POOYA PAZHOHESH Arvid Pazh.

TRANSFORMER MANAGEMENT & SERVICES

Agenda
2

Mineral Based Transformer Oil

Aging of Mineral Oil

Aging of Kraft paper & Press-board

Oil Refining History

Oil Regeneration
 Mineral Based
Transformer Oil
Mineral Based Transformer Oil
4

Mineral based Transformer oil is used for over 100 years in

transformers

Mineral based Transformer oil properties :

High Dielectric Strength
Insulation function Low Dielectric Dissipation
Low moisture content
Heat transfer and cooling function Low viscosity and pour point
High Dielectric Strength
Arc quenching function Low Viscosity
High Flash Point
Optimum impregnation Low viscosity and pour point
Mineral Based Transformer Oil
5

Main raw materials of mineral insulating oil are paraffin-based and

naphthenic-based crude oils

Paraffinic oil: Cp more than 60%

Naphthenic oil: Cp Blow 50% & Cn above 40%

Mineral Based Transformer Oil
6
Naphthenic

Suitable Solubility : Naphthenic-base Oil Can Dissolve The Oil

Sludge
Good Low-temperature Properties : Low pour point without
dewaxing because of low paraffin hydrocarbon
Favorable Heat Dissipation : low viscosity in different
temperature, easier starting in winter
Low Wax Content
Low Viscosity Index
Mineral Based Transformer Oil
7
Paraffinic

High Antioxidation Stability : paraffinic-based oil has a

longer service life during long-term operation

Suitable Density : The density of paraffinic oil is lower

than that of naphthenic oil at 0 and 20 C
Mineral Based Transformer Oil
8

The Main Raw Materials Of Mineral Insulating Oil Are Paraffin-based

And Naphthenic-based Crude Oils
Naphthenic Paraffinic

very low n-paraffin i.e. wax. substantial amount of n-paraffin i.e. wax.

Low pour point High pour point than Naphthenic oil

more readily oxidized than Paraffinic Oils Oxidation of Paraffinic Oil is less

High solubility of oxidation product Low solubility of oxidation product

high heat transfer capabilities than Paraffinic Oils Low heat transfer capability
Aging of Mineral Oil
Aging of Mineral Oil
10
The reaction mechanism starts with the production of a free radical

Heat Peroxy Radical

Mechanical stress

electrical stress

peroxide Peroxide decomposition

Aging of Mineral Oil
11
The reaction mechanism starts with the production of a free radical

Caused By Decomposition Available in Transformer

Alcohol + Radical Water + Radical

Aldehyde + Water Ketone + Water

Acid+CO2 Ester
Aging of Mineral Oil
12

Factors affecting oil ageing

Effect of Oxygen: Acidity Value Of Oil As A Function Of Age For A Range Of Free-breathing And
Sealed Transformers In A Vast Majority Of Transformer In UK
Effect Of Temperature: Oxidative Reaction Is Thermally Dependent On The Arrhenius Law

Effect Of Water/Moisture: Acidity Of Oil Increases At A

Faster Rate As The Moisture Content In The System Increases.
Oxidation Promotes Water Emulsification Thereby Increasing
Water Solubility
Aging of Mineral Oil
13

Factors affecting oil ageing

 Effect of metals : Oil oxidation products, such as water and peroxide, influence the corrosion
of the metallic components of the transformer like copper and iron. degradation can be
controlled by the addition of metal passivators
 Effect Of Inhibitors: anti-oxidants combat the oxidative by-products in the system and slow
down the ageing process. inhibitors only slow down, but not entirely stop, the oxidation of the
mineral oil

Inhibited Oils Uninhibited Oils

Aging of Kraft paper
&
Press-board
Kraft Paper & Press-board
15

 Insulation grade paper is made from wood by the Kraft process, or

sulphate process
 Kraft paper , consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and some residual lignin

