TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
THAPATHALI CAMPUS

A Report On

Design and Fabrication of Motorized Solar Scarecrow: Bird and Animal

Repellant

By

Jenish Pokharel (THA075BME015)

Ojesh Bhattarai (THA075BME021)
Shrebatsha Paudel (THA075BME045)
Sushil Chhetri (THA075BME046)

A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Thapathali Campus
Kathmandu Nepal
March 2023
 COPYRIGHT

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Mechanical Engineering, Thapathali Campus, Institute of Engineering in any use of
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the material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to:

Head
Department of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering

Thapathali Campus, Institute of Engineering

Thapathali, Kathmandu

Nepal
 TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

THAPATHALI CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommended to the Institute of
Engineering for acceptance, a project report entitled "DESIGN AND FABRICATION
OF MOTORIZED SOLAR SCARECROW: BIRD ANIMAL REPELLANT”
submitted by Jenish Pokharel(THA075BME015), Ojesh Bhattarai
(THA075BME021), Shrebatsha Paudel(THA075BME045) and Sushil
Chhetri(THA075BME046) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.

-------------------------------
Er. Sugam maharjan
Supervisor
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering
IOE Thapathali Campus

-------------------------------
Er. Kiran Subedi
External Examiner
National Innovation Center

-----------------------------------
Asst. Prof. Prajwal Raj Shakya
Head of Department
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering
IOE Thapathali Campus
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our immense gratitude and appreciation to our supervisor, Er.
Sugam Maharjan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering,
Thapathali Campus, whose guidance, supervision, and constant motivation have helped
us in solving each and every kind of problem that arose during our project. We are
simply overwhelmed by how he has always been available to answer our queries despite
his busy schedule.
We would also like to express our earnest gratitude to Er. Prajwal Raj Shakya, Head of
Department and Er. Debendra Kumar Raut, Deputy Head of Department, Department
of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Thapathali
Campus, for being a constant source of inspiration and for providing us with necessary
resources whenever needed.
We would also like to thank all the faculty members of Department of Automobile and
Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Thapathali Campus for their
helpfulness and constant support in completing our project.
Furthermore, we would highly appreciate any constructive feedback, suggestions, and
criticism from the readers, colleagues, and teachers. We would like to thank all the
people from the bottom of our hearts who extended a helping hand on our project.
 ABSTRACT

This project report presents the design and fabrication of a solar motorized scarecrow
that serves as a bird and animal repellant in agricultural fields. The scarecrow is
designed to move randomly, creating the impression of a human presence, which is
known to deter birds and animals from entering the field. The design of the scarecrow
consists of a solar panel, a motor, a battery, a pi camera, raspberry pi, and gears. The
solar panel is used to charge the battery, which powers the motor, while the gears are
used to control the movement of the scarecrow. The fabrication process involves the
installation of the solar panel, motor, gears, and rod, as well as the construction of the
scarecrow's body using woods. The scarecrow was tested in a field, and the results
showed a significant decrease in bird and animal invasions, resulting in a significant
improvement in crop yield. This project demonstrates that the solar motorized
scarecrow is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to the problem of
bird and animal invasions in agricultural fields.
 LIST OF NOTATIONS

Notations Symbols Unit

Acceleration due to gravity g m/s2

Pitch circumference C mm

Velocity of gear V m/s

Torque T Nm

Weight W N

Mass of arm M kg

Power of motor P watt

 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HP Horsepower

KW Kilowatt

KWH Kilowatt hour

N Newton

NM Newton meter

MM Millimeter

AH Ampere-hour
 Table of Contents

COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 4
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF NOTATIONS ................................................................................................. 6
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 11
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 11
1.2 Problem statement .............................................................................................. 13
1.3 Objectives: .......................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Main objective: ............................................................................................ 14
1.3.2 Specific objectives: ...................................................................................... 14
1.4 Limitations ......................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Significance of the study .................................................................................... 15
1.6 Scope of the study .............................................................................................. 15
1.6.1 Context scope: ............................................................................................. 15
1.6.2 Geographical scope: .................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 16
2.1 Earlier methods of Bird Scaring: ........................................................................ 16
2.1.1 Audio Systems ............................................................................................. 16
2.1.2 Visual Systems ............................................................................................ 18
2.1.3 Light Systems .............................................................................................. 20
2.1.4 Chemical Systems........................................................................................ 21
2.1.5 Structural Systems ....................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 25
3.1 Research and Literature review .......................................................................... 26
3.2 Field Visit ........................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Collection of data ............................................................................................... 27
3.4 Analysis of the data collected............................................................................. 27
3.5 Result of the evaluation ...................................................................................... 29
3.6 Conceptual Design ............................................................................................. 29
3.6.1 General description of the mode of operation of the scarecrow .................. 31
3.7 Prototyping ......................................................................................................... 32
3.7.1 Material Selection .................................................................................. 33
3.8 Testing and Validation: ...................................................................................... 49
 3.9 Optimization:...................................................................................................... 49
3.10 Final Design and Implementation: ................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 4. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS ...................................................... 51
4.1 Calculation for the power of solar panel ............................................................ 51
4.2 Calculation for gear dimensions ......................................................................... 52
4.3 Calculations for the power of motor .................................................................. 55
4.4 Calculations for battery Ampere-Hour ............................................................... 56
4.5 Selection of speaker ........................................................................................... 56
4.6 Programming ...................................................................................................... 58
4.7 Collection of training datasets ............................................................................ 60
4.8 Fabrication .......................................................................................................... 62
4.8.1 Gears ............................................................................................................ 62
4.8.2 Frame Assembly .......................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 5. TESTING AND ANALYSIS ............................................................... 64
CHAPTER 6. BUDGET STRUCTURE ...................................................................... 67
CHAPTER 7. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................... 68
CHAPTER 8.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................. 69
7.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 69
7.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 69
REFERENCES: ........................................................................................................... 70
 List of Figures

Figure 1 Bio acoustic deterrent ................................................................................... 16

