORMANCE
Goal: increased strength
of the materials
Characterization of the Materials

STRUCTURE (length scale)

< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm 1-1000 µm > 1 mm

Characterization of the Materials

Optical Microscopy
• Light is used to study
the microstructure
• Opaque materials
use reflected light,
where as transparent
materials can use
reflected or
transmitted light.
Characterization of the Materials

Electron Microscopy
Characterization of the Materials

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Characterization of the Materials

X-ray Diffraction
Environmental and Other Factors affecting Structure-Property of the Materials

The structure-property relationships in materials fabricated into components are

often influenced by the surroundings to which the material is subjected during use.
These factors include:
1. Temperature
2. Corrosion
3. Fatigue
4. Strain Rate
Temperature

• Changes in temperature dramatically alter the properties of materials

• Metals and alloys that have been strengthened by certain heat treatment or
forming techniques may suddenly lose their strength when heated.
• Recall the collapse of World Trade Center last Sep 11, 2001.
• High temperature changes the structure of ceramics and cause polymers to melt
or char.
• Very low temperatures, may cause metals or polymers to fail in a brittle manner.
• Recall, the sinking of the Titanic
Fatigue

• Continuous loading and unloading the materials thousand times may result to
develop small cracks which lead to the failure of the materials as cracks grow
(Fatigue Failure)
• In designing load-bearing components, the possibility of fatigue must be
accounted for.
Corrosion

• Most metals and polymers react with oxygen or other gases, particularly at
elevated temperature
• Metals and ceramics may disintegrate and polymers and non-oxide ceramics may
oxidize.
• Materials are also attacked by corrosive liquids, leading to premature failure.
• Engineers faces the challenge of selecting materials or coatings that prevent these
reactions and permit operation in extreme temperature.
Strain Rate

• Strain : elongation or change in dimension divided by the original dimension.

• Elastic Strain : if the strain goes away after the load or applied stress is removed.
• Plastic Strain: if the strain remains after the stress is removed.
• When deformation is elastic, stress and strain are linearly related (slope is known as Young’s modulus)
• Yield Strength is the level of stress needed to initiate plastic deformation.

Every material has limit of strain wherein it can operate, beyond the limit causes it to snap.

Engineering Strain = s = ∆l
lo
Stress

• Stress : force acting per unit area over which the force is applied.
1. Tensile Stress
2. Compressive Stress
3. Shear Stress

Engineering Stress = s= F
Ao
Stress and Strain Relationship

• Elastic Stress and Elastic Strain are linearly related.

• The Slope of a tensile-strain curve in the linear regime define the Young’s Modulus or Modulus of
Elasticity (E) of a material.
The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram

• Tensile Stress-Strain Curve for different materials

The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram

• Engineering Stress-Strain Curve for an aluminum

The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram

• Units used to report tensile test

• Asynchronous (Wednesday and Friday)
• Go over the Unit IV ENERGY in the Canvas
1. Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
2. Answer the Exo-endo exercise and Exo-Endo Quiz