 Cellulose consists of β-D-glucopyranosil units which occur in the form of

linear polymeric chains

 Cellulose can be represented as [C5H10O5]n. n represents the DP

Ageing Process of Cellulose
16

Hydrolysis

Oxidation

Pyrolysis
Ageing Process of Cellulose
17

Factors affecting paper ageing

Effect of Water/Moisture
Two sources for moisture in a transformer
1.by-product of the ageing process
2.ingress from the environment.
Effect of Acids
1.Low Molecular weight Acids (LMA)
2.High Molecular weight Acids (HMA)
Effect of Temperature
Ageing of Oil-paper Insulation System
18
Oil Refining History
Mineral Based Transformer Oil
20

The manufacturer supply new oil with oxygen inhibitor as follows

U: Uninhibited Oil: Not Detectable
T: Trace Inhibited Oil: Max. 0.08 %
I: Inhibited Oils: 0.08 – 0.40 %
Super Grad Oil
Laboratory Oxidation Test
21
 ASTM D2440
 IEC 61125C
 Doble PFVO and SFL (Power factor oxidation test and sludge free life)
 ASTM D2112, Rotating Pressure Vessel

Laboratory Aging
Copper
Heat
Oxygen
IEC 60296
Test duration (Uninhibited 164hr; Trace 332hr; Inhibited 500hr)
1. Acidity 1.2mgKOH/g max
2. Sludge 0.8% max
3. DDF at 90°C 50% max
Oil Refining Techniques
22
Before World War II
Crude Distillation (1855)
Vacuum Distillation (early 1900s)
Solvent Refining (started about 1935)

After World War II

Combinations of several types such as hydro
finishing or polishing and solvent extraction

But still Unwanted Compounds Present

Paraffins depending on the source of the crude
Sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds
Sediment
Polycyclic aromatics
History of Synthetic Inhibitors
23

 As early as June, 1923, a study of the mechanism of the oxidation of mineral oils and of the action of negative
catalysts (inhibitors) was started at M.I.T.
 During 1924, 177 substances were tested for anti-oxygenic protection of transformer oil
 48 of those appeared to have inhibitory properties

 By the early 1950s, a satisfactory inhibitor has been perfected which was suitable for use in both new and re-
refined insulating oil for transformers and oil circuit breakers.
 This inhibitor is 2, 6-di-tertiary-butyl-paracresol and is commonly referred to as DBPC.
 By the late 1950s and early 1960s about half of the oils in use were inhibited and other half were uninhibited.
A Problem Arises in the 1950s in Inhibited Oils
24

 Because the inhibitors worked so well at retarding oxygen. Refining of oils for the transformer and lubrication
industry where being under processed
 It was less expensive to under refine an oil and add an inhibitor then to refine it correctly and then either leave
additive free or add inhibitors
 Oils begun to sludge prematurely

Specifications were put in place to require fully uninhibited oils in order to make sure that the refiners were
performing correctly
Another Problem Arises with Uninhibited Oils
25
 1990 to 2007 Time Frame
 Large power transformers started to fail
 Cause of failure was due to corrosive sulfur
100+were
 Almost all oils involved large power transformer
uninhibited failures have occurred
worldwide since 2004
Copper sulphide is not just an oil problem

800 MVA GSU Corrosive Sulfur Failure

What the problem with Uninhibited oil?
26

 Sea Marconi laboratories and TERNA of Italy and the University of Missouri in the US in collaboration
performed work to isolate a specific sulfur compound .

 Using a variety of analytical techniques they were able to determine that the compound was dibenzyl disulfide
and when tested in corrosive sulfur studies it was found to be highly corrosive.

Why Focus on DBDS?