Figure 2 Ultrasonic Devices........................................................................................ 17
Figure 3 Bird Blaster Deterrent................................................................................... 17
Figure 4 Rotating Scarecrows (Scaring Birds Website) ............................................. 19
Figure 5 Bird Lite........................................................................................................ 20
Figure 6 Hot Foot Repellent Gel ................................................................................. 22
Figure 7 Bird Spike 2001 ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 8 Flowchart of methodology ........................................................................... 25
Figure 9 Front view of the scarecrow ......................................................................... 30
Figure 10 Inclined view of scarecrow ......................................................................... 30
Figure 11 Raspberry Pi ............................................................................................... 34
Figure 12 Pin in Raspberry Pi ..................................................................................... 34
Figure 13 Mechanical design of Raspberry Pi ............................................................ 35
Figure 14 Pi camera ..................................................................................................... 37
Figure 15 Flowchart of image processing .................................................................... 39
Figure 16 Flowchart of connection in Pi..................................................................... 40
Figure 17 DC Motor..................................................................................................... 41
Figure 18 Gear Mesh .................................................................................................. 44
Figure 19 Sealed lead acid Battery ............................................................................. 45
Figure 20 Solar panel .................................................................................................. 45
Figure 21 Connecting wires ........................................................................................ 47
Figure 22 Nuts, Bolts and Screws ............................................................................... 47
Figure 23 Plywood ...................................................................................................... 49
Figure 24 Graph showing number if images provided in each class ........................... 60
Figure 25 Data of different images according to class ................................................ 61
Figure 26 Gear in Ultimaker cura ............................................................................... 62
Figure 27 Front view of scarecrow ............................................................................. 63
Figure 28 Inside view of top body .............................................................................. 63
Figure 29 Recognition of fox ....................................................................................... 64
Figure 30 Recognition of Pigeon ................................................................................. 64
Figure 31 Loss Vs Epoch ............................................................................................. 65
Figure 32 Accuracy Vs Epoch ..................................................................................... 65
 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Birds, known to play an important role in pollination, putting a check on pesky insects
and rodents, could also be causing drastic decrease in crop yields by destroying them,
according to a report, which calls it as an emerging concern in Nepalese agriculture.
Birds are known to cause considerable economic damage to variety of crops
during vulnerable stages in different agro-ecological regions of the country. The
extent of bird damage to any crop depends on several factors like concentration of local
bird population, total area under the crop, cropping pattern habitat of the area, season
and physiological status of the bird. It identified 63 bird species of birds, 1,364, from
19 families that caused damage to several crops. A whopping 52 bird species attacked
cereals, pulses got attacked by 14 bird species, while oilseeds faced damage risk
by 15 species, and fruits by 23 species. They also caused damage to the crops of
smaller grains such as pearl millet and sorghum as well as maize. Traditional
management techniques for predatory birds include erecting a Machen amidst crop
fields, pitcher-effigy (scare crows), drum beating; habitat manipulation, block
plantation, reflective ribbon for bird scaring, reflective paper plate, bird resistant
hybrids, could be some of the eco-friendly management methods.

Motorized solar scarecrow technology is an easy and reliable way to control major
avian crop pests like birds and or animals. This Scarecrow decreases crop damage by
dispersing birds in a safe and human way. The nature-inspired technology uses bio-
acoustics to protect farmland and agricultural areas. The technology of scarecrow has
many applications which include reducing financial loss due to crop damage caused by
birds, reliable, human and safe agricultural bird dispersal, and the chosen bird control
system for the farming industry.

Birds and animals are causing significant damage to crops, resulting in a loss of yield
harvest for farmers. Traditional methods used by farmers, such as static scarecrows, are
not effective for large fields, and the labor requirements for bird scaring are expensive.
Lethal methods, such as avicides, are also not environmentally friendly and pose a risk
to human health.

To address this issue, there is a need for an efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly
solution to prevent birds and animals from damaging crops. Motorized solar scarecrow
technology can provide an effective and sustainable solution to this problem. By using
bio-acoustics and movement to create the illusion of a predator, the motorized
scarecrow can scare away birds and animals and protect crops without harming the
environment or human health. It is also powered by solar energy, making it a cost-
effective and sustainable solution for farmers.

The background of the project can also include a discussion on the importance of
agriculture and the impact of bird and animal damage on crop yield and farmer
livelihood. It can also highlight the need for innovation and technological
advancements in agriculture to improve crop yield and minimize damage caused by
pests. Additionally, the background can discuss the existing methods for bird and
animal control in agriculture and their limitations, emphasizing the need for a more
efficient and sustainable solution
1.2 Problem statement

Hungry birds and animals have always been a problem for farmers. Sometimes the
birds could eat so much corn or wheat that a farmer and his family would not have
enough food to last through the winter. So for more than 3000 years, farmers have
been making scarecrows.

The problem statement is that hungry birds and animals are causing significant
damage to paddy fields, resulting in a loss of yield harvest for farmers. The traditional
methods used by farmers, such as static scarecrows, are not effective for large fields,
and the labor requirements for bird scaring are expensive. Lethal methods, such as
avicides, are also not environmentally friendly and pose a risk to human health.

The current situation requires a more efficient and sustainable solution to prevent
birds and animals from damaging crops. The use of motorized solar scarecrow
technology can provide an eco-friendly and effective solution to this problem. By
using bio-acoustics and movement to create the illusion of a predator, the motorized
scarecrow can scare away birds and animals and protect crops without harming the
environment or human health. It is also powered by solar energy, making it a cost-
effective and sustainable solution for farmers.

Therefore, the problem statement highlights the need for a reliable, efficient, and eco-
friendly solution to control bird and animal damage to crops. The motorized solar
scarecrow technology can be an effective and sustainable solution to this problem,
benefiting farmers by protecting their crops and reducing financial losses.
1.3 Objectives:

1.3.1 Main objective:

To design and construct a modern bird and animal repellant prototype that is solar
powered motorized and plays sounds/signals of distress to scare away animals and
birds.

1.3.2 Specific objectives:

1. To identify the current techniques used to chase away or control bird and
animals.
2. To design a wireless communicating devices.
3. To design a sound producing system and image/object detection devices.
4. To design a human-like hand motion to scare birds and animals.

1.4 Limitations

• The pi camera used in our project is of range of only 50 meter.

• The camera used is a wide angle camera of range of 160 degree only. So, it
would not be applicable for larger fields.
• As raspberry pi is used , it would become a bit expensive.
1.5 Significance of the study

This project scares off birds and animals from fields hence reducing on the physical
damage the birds would cause to the crops. And thus increasing on the quantity and
quality of the harvest as well as increasing the monetary gains to the farmers. The device
saves the largescale commercial farmers on money they would spend annually on the
labor of the bird scarers. And also it is environmentally friendly compared to the lethal
technique used by some farmers such as treatment of field with avicides hence making
it a more desirable technique of bird rice damage control.