Lab experiments spiked with DBDS - show increase of
corrosivity with decreasing concentration

Large majority of recently failed transformers due to

corrosive sulfur had DBDS

DBDS may be corrosive in itself

DBDS Structure & DBDS Degradation
27

Formation of Benzyl Mercaptan little or no oxygen

present (Sealed systems)

Formation and Oxidation of Benzyl Mercaptan in

presence of oxygen (free breathing systems)
Why was DBDS in the oil
28

 It is not naturally found in crude

 It is not found in materials of construction for the transformer

 It is believed it was added for oxidation purposes

 DBDS was and is used in the lubrication industry to passivate the metals to prevent corrosion
and guard against oxidation

 The problem is when the temperature gets higher than about 80°C over time, it degrades and
forms corrosive sulfur
Why are Inhibitors needed in Modern Day Oils
29

 The more sulfur is removed from the oil, the more aromatics are also removed

 These two materials are the suspected source of the natural inhibitors for uninhibited oil and
negative gassing

 So without natural inhibitors, modern day transformer oils can be prone to oxidation without
the use of inhibitors
What are Synthetic Inhibitors
30

Also called antioxidants, oxidation inhibitors, Usually divided into 2 groups

Groups 1: Class of phenolic, amines and aminophenols type chemical compounds
1. DBPC(6-di-tert-Butyl-p-cresol )
2. DBP (2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol )

Group 2: chemical compounds containing sulfur

1. DBDS
2. Natural inhibitors thiophenes (cyclic aromatic sulfur compounds)
What do synthetic and natural inhibitors do?
31
1 The first step to retard oxidation to limit the initiation of oxidation

1
What do synthetic and natural inhibitors do?
32
The inhibitor than needs to retard propagation the oxidation
2,3,4 reactions

3
And the propagation will continue until terminal byproducts are
4 formed, sludge and acids
Passivators are not Oxidation Inhibitors
33
Nitrogen Based
1. Benzimidazole
2. Benzothiazole
3. Benzotriazole (BTA)
4. Irgamet 30 and 39
5. Cobratec 122 and 911S
6. Certain amines

 Malchiore and Mills, Sun Oil Company, IEEE publication 1967; suggest the use of metal deactivator to
reduce oxidation by reducing the catalytic effect of copper
 Krishnamoorthy et. al., IEEE publication, 1992: synergistic effect between antioxidants and metal
deactivators to reduce oxidation of oil. Also suggest the process does not work as well with just the metal
deactivator and works better at lower temperatures
Oxidation behavior inhibited vs uninhibited oils
34
Inhibitors Properties: resistance to formation of acidic compounds, sludge
and compounds influencing the Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF).(IEC 60422)
inhibitor: Any substance that when added to an electrical insulating fluid retards or prevents
undesirable reactions. See oxidation inhibitor. (IEEE C57.637)
Oil Regeneration
OIL DETERIORATION
36

 Oil Deterioration has been estimated in different types of transformers

would take the following periods of time before sludge would appear.:

 Transformers bolted tight- 50 years

 Transformers with free air access -10 years
 Transformers with conservators -15 years
 Transformers with nitrogen over oil - 67 years
OIL Conditions
37

CORE
Oil Regeneration
38
**Oil Changing or Oil Regeneration **

An example is presented where acidity is shown as a

function of the year.
In this particular case, oil change and reclaiming
using the ABB method and reclaiming using less
absorbent material have been performed on 3 identical
transformers.

CIGRE , 2010
Insulating Oil Regeneration and Dehalogenation
Working Group, D1.01 (TF 12) , B Pahlavanpour,…

new oil will also become contaminated by residual oxidation

products in the transformer.
Oil Regeneration
39
Case study: 132kV, 30MVA

Najafi - Siloo 1394-before 1394-after

IFT 15 39.7
DDF 60 75
TAN 0.7 0.004
ACID 0.2 0.01
Mayers index 75 3970
Oil Regeneration
40

Najafi - Siloo 1394-before 1394-after 1395 1396_before 1396_after

IFT 15 39.7 27 25 45
DDF 60 75 71 74 75
TAN 0.7 0.004 0.011 0.015 0.0029
ACID 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.022 0.002
Mayers index 75 3970 2700 1136 22500
Oil Regeneration
41

According to IEC, “it is a process which eliminates, by chemical and adsorbent

means, the acidic and colloidal contaminants and products of oil deterioration
from the oil, to obtain an oil with many characteristics similar to those of a new
product”.
Degassing and filtering are separate
processes.
Oil Regeneration
42

Fuller’s Earth
mineral substance, generally classified as a
sedimentary clay, characterized by the property
of absorbing basic colors and removing them
from oils.
used chiefly in bleaching and clarifying
petroleum and secondarily in refining oils.
Oil Regeneration
43
Fuller’s Earth
 DIRTY OIL BEING CLEANED BY FULLER’S EARTH
Oil Regeneration
44
Oil Regeneration
45

Transformer De-sludging
Oil Regeneration
46

Why Reclaim Transformer Oil?

 Moisture, acids, particles and sludge are the oxidation products that
cause the most concern.

 After removal of acids, sludge and other degradation products from oil, the
aging rate of the oil is dramatically lower. This will also have a beneficial
effect on the aging of the transformer’s cellulose insulation.

It is important to point out that reclaiming is not a drying process. If the

transformer insulation is very wet, drying of the transformer should be
considered in combination with reclaiming.
Oil Regeneration
47
When should Regeneration take place?

Visual
Oil Regeneration
48

When should Regeneration take place?

Oxidation Index
The Oxidation Index is obtained by dividing the
interfacial tension by the acidity. It has been suggested
that oil should be reclaimed or replaced when this
values is lower than 300.
(A Guide to Transformer Maintenance, S.D. Myers)

Ref: Oil condition based on ASTM D 1524 color

testing comparisons and our field Test on various
transformers
Oil Regeneration
When should Regeneration take place? 49

IEEE C57.637

CIGRE , 2010
Insulating Oil Regeneration and Dehalogenation
Working Group, D1.01 (TF 12) , B Pahlavanpour,…
Acidity 0.10 mg KOH/g or higher
 Interfacial tension lower than 32mN/m (IEEE limit for the highest voltage class)
 Dissipation factor higher than 0.050 (IEEE limit for the highest voltage class)
 When the "Oxidation Index" (interfacial tension divided by acidity) is below 300.
Oil Regeneration
50
When should Regeneration take place?
 When the oil shows unacceptable results for neutralization number, interfacial
tension and dissipation factor then the regeneration should be considered.
 Since the aging of insulation is an irreversible process, it is important to reclaim
at the right time before the degradation has gone too much.

“Correct Time for Reclamation”

Oil Regeneration
How should monitor the reclaimed oils? 51

“IEC 60422”
1) Inhibitor concentration of (40 – 60) % of original value and acidity ≤ 0,06 mgKOH/goil
and IFT ≥ 30 mN/m.

 Re-inhibit to original concentration

2) Inhibitor concentration <40 % of original value or acidity >0,06 mgKOH/goil and

IFT <30 mN/m.

Reclaim the oil and re-inhibit to original concentration,

Continue to use in service but at inhibitor concentrations
<0,05 % increase the frequency of monitoring.
Oil Regeneration
How should monitor the reclaimed oils? 52

HPLC FTIR
 Oil Regeneration
53

Regeneration system process

0.5 micron
Filtering

Degasing 20 micron

Regenerating
 Oil Regeneration
54

Different absorbents in oil regeneration(IEEE C57.637)

Sepiolite
Attapulgite

Molecular sieves

Fuller’s earth

Attapulgite

Activated alumina

Bentonite
Acid Water Ketone Aldehyde Alcohol Ester Naturel inhibitors

Polar By-Products
Oil Regeneration
55
Why is it necessary to add oxidation inhibitors?
“IEEE C57.637”
“The rate of oil oxidation in transformers and reactors varies, so it is usually desirable to add an oxidation
inhibitor to reclaimed oil. 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol have been used in
concentrations up to 0.3% by weight to extend the life of the oil.”