1.6 Scope of the study

1.6.1 Context scope:

The project design is mainly limited to detection of motion of birds and animals
using a pi camera sensor which then activates the buzzer to produce sound and also
servo motors for arm’s rotation.

1.6.2 Geographical scope:

The research survey focused majorly on fields in the terai region of Nepal since the
production of agricultural products are mainly done in the terai region of Nepal.
 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Many techniques are available to protect crops from bird damage. The main conclusion
of this study is that the effectiveness of each technique varies with bird species involved
and that optimal bird control methods combine several techniques or use them in a
random fashion. Human operated scaring techniques were the most effective; lethal
methods are of only short-term benefit. In Africa, traditional, low-cost methods are
mainly used.

2.1 Earlier methods of Bird Scaring:

2.1.1 Audio Systems

i. Bio-acoustic Deterrent

Figure 1 Bio acoustic deterrent

The bio-acoustic deterrent is a device that emits sound with frequency levels targeting
different bird species and covers a wide range acoustic spectrum from below that
human perceive (infrasonic) to above our hearing range (ultrasonic). Although many
of the commercially available sonic pests show poor results, the use of sound as a
viable treatment option still exists (DE Gomez, 2014). However, this device loses its
effectiveness if they are not moved regularly and have their best results in
combination with a variety of techniques.

ii. Ultrasonic Devices

Other such bird deterrents such as ultrasonic systems which emit frequencies 21-
26kHz in order to deter birds from areas such as warehouses, manufacturing plants,
arenas, and loading docks. One of the current systems on the market is the Bird Chase
Ultrasonic from Bird-B-Gone as shown in figure.
 Figure 2 Ultrasonic Devices

This system comes with 5 different program modes of ramp, blast, steady, sweep and
random to discourage birds from the surrounding area. It also has 6 separate speakers
and a claimed range of 500 square metres. Despite the superior features of this system
the is no evidence that ultrasonic devices deter birds, with studies showing that most
species of birds do not hear frequencies above 20kHz (Harris and Davis, 1998) giving
no biological reason to use ultrasonics. Therefore ultrasonic systems are ineffective in
deterring birds and use should be avoided.

iii. Bird Blaster Deterrent

One of the most complex bird deterrents on the market today is the “Bird Blaster”
deterrent. This system uses a network of pressurised tubes that surround a Doppler
radar that is used to sense bird in the surrounding area.

Figure 3 Bird Blaster Deterrent

At various locations in the tube are t-sections that have short pieces of tube that are
controlled by solenoids. When a bird comes into the radar, the system controls the
closest solenoid to the bird to open which in turn lets the pressurised air escape creating
a hissing noise and a 'waggling' motion. This system tries to imitate a snake to induce
a 'startle' reaction from the bird. Despite the autonomous nature of this deterrent system
it is relatively ineffective in scaring birds because the length of the tubes do not create
a significant enough threat.

iv. Propane Canons

It is a propane-powered gas gun which produces a periodic explosion. The audible bang
can reach very loud volumes, in excess of 150 decibels, causing a flight reaction in
birds. The similarity between a scare cannon and a 12 gauge shotgun is thought to cause
a startle/fear reaction, although it is also effective against birds that have not been
exposed to hunting pressure. Birds can become habituated to the sound of regular
cannon detonations, especially if it does not vary in its magnitude, pitch, or time.

v. Fireworks

Fireworks can also be used as bird scarers, and some jurisdictions issue special licences
for agricultural fireworks. This practice has been criticised as a loophole for the sale of
consumer fireworks. Again, the loud bangs can also irritate people living on nearby
properties.

2.1.2 Visual Systems

i. Scarecrow
One of the oldest designs of bird scarer is the scarecrow which is in the
shape of a human figure. The scarecrow idea has been built upon numerous
times, and not all visual scare devices are shaped like humans. The "Flash
man Birdscarer, “Iridescent tape,” Terror Eyes balloons and other visual
deterrents are all built on the idea of visually scaring birds. This method
doesn't work so well with all species, considering that some species
frequently perch on scarecrows. By analogy, people make monkey scarers
to protect their crop land.
In general, because scarecrows are motionless they only provide short term
protection due to the fact that the threat they create is perceived rather than
real. Once the birds in the surrounding area realize that there is no danger
the scarecrow loses all its effect so much so that some birds have been found
to associate with them favourably.
 Figure 4 Rotating Scarecrows (Scaring
Birds Website)

ii. Corpses
An alternative method used to deter birds has involved deploying replicas
or even actual corpses of birds in a way that signals danger. Birds often
approach the corpse out of curiosity but leave when they see the unnatural
position. Although this technique is inexpensive, its effectiveness varies
depending on whether the corpse is continually moved and the availability
of alternative sites for the birds to relocate. As with most visual deterrents
it is recommended that this device is used in conjunction with others to be
successful for a significant period of time.

iii. Kites
Hawk kites are mobile devices that act as a predators to create a threat to
birds in the surrounding area. Most kites bear the image of a soaring eagle
outline and are tied to the ground. Studies have shown that hawk kites are
ineffective in deterring birds from crops (Conover, 1983) but however, are
effective when flown beneath helium balloons to create a sufficient
threatening movement.
Kites are generally easily damaged by strong winds and have difficulty
staying airborne in air speeds that exceed 8 km/h (Hothern and Dehaven
1982). They also are only effective for a short period of time and over a
small area.

There are also several other visual deterrents that are on the market today including
mirrors, hawk-eyed balloons, large hawk eyes. These deterrents however are not as
common or effective and are only suited to smaller areas.
2.1.3 Light Systems

1. Strobe Lights

Flashing, rotating, strobe and searchlights are novel stimulus to birds, which
encourage an avoidance response (Harris and Davis 1998). Although stationary
lights are known to attract birds at night, bright, flashing, revolving lights cause a
blinding effect which causes confusion. Light systems are designed for deterring
birds from roosting and feeding in specific areas and are most effective between
dusk and dawn (Blackwell, Bernhardt, Dolbeer, 2002).

Studies conducted on light systems have shown that high intensity strobe lights
caused birds to take evasive action and move away from some airfields (Pilo
1988). In the same study it was found that a randomised selection of two strobe
frequencies increased the effectiveness over a range of species and that the strobes
stopped all bird habitation.

Figure 5 Bird Lite

The above Figure is the Bird Lite, which generates colored flashing light by rotating
at various speeds and illuminating different sections of its outer case. Light
deterrents such as the Bird Lite are easy to deploy and require little maintenance,
however should not be used in areas where they might cause a visual nuisance to
surrounding properties. They are also no very effective during daylight hours and
their ability to deter birds is species dependent. Light deterrents are best used with
a combination of other methods.
 2. Lasers

As the demand for non-lethal, environmentally safe methods of bird scaring has
increased, interest has grown in the use of lasers, particularly low-power lasers that
work under low light conditions (Bishop, McKay, Parrott, Allan, 2003). The low
power levels, distance, accuracy and silence makes lasers an attractive choice when
choosing a method of bird control.

The use of lasers can be an effective method of bird scaring, although there is some
evidence to suggest some birds are laser-resistant (McKay, 1999). Laser equipment
is expensive and specialized training and safety precautions need to be in place in
order for sound bird deterring practice to be achieved. As the effectiveness of the
lasers decrease with increased light levels, their use in bird deterrence is only
feasible from dusk till dawn and with hand held lasers requiring a user the overall
cost of the deterrent is increased. New technology such as rotating and scanning
laser systems has made obsolete, however these systems lack accuracy and the
ability to keep non-target disturbance to a minimum.

2.1.4 Chemical Systems

1. Taste Repellants

Taste repellents can be divided into primary and secondary repellents. Primary
repellents are agents that are avoided upon first exposure because they smell or taste
offensive or cause irritation. Secondary repellents are not immediately offensive,
but cause illness or an unpleasant experience. Following the ingestion of the
secondary repellent, the bird then relates the taste to a unpleasant experience and
avoids future encounters (Bishop, McKay, Parrott, Allan, 2003).

Using taste repellents is relatively expensive when compared to other deterrent

devices due to the high cost of the chemicals needed and the labor and time needed
to apply them. Taste repellents may however be an economically viable solution for
small crop areas with studies showing that they are effective in lowering the level
of bird damage. For taste repellents to be effective regular spraying and persistence
is required (McKay and Parrott, 2002).
 2. Tactile Repellants

Tactile repellents involve the use of sticking substances that discourage birds
because of their 'tacky' feel. They can be applied as clay-based seed coatings, or as
pastes and liquids on ledges and other roosting structures to deter settling birds
(Bishop, McKay, Parrott, Allan, 2003).

An example of a tactile repellent is the Hot Foot Repellent Gel (See Figure 2.4.1).
It is opaque in appearance and has a lower toxicity than table salt.

Figure 6 Hot Foot Repellent Gel

Tactile Repellents are time consuming to apply and although are not weather
resistant can last up to a year in sheltered areas (Transport Canada 1994). They
have found to be effective in preventing larger birds from perching on antennas
but are less effective on smaller birds who require only a small area to perch.

2.1.5 Structural Systems

1. Wires

A common problem in large cities is the number of birds that roost on buildings and
cover them in droppings. For this reason static structural deterrents have been
developed and are used on many modern buildings. The main criteria in structural
deterrents apart from deterring birds, is to be subtle and unnoticeable.
Overhead wires can be an effective method and low cost method of deterring birds.
Many types of lines can be used but it is their spacing and height that appear to
determine the bird species against which they are most effective (Bishop, McKay,
Parrott, Allan, 2003). Wire systems can be relatively cheap to install and maintain,
however require constant checking for broken lines that will be exploited by bird
pests. They are a successful means of bird deterrence on large sites but are probably
more effective on roof tops and ponds and small open areas.

2. Spikes

Spikes deterrents are made of strips of plastic or metal with upward pointing
stainless steel or plastic spikes attached to ledges of buildings (See Figure 2.5.1).

Figure 7 Bird Spike 2001

The spikes on these systems vary in length and orientation but act as a physical
barrier to prevent birds from landing in all cases. These systems are relatively
expensive and are easy to install however as with wires require constant checking
to remove debris which may cover the spikes. Due to the sharpness of the tips and
the danger they create this deterrent is illegal for use in some countries (Turner
1998).

3. Electric Shock

Another commonly used deterrent is an electric shock track. The shock track works
similarly to an electric fence with the track placed around the ledges of a building
whilst an intermittent electric charge is passed through it. When a bird lands on the
cable it completes the electric circuit and receives a mild shock. Manufacturers
claim that the shock created induces the bird into giving a distress call which helps
distress other birds (Transport Canada 1994). The effectiveness of electric shock
tracks is similar to tactile repellents with a greater degree of success found with
larger birds. Electric track systems are only effective over a small area and because
of their dangerous nature are also illegal in some countries (Turner 1998).
CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY

Figure 8 Flowchart of methodology

3.1 Research and Literature review

 Identifying different types of birds and animals that commonly cause damage
to crops in the target geographic region. This was done by consulting with
agricultural experts, researching online, and conducting surveys among local
farmers.
 Reviewing existing literature on bird and animal repellent techniques, including
both traditional and modern methods. This includes techniques like scarecrows,
netting, fencing, and ultrasonic devices.
 Conducting extensive research on bird and animal repellent techniques,
studying relevant literature on sound-producing systems, image/object
detection, and wireless communication devices.
 Studying relevant literature on sound-producing systems, image/object
detection, and wireless communication devices to identify potential
technologies and techniques that could be used in the bird and animal repellent
system.

3.2 Field Visit

This stage of the project involves identifying the specific needs and
requirements of the agricultural industry in the target geographic region. This
requires identifying and contacting stakeholders, such as farmers and industry
associations, and conducting surveys and interviews to understand the extent
and nature of bird and animal damage to crops. It also involves investigating the
economic impact of bird and animal damage on the agricultural industry,
including direct costs such as crop loss and indirect costs such as increased labor
and material expenses. Additionally, it also includes evaluating existing bird
and animal repellent systems and technologies that are currently used in the
target geographic region to identify their effectiveness and limitations. Cultural,
social, and ethical considerations related to the use of bird and animal repellent
systems should also be taken into account. The results of the needs assessment
can then be used to inform the design and development of the proposed bird and
animal repellent system, ensuring that it is effective, appropriate, and culturally
sensitive.
3.3 Collection of data

This involved research through textbooks, past reports in the existing bird
control techniques, journals patents and browsing the different websites on the
internet on the content relating to the project. We carried out a survey on 20 th
,21st, 22nd Kartik at Kirtipur in which 37 individual farmers were interviewed,
and 97.3% acknowledged that they were experiencing problems with birds and
animals attacking their rice ,maize ,millet ,etc. which could feed on the grains
in the milky stage of the crop.