“IEC 60422”
“It is therefore recommended that the additives be replaced in the reclaimed oil after the reclaiming process and
before the equipment is re-energized. The most widely used additives are 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DBPC) and
2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP).”
Oil Regeneration
56
Oxidation stability of reclaimed oil
[EXPERIENCES FROM ON-SITE TRANSFORMER OIL RECLAIMING, CIGRE 2002]

 During the treatment of a transformer in Sweden oil samples were taken and the
oxidation stability of all samples were tested in the Metrohm PVC Thermomat

Before Any Treatment Re-inhibiting Only Fuller’s Earth Treatment Only Fuller’s earth treatment and re-inhibiting

Acidity Of 0,08 Mg KOH/G And A Inhibitor No Inhibitor Added Inhibitor

Residual Inhibitor Content Of 0.08%. Content Restored To 0.3%. Content Restored To 0.3%.
Oil Regeneration
57
Oxidation Stability Of Reclaimed Oil In PPAP LAB (164h)
 Before Any Treatment (Uninhibited Oil)

 Fuller’s Earth Treatment Only (No Inhibitor Added)

 Fuller’s Earth Treatment And Re-inhibiting

IEEE C57: Max Acidity for 164h

0.5mg KOH/g
Oil Regeneration
58
Oxidation Stability Of Reclaimed Oil In PPAP LAB (500h)

“IEC 60296 (New Oil)”

Regeneration in other countries
59
 “EXPERIENCES FROM ON-SITE TRANSFORMER OIL RECLAIMING” CIGRE 2002

Average Data from 247 transformer treated in Norway and Sweden

6-8 months
Regeneration in other countries
60
 “EXPERIENCES FROM ON-SITE TRANSFORMER OIL RECLAIMING” CIGRE 2002

Average Data from 70 tranformer treated in Norway

Regeneration in other countries
61
 “EXPERIENCES FROM ON-SITE TRANSFORMER OIL RECLAIMING” CIGRE 2002

Average Data from 16 transformer treated in Sweden

Regeneration in other countries
62
 “EXPERIENCES FROM ON-SITE TRANSFORMER OIL RECLAIMING” CIGRE 2002

30 years old transformer in GERMANY

Regeneration Results
63
Regeneration Results
64
Oil Regeneration Results 1
Khorasan Province 65

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control control control IEC 60296

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Date 940505 940519 950907 960723 960914

khorasan najafi(SILOO) B. Voltage 60.1 75.1 71.7 74.4 75.1 MIN 70

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Viscosity at 40 9.2 8.8 8.7 8.9 8.8 MAX 12

khorasan najafi(SILOO) I. Tension 15 39.7 27.1 25.2 45 MIN 40

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Neutralization.N 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.022 0.002 MAX 0.01

khorasan najafi(SILOO) M.I.N 75 3970 2710 1145 22500 MIN 4000

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Tan delta at 90 0.07 0.004 0.011 0.0153 0.0029 MAX 0.005

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Resistivity at 90 2.5 65.2 21 18.2 145

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Wattercontent 7.8 1.5 2.5 6.4 1.1 MAX 30

khorasan najafi(SILOO) Color 5 0.5 2 3 1

khorasan najafi(SILOO) DBPC % - 0.3 0.25 - 0.4 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 66

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control control IEC 60296

khorasan daneshjoo T1 date 941111 941112 950306 960615

khorasan daneshjoo T1 B. Voltage 69.8 72 71.5 69.2 MIN 70

khorasan daneshjoo T1 Viscosity at 40 9.2 9.16 9 9.2 MAX 12

khorasan daneshjoo T1 I. Tension 17.5 31 30.8 27.2 MIN 40

khorasan daneshjoo T1 Neutralization.N 0.14 0.002 0.01 0.026 MAX 0.01

khorasan daneshjoo T1 M.I.N 134 15500 3080 1046 MIN 4000

khorasan daneshjoo T1 Tan delta at 90 0.056 0.03 0.032 0.035 MAX 0.005

khorasan daneshjoo T1 Resistivity at 90 3.85 15 15 21.5

khorasan daneshjoo T1 Wattercontent 10.9 2.6 3 3 MAX 30

khorasan daneshjoo T1 Color 5 0.5 1 2

khorasan daneshjoo T1 DBPC % - 0.3 0.29 0.28 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 67