Different existing birds and animals repellent systems are taken into
consideration along with their equipment requirements, stealth, effectiveness
and automatic ability.

3.4 Analysis of the data collected

To evaluate current bird deterrent systems a set of criteria needs to be

determined with a corresponding grading scale. In this evaluation other factors
such as cost, physical requirements and area covered will also be used to
determine the best deterrent to undergo automation.

A ranked positional method will be used in this evaluation with each category
being weighted out of a total of ten points by its importance and then a rating
being given under each category out of five for each individual deterrent. The
rating under each category is then multiplied by then importance factor at the
top of the column, and the results summed for each deterrent. Once this is
completed, averages can be calculated to determine the deterrent that best meets
the criteria.

Due to the lack of testing and information of some types of bird deterrents the
below table only takes into account 17 of the current commercially available
deterrents with many values of area covered and cost being taken from suppliers
documentation. In cases where little or no information was available the
effectiveness and area covered results are only hypothesized values in
comparison to the other deterrents.

The results of this evaluation are recorded in the Table 1 on the following page.
Table 1 Evaluation of Bird Deterrent
3.5 Result of the evaluation

From the above table, the four bird deterrent systems that best matched the
criteria were the strobe light, the laser deterrent, propane cannon and the
movement activated audio deterrent. All deterrents scored above the average of
31.17 and scored well in most areas with the cost comparatively low and
effectiveness. Therefore the decision on what deterrent to automate for this
project was to create the solar motorized scarecrow along with the image
detection systems and sound producing systems.

Laser deterrents are an effective, silent, highly directionable and almost

undetectable form of bird deterrent which could be easily automated. However
this technology comes at a high financial cost of around $2000 per unit and also
creates many safety issues when being used around humans due the Class III B
power rating. It would also be very difficult to create an effective laser deterrent
that could achieve the accuracy of a birds eye and to compensate for this a larger
laser would be required which would also greatly increase the cost.

Strobe lights are also effective form of bird deterrent. Due to the fact that strobe
lights can cause a nuisance to neighboring properties in open areas, it would be
unreasonable to use the strobe lights. For this, we have selected the bird
repellent system as solar powered as well as motorized along with the camera
detection, sound producing systems and hand like motion system so that the cost
would be minimized as well as the area covered would be increased.

3.6 Conceptual Design

Developing the initial design concepts for the bird and animal repellent
prototype is a critical step in the process of designing and fabricating a
motorized solar scarecrow. To do this, we first identify the key requirements
of the system, such as the types of birds and animals that need to be repelled,
the size of the area to be protected, and the specific environmental conditions
that the system will be operating in. The birds and animals were common that
should be repelled and the area to be protected was set to 50 meters along with
the withstanding of different environmental conditions as storm, heavy rain
and heavy wind.
After identifying the requirements, we researched existing bird and animal
repellent systems and technologies to understand what features have been
successful and what has been done before. This research help us to generate
ideas for the different components of the system, such as the sound-producing
system, image/object detection, human-like hand motion, and wireless
communication device.

Then, we evaluate each idea based on its feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-
effectiveness. This evaluation help us to identify the most promising design
concepts that can be pursued further. From there, we select a design concept
that meets the requirements of the bird and animal repellent system and has the
highest potential for success.

Figure 9 Front view of the scarecrow

Figure 10 Inclined view of scarecrow

A 3-D design was made using the Solidworks software along with the
dimensions and required system in it.
3.6.1 General description of the mode of operation of the scarecrow

The designed and fabricated scarecrow consists of mainly two systems, that is,
the motion producing system, and the sound producing system. The motion
gesturing system comprises of two high torque plastic geared dc motors to act
as arms while the sound producing system consists of siren horn speaker
switched on and off by a transistor which is activated by image processing
sensor (raspberry pi) that is integrated with the system.

3.6.1.1 Detailed description of the system

The system is wholly automatic and is turned on for a predetermined time

interval and off by a image processing sensor set by the designer in the program
uploaded into the microcontroller (raspberry pi). The dynamic scarecrow
consists of two separate subsystems operating as one system in order to make
the scarecrow effective in scaring off the birds and animals from the fields
making it difficult for the birds to get accustomed to the scaring technique
implemented.

These two subsystems are the motion gesturing system and the sound producing
system working simultaneously. The working principle of each subsystem is
described in detail as below:

3.6.1.2 Image Processing System

Image Acquisition:

Machine Vision is the use of computers to analyses situations and actions

through the use of digitized video footage. To achieve this the images used must
converted from film to digital information in order for a computer to process it.

Basic Image Processing:

There are countless ways in which images can be processed to achieve a variety
of different results. Through software processing computers can recognize
shapes, patterns, objects, and movement to determine relevant information
pertaining to a specific point of interest. The most basic form of image analysis
is image comparison. This technique compares RGB values in the current image
 to the previous with significant changes signifying a change or movement to the
environment. Image comparison is very simple however requires constant
updating of the image and fast processing times. Speed problems can occur with
this technique when images are high resolution however the speed of the
analysis can be increased easily by 100% by reducing the resolution of the
image by half or by only sampling a every second pixel.

3.6.1.3 Sound Processing System

This system consists of a wireless Bluetooth speaker consisting 3.5mm jack port
which can be connected to Raspberry Pi speaker port producing 110db of sound
level intensity and frequency response as 100Hz-18KHz at 5V at 5W.

The operation of this system is that the Image sensor acts as input to the
microcontroller just as the motion system. When motion is detected on the
scarecrow in its range of detection of motion, it sends a digital high signal
(1/ON) to the Raspberry Pi to switch on the siren which produces multiple
sounds for a predetermined time as written in the program by the designer to
produce sounds of high intensity and frequency to irritate and scare off the birds.
Also a transmitter placed at different point in the field attached on sends a high
digital signal whenever it detects motion to the receiver to trigger on the siren
for the same predetermined time and a dc motor attached to the receiver circuit
triggers the arms rotation and goes off until motion is again detected by the
Image sensor, otherwise the system sends a low digital signal which keeps the
siren off till motion is detected.

3.7 Prototyping

This stage involves building a physical prototype of the bird and animal
repellent system based on the design concepts developed in the previous step.
This includes creating a detailed design, gathering materials and components,
assembling the prototype, testing it, and iterating and improving it as needed.
Building and testing a prototype helps to identify any issues early on and make
changes to the design as needed, ensuring the final product is effective in
repelling birds and animals and meets the needs of farmers and agricultural
industries.
 3.7.1 Material Selection

Table 2 Material selection

SN Components Quantity
1. Raspberry pi 1
2. Pi camera 1
3. Battery 1
4. DC motor 1
5. Gears 3
6. Solar Panel 2
7. Speaker 1
8. Connecting wires As much required
9. Water proof plywood As much required

3.7.1.1 Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in

the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association
with Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned towards the
promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and in developing
countries .The original model became more popular than anticipated selling
outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many
areas, such as for weather monitoring because of its low cost, modularity, and
open design. It is typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to
its adoption of the HDMI and USB standards.

Any of the GPIO pins can be designated (in software) as an input or output pin
and used for a wide range of purposes.
Figure 11 Raspberry Pi

Figure 12 Pin in Raspberry Pi

Rasbpberry pi 3B+ Model:

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is the latest product in the Raspberry Pi 3 range,

boasting a 64-bit quad core processor running at 1.4GHz, dual-band 2.4GHz
and 5GHz wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.2/BLE, faster Ethernet, and PoE
capability via a separate PoE HAT The dual-band wireless LAN comes with
modular compliance certification, allowing the board to be designed into end
products with significantly reduced wireless LAN compliance testing,
improving both cost and time to market. The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+
maintains the same mechanical footprint as both the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B
and the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B.
Specifications:

The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is the final revision in the Raspberry Pi 3 range.

 Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.4GHz

 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM
 2.4GHz and 5GHz IEEE 802.11.b/g/n/ac wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.2, BLE
 Gigabit Ethernet over USB 2.0 (maximum throughput 300 Mbps)
 Extended 40-pin GPIO header
 Full-size HDMI
 4 USB 2.0 ports
 CSI camera port for connecting a Raspberry Pi camera
 DSI display port for connecting a Raspberry Pi touchscreen display
 4-pole stereo output and composite video port
 Micro SD port for loading your operating system and storing data
 5V/2.5A DC power input
 Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) support (requires separate PoE HAT)

Mechanical design:

Figure 13 Mechanical design of Raspberry Pi

Warnings:

 This product should only be connected to an external power supply rated at

5V/2.5 A DC. Any external power supply used with the Raspberry Pi 3 Model
B+ shall comply with relevant regulations and standards applicable in the
country of intended use.
 This product should be operated in a well-ventilated environment and, if used
inside a case, the case should not be covered.
 Whilst in use, this product should be placed on a stable, flat, non-conductive
surface and should not be contacted by conductive items.
 The connection of incompatible devices to the GPIO connection may affect
compliance, result in damage to the unit, and invalidate the warranty.
 All peripherals used with this product should comply with relevant standards
for the country of use and be marked accordingly to ensure that safety and
performance requirements are met. These articles include but are not limited to
keyboards, monitors, and mice when used in conjunction with the Raspberry Pi.
 The cables and connectors of all peripherals used with this product must have
adequate insulation so that relevant safety requirements are met.

Safety Instructions:

 Do not expose to water or moisture, or place on a conductive surface whilst in

operation.
 Do not expose to heat from any source; the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ is designed
for reliable operation at normal ambient temperatures.
 Do not expose the printed circuit board to high-intensity light sources (e.g.
xenon flash or laser) whilst in operation.
 Take care whilst handling to avoid mechanical or electrical damage to the
printed circuit board and connectors.
 Whilst it is powered, avoid handling the printed circuit board, or only handle it
by the edges to minimize the risk of electrostatic discharge damage.
Operation of Raspberry Pi:

Operating a Raspberry Pi 3B+ requires several steps, including setting up the

hardware, installing an operating system, and configuring the device. Here is a
general overview of the steps involved in operating a Raspberry Pi 3B+:

1. Set up the hardware: To set up the hardware, you will need a Raspberry Pi
3B+, a micro SD card, a power supply, and any additional peripherals you may
want to use, such as a keyboard, mouse, and monitor. You will need to connect
the peripherals to the appropriate ports on the Raspberry Pi, insert the micro SD
card with the operating system, and connect the power supply.

2. Install an operating system: The Raspberry Pi 3B+ does not come with an
operating system pre-installed, so you will need to download and install one
yourself. The official operating system for Raspberry Pi is called Raspberry Pi
OS, and it can be downloaded from the official website. You will need to
download the image file and use a software tool like Etcher to write the image
to the micro SD card.

3. Configure the device: Once the operating system is installed, you will need
to configure the by setting up the network, updating the software, and enabling
any desired features. You can do this using the command line or a graphical
interface, depending on your preference.

4. Use the device: With the Raspberry Pi 3B+ set up and configured, you can
begin using it for various tasks, such as programming, media playback, home
automation, and more.

3.7.1.2 Pi camera

Figure 14 Pi camera

Raspberry Pi Wide Angle Camera Module is a low-cost Fisheye Lens, wider Field
View, Camera module, designed for Raspberry Pi.
  Raspberry Pi Camera, supports all revisions of the Pi
 Fisheye Lens, offers wider field of view
 5 megapixel OV5647 sensor
 Camera specifications
Aperture (F): 2.35
Focal Length: adjustable
Field of View: 160 degree (while other normal cameras are typically 72
degree)
Diagonal angle: 160 degree
Horizontal angle: 132 degree
Sensor best resolution: 1080p
 4 screw holes

Used for attachment

Provides 3.3V power output

Supports connecting fill flash LED

 Dimension: 25mm x 24mm

3.7.1.3 Python

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy

emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is
dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming
paradigms, including structured, object-oriented and functional programming.

Image processing in Python?

Python provides lots of libraries for image processing, including:

 OpenCV − Image processing library mainly focused on real-time computer

vision with application in wide-range of areas like 2D and 3D feature toolkits,
facial & gesture recognition, Human-computer interaction, Mobile robotics,
Object identification and others.
 Numpy and Scipy libraries − For image manipulation and processing.
 Sckikit − Provides lots of algorithms for image processing.
  Python Imaging Library (PIL) − To perform basic operations on images like
create thumbnails, resize, rotation, convert between different file formats etc.

BASIC CONCEPT OF IMAGE PROCESSING:

In general, any digital image processing algorithm consists of three stages: input,
processor and output. In the input stage image is captured by a camera. It sent to a
particular system to focus on a pixel of image that’s gives, its output as a processed
image.