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control control IEC 60296

khorasan daneshjoo T2 date 941111 941111 950305 960615

khorasan daneshjoo T2 B. Voltage 68.8 75.1 75 69.2 MIN 70

khorasan daneshjoo T2 Viscosity at 40 9.1 9 9 9 MAX 12

khorasan daneshjoo T2 I. Tension 23.9 31 30.5 26.7 MIN 40

khorasan daneshjoo T2 Neutralization.N 0.05 0.011 0.015 0.011 MAX 0.01

khorasan daneshjoo T2 M.I.N 478 2818 2033 2427 MIN 4000

khorasan daneshjoo T2 Tan delta at 90 0.06 0.037 0.031 0.029 MAX 0.005

khorasan daneshjoo T2 Resistivity at 90 4 25 24.5 24

khorasan daneshjoo T2 Wattercontent 5.5 4.4 5 1.8 MAX 30

khorasan daneshjoo T2 Color 5 1 1 2

khorasan daneshjoo T2 DBPC % - 0.3 0.27 0.23 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 68

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control IEC 60296

khorasan bardaskan T1 date 950316 950316 960907

khorasan bardaskan T1 B. Voltage 65 75.1 74.9 MIN 70

khorasan bardaskan T1 Viscosity at 40 7.94 7.91 8.1 MAX 12

khorasan bardaskan T1 I. Tension 17.2 41.7 32.9 MIN 40

khorasan bardaskan T1 Neutralization.N 0.066 0.002 0.006 MAX 0.01

khorasan bardaskan T1 M.I.N 260.6 20850 5483 MIN 4000

khorasan bardaskan T1 Tan delta at 90 0.053 0.005 0.0095 MAX 0.005

khorasan bardaskan T1 Resistivity at 90 4.5 78.2 41.2

khorasan bardaskan T1 Wattercontent 6.8 2.8 5 MAX 30

khorasan bardaskan T1 Color 5 0.5 2

khorasan bardaskan T1 DBPC % - 0.3 0.22 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 69

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control IEC 60296

khorasan bardaskan T2 date 950225 950329 960907

khorasan bardaskan T2 B. Voltage 62.7 75.1 75.1 MIN 70

khorasan bardaskan T2 Viscosity at 40 8.2 7.76 7.9 MAX 12

khorasan bardaskan T2 I. Tension 13.4 46.5 41.1 MIN 40

khorasan bardaskan T2 Neutralization.N 0.251 0.003 0.014 MAX 0.01

khorasan bardaskan T2 M.I.N 53.3 15466 2936 MIN 4000

khorasan bardaskan T2 Tan delta at 90 0.15 0.006 0.0137 MAX 0.005

khorasan bardaskan T2 Resistivity at 90 1.5 86.4 40

khorasan bardaskan T2 Wattercontent 9.2 2.6 3.7 MAX 30

khorasan bardaskan T2 Color 5 0.5 2

khorasan bardaskan T2 DBPC % - 0.3 0.2 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 70

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control IEC 60296

khorasan senegerd T2 date 950424 950519 960628

khorasan senegerd T2 B. Voltage 49 67 61 MIN 70

khorasan senegerd T2 Viscosity at 40 9.34 8.9 9 MAX 12

khorasan senegerd T2 I. Tension 19 48.6 43.7 MIN 40

khorasan senegerd T2 Neutralization.N 0.152 0.003 0.006 MAX 0.01

khorasan senegerd T2 M.I.N 125 16200 7283 MIN 4000

khorasan senegerd T2 Tan delta at 90 0.078 0.024 0.008 MAX 0.005

khorasan senegerd T2 Resistivity at 90 45 60 47

khorasan senegerd T2 Wattercontent 10.2 6.3 2.9 MAX 30

khorasan senegerd T2 Color 5 1 2

khorasan senegerd T2 DBPC % - 0.3 0.21 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 71

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control IEC 60296

khorasan dabiri date 950423 950423 960711

khorasan dabiri B. Voltage 42.8 66.8 61.6 MIN 70

khorasan dabiri Viscosity at 40 9.31 8.9 9.2 MAX 12

khorasan dabiri I. Tension 17.7 48.6 33.4 MIN 40

khorasan dabiri Neutralization.N 0.154 0.003 0.02 MAX 0.01

khorasan dabiri M.I.N 114.9 16200 1670 MIN 4000

khorasan dabiri Tan delta at 90 0.165 0.024 0.0327 MAX 0.005

khorasan dabiri Resistivity at 90 1.4 22.3 20

khorasan dabiri Wattercontent 10.6 6.3 5.6 MAX 30

khorasan dabiri Color 5 1 2

khorasan dabiri DBPC % - 0.3 0.15 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 72

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control IEC 60296

khorasan Sheybani T1 date 951004 951015 960217

khorasan Sheybani T1 B. Voltage 61.5 73 70.6 MIN 70

khorasan Sheybani T1 Viscosity at 40 7 7.3 7.2 MAX 12

khorasan Sheybani T1 I. Tension 16.3 39.8 38.5 MIN 40

khorasan Sheybani T1 Neutralization.N 0.133 0.002 0.012 MAX 0.01

khorasan Sheybani T1 M.I.N 122.5 19900 3208 MIN 4000

khorasan Sheybani T1 Tan delta at 90 0.085 0.004 0.0117 MAX 0.005

khorasan Sheybani T1 Resistivity at 90 3.4 37 28.8

khorasan Sheybani T1 Wattercontent 10.3 2.4 3.1 MAX 30

khorasan Sheybani T1 Color 4 0.5 2

khorasan Sheybani T1 DBPC % - 0.3 0.19 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province 73

SUBSTATION Test Before.R After.R control IEC 60296

khorasan Sheybani T2 date 951009 951014 960217

khorasan Sheybani T2 B. Voltage 68.5 75 75.1 MIN 70

khorasan Sheybani T2 Viscosity at 40 7.1 7.1 7 MAX 12

khorasan Sheybani T2 I. Tension 20.1 41.5 39.8 MIN 40

khorasan Sheybani T2 Neutralization.N 0.087 0.002 0.006 MAX 0.01

khorasan Sheybani T2 M.I.N 231 20750 6633 MIN 4000

khorasan Sheybani T2 Tan delta at 90 0.085 0.0089 0.008 MAX 0.005

khorasan Sheybani T2 Resistivity at 90 5.84 39 39

khorasan Sheybani T2 Wattercontent 6.7 3.4 3.5 MAX 30

khorasan Sheybani T2 Color 4 0.5 2

khorasan Sheybani T2 DBPC % - 0.3 0.21 MIN 0.3
Oil Regeneration Results
74

Abaspour Substation
Oil Regeneration Results
75

Bardaskan Substation
Oil Regeneration Results
76

Gharve Substation
Question?
APPENDIX
Oil Regeneration - …
1
Oil Regeneration Results
Khorasan Province Negotiation
Oil Regeneration Results
Shahid Abbaspoor Power Station Negotiation
Oil Regeneration Results
Kermanshah Province Negotiation
Oil Regeneration Results
Semnan Province Negotiation
Stability of Inhibitors
Sealed Transformers
 Oxidation is a slow process in sealed transformers
 Last for many years before needing to replenished, some more than 40 years
 Reduction of the concentration is normal. Maintaining the concentration at a
certain level is not needed and does not provide any additional benefit

Free Breathing Transformers

 Reduction of inhibitor in these transformers is somewhat faster depending on
temperature. If lightly loaded there will be very little reduction
 However, inhibitor concentrations still last a long time and sampling at an increased
frequency is not required.
Oil Change & Oil Reclaim