Figure 15 Flowchart of image processing

SYSTEM HARDWARE DESIGN:

The Raspberry Pi board is the central module of the whole embedded image capturing
and processing system as given in fig. 2. Its main parts include: main processing chip
unit, memory, power supply HDMI Out i.e VGA display, Ethernet port, and USB ports.
Figure 16 Flowchart of connection in Pi
3.7.1.3 DC Motor

Typical DC (Direct Current) motors operate in a similar way to stepper motors

which is why they are often classified DC motors. A DC motor generates torque
by creating an interaction between a fixed and rotating magnet field. The fixed
field is supplied by high energy permanent magnets. The rotating field is created
by passing a DC current through several different windings on the armature
(rotating part) and timing which winding is powered through a device called a
commutator. Power is applied to the armature by brushes which ride on the
commutator.

The shortfall with DC motors is that they require a potentiometer to determine

position or amount of rotation which adds costs to the overall system. Despite
this fact DC motors have been selected for use in this project due to their ability
to maintain a constant smooth flow of velocity to the system and because
position feedback is not needed at this stage in design.

Figure 17 DC Motor

For this project the maximum voltage rating of 12V was selected in order to
increase the portability of the device.

The power required for the motor so that the arms that are connected to the gears
and motor can be calculated by:

𝑉
𝑃=𝑇∗
60000
 Where, P is the power required for motor

T is the total torque required to turn the gear

V is the speed of the gear where arms are attached

The torque required is calculated as:

𝑇 = 2* W*L

Where, W is the weight of the arm

L is the length of the arm

And the total torque would be:

𝑇(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) = 2 ∗ 𝑇

3.7.1.4 Gears

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a
cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Viewing the gear at 90 degrees
from the shaft length (side on) the tooth faces are straight and aligned parallel
to the axis of rotation. Looking down the length of the shaft, a tooth's cross
section is usually not triangular. Instead of being straight (as in a triangle) the
sides of the cross section have a curved form (usually involute and less
commonly cycloidal) to achieve a constant drive ratio. Spur gears mesh together
correctly only if fitted to parallel shafts. No axial thrust is created by the tooth
loads. Spur gears are excellent at moderate speeds but tend to be noisy at high
speeds.

For this project, we will be using gear of suitable dimensions that is produced
with the help of 3D printer.

Material: PLA (Polylactic Acid)

Features:

Density: 1.20-1.30 kg/L

Melting point: 155-185°C,

 Intrinsic viscosity IV: 0.2-8 dL/g

Glass transition temperature: 60-65°C,

Heat transfer coefficient: 0.025 λ(w/m*k)

Advantages:

 Is bio degradable
 Is eco-friendly material
 Good tensile strength and ductility
 Has antibacterial and antifungal properties

Limitation:

 Low melting point

 Compostable but not fast enough
 High permeability

The equation that is required to get the relation between speed of gear and teeth of
gear is:

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

=
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟

The velocity of gear can be calculated as:

𝑊∗𝑑
V=
2

Where, W = 2*π*N
N is the number of teeth in the gear
Also, the work transmitted is calculated using the equation;
𝐻
Work transmitted (Wt) = 60000 * 𝜋∗𝑑∗𝑁

Where, H is the horsepower transmitted by motor.

 Figure 18 Gear Mesh

The above figure shows the meshing of the gear that is used in our project.

3.7.1.5 Battery

The battery used in the project should be able to store energy from the solar
panel and power the motor and bird repellent device. A suitable battery for this
application would be a rechargeable deep cycle battery, such as a sealed lead-
acid or lithium-ion battery.

Lithium-ion batteries are also known for their high energy density, light
weight, and long lifespan. They are commonly used in portable electronics and
electric vehicles due to their high power output and fast charging capabilities.
However, they are more expensive than lead-acid batteries and require special
care to prevent overcharging and overheating.

Sealed lead-acid batteries are commonly used for backup power and solar
applications because they are reliable and cost-effective. They are available in
a variety of sizes and capacities and can be recharged hundreds of times. They
are also capable of delivering high current for short periods of time, which is
important for the motor.
 Figure 19 Sealed lead acid Battery

The battery chosen for the project will depend on the specific power
requirements of the motor and bird repellent device, as well as the size and
weight constraints of the scarecrow. It is important to choose a battery with the
appropriate voltage and capacity to ensure the scarecrow can operate for the
desired amount of time before requiring recharging. Hence, we confirmed the
sealed lead acid battery of 12 volts and 9.8AH.

3.7.1.6 Solar Panel

A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module or solar
panel is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for
installation. Solar panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct
current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV panel, and a
system of PV panels is called an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic
system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment.

Figure 20 Solar panel

The solar panel used in the project should be able to capture sunlight and
convert it into electrical energy to charge the battery. A suitable solar panel for
 this application would be a small, lightweight, and efficient panel with a
capacity of at least 10 watts.

The efficiency of a solar panel refers to its ability to convert sunlight into
electricity. Higher efficiency panels are generally more expensive, but can
generate more electricity in less space, making them ideal for applications
with limited space. However, for this project, a panel with a moderate
efficiency would be sufficient. Hence, for this project, we have choosen two
solar panel of output power of 10W each which would be sufficient to charge
the battery so that the battery would function properly.

Specifications of a solar panel used:

Maximum Power (Pmax): 10 Watt

Operating voltage (Vmp): 17V

Operating current (Imp): 0.58A

Open circuit voltage (Voc): 21.6V

Short circuit current (Isc): 0.68A

Power tolerance: +/- 5%

Dimensions: 11.89" x 14.06" x 1.18"

Solar panel power requirement can be calculated using the formula;

Solar panel power requirement = Total energy requirement / Sunlight hours

3.7.1.7 Connecting wires

Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a

circuit to another because electricity needs a medium through which it can
move. Most of the connecting wires are made up of copper or aluminum.

Figure 21 Connecting wires

3.7.1.8 Nuts, Bolts and Screws

Nut and bolts, Screws are used to join the components into the structure and
mechanism, Nut and bolts are used for temporary joint in the flapping
mechanism to easily flap the scarecrow arms upward and downwards. Screws
are used for permanent joint of the structure and the mechanism.

Figure 22 Nuts, Bolts and Screws

3.7.1.9 Frame

When designing and building a structure, one of the most important decisions is the
selection of the material for the frame of the body. The frame provides the structural
support for the entire structure, and therefore, must be strong, durable, and capable of
withstanding the forces and loads it will be subjected to.

There are many factors to consider when selecting the material for the frame,
including the specific application, the expected loads and stresses, the environmental
conditions, and the desired aesthetics. Some common materials for the frame include
wood, metal, concrete, and composite materials.

Wood is a popular choice for frames due to its strength, versatility, and natural
aesthetic appeal. However, it may not be suitable for applications where moisture or
insect damage is a concern, and may require regular maintenance and treatment.

Metal frames offer high strength and durability, and can be resistant to corrosion and
weathering, but may be more expensive and difficult to work with compared to wood.

Concrete frames offer excellent strength and durability, and can be designed to
withstand a wide range of loads and environmental conditions, but may be more
difficult and expensive to construct compared to other materials.

Composite materials offer a combination of strength and durability with lightweight

and easy-to-work-with properties, making them a popular choice for many
applications.

Hence, we have selected the water proof plywood so that the body would resist in
different environmental conditions such as heavy rain, heavy wind and storm.

Waterproof plywood is a type of plywood that has been treated with a waterproof
coating to make it more resistant to water damage and rot. Some of the key properties
of waterproof plywood include:

 Water resistance: The waterproof coating applied to the plywood makes it

highly resistant to water and moisture. This can help prevent the plywood
from absorbing water, which can lead to warping, swelling, and rot.
  Durability: Waterproof plywood is highly durable and can withstand a range
of environmental conditions, including exposure to sunlight, heat, and
humidity. This makes it a popular choice for outdoor and marine applications.

 Strength: Like other types of plywood, waterproof plywood is made by

layering thin sheets of wood together, which creates a strong and stable
material that can withstand a range of loads and stresses.

 Lightweight: Despite its strength and durability, waterproof plywood is

relatively lightweight compared to other building materials such as concrete or
metal.

 Versatility: Waterproof plywood can be cut and shaped to fit a variety of

designs, and can be painted or stained to achieve the desired aesthetic. It can
also be used in a range of applications, from furniture and cabinetry to boat
building and construction.

 Resistance to pests: The waterproof coating applied to the plywood can also
help prevent damage from pests such as termites or ants.

Figure 23 Plywood

3.8 Testing and Validation:

Conducting field tests to validate the effectiveness of the prototype in repelling

birds and animals, assessing its reliability and durability under different
environmental conditions.

3.9 Optimization:

Refining the design based on the feedback and testing results and optimizing
the system to improve its performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental
impact.
3.10 Final Design and Implementation:

Finalizing the design of the bird and animal repellent system based on the
optimization process, producing the final product, and implementing the system
in agricultural fields.
 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS

4.1 Calculation for the power of solar panel

The motor has a power rating of 15 watts.

The battery voltage is 12 volts.

The efficiency of the motor: The efficiency of the motor will affect the actual power
consumption. Let's assume a motor efficiency of 85%.

Given the above factors, we can calculate the power requirement of the solar panel as
follows:

Power consumed by the motor

= Power output of the motor / Motor efficiency

= 15 watts / 0.85 = 17.64 watts

Assuming the motor runs for 5 hours per day, the total energy consumed by the motor
per day would be:

Energy consumed by the motor

= Power consumed by the motor x Time

= 17.64 watts x 5 hours

= 88.23 watt-hours

To fully charge a 12V battery, you need to supply it with more than 12 volts of
electricity from the solar panel, as some of the energy will be lost in the charging
process. Let's assume a battery charging efficiency of 85%.

The energy required to charge the battery can be calculated as follows:

Energy required to charge battery = Battery capacity x (Charging voltage - Battery

voltage) / Charging efficiency

= ( battery capacity of 9.8 Ah) 9.8 Ah x (13 volts - 12 volts) / 0.85 = 11.52 watt-hours

The solar panel needs to generate enough energy to both power the motor and charge
the battery. Assuming a location with good sunlight, you can expect to generate about
6 hours of peak sunlight per day. Therefore, the solar panel power requirement can be
calculated as follows:

Solar panel power requirement = Total energy requirement / Sunlight hours

= (88.23+11.52) watt-hours / 6 hours

= 16.625 watts
Therefore, we would need a solar panel with a power rating 20 watts to power the motor
and charge the battery. Thus, we have selected two solar panels each of 10 watts power
rating so that the battery would be charged and the motor runs smoothly.

4.2 Calculation for gear dimensions

Case I:

Assumptions:

Motor runs at 80rpm

Motor transmits 15w power

Number of teeth’s of gear 1 (N1) = 26

Number of teeth’s of gear 2&3 (N2&N3) = 52

Diameter of gear 1 (D1) = 40mm

Diameter of gear (D2) = 80mm

Now,

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

=
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝑁1 𝑇3∗𝑇2 𝑇3 52
= = = =2
𝑁3 𝑇2∗𝑇1 𝑇1 26

𝑊∗𝑑
V=
2

2∗ 𝜋∗𝑑∗𝑁
=
2

2∗ 𝜋∗60∗0.04
=
60∗2

= 0.1256 m/s
 𝐻
Work transmitted (Wt.) = 60000 *
𝜋∗𝑑∗𝑁
0.023
=60000 *
𝜋∗0.04∗60

1380
=
7.536

= 183.12N

𝑑
Torque(T) = * Wt
2

=0.02 * 183.12

=3.66Nm

Power (P) of motor = T * W

2∗ 𝜋∗60
= 3.66 *
60

= 22.98W

Case II:

Assumptions:

Number of teeth’s of gear 1 (N1) = 34

Number of teeth’s of gear 2&3 (N2&N3) = 52

Diameter of gear 1 (D1) = 51mm

Diameter of gear (D2&D3) = 78mm

Module (M) = 1.5mm

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

=
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝑁1 𝑇3∗𝑇2 𝑇3 52
= = = =1.529
𝑁3 𝑇2∗𝑇1 𝑇1 34
  Motor runs at 40rpm
 Motor transmits 15W power

𝑊∗𝑑
V=
2

2∗ 𝜋∗𝑑∗𝑁
=
2

2∗ 𝜋∗60∗0.051
=
60∗2

= 0.16014 m/s

𝐻
Work transmitted (Wt) = 60000 * 𝜋∗𝑑∗𝑁
0.023
=60000 * 𝜋∗0.051∗60

1380
=9.6084

= 143.6N

𝑑
Torque = * Wt
2

=0.02 * 143.6

=2.872Nm

Power (P) of motor = T * W

2∗ 𝜋∗60
= 2.872 *
60

= 15.03W

Since Case II is more suitable for our project, we consider gear dimensions according
to Case II.
4.3 Calculations for the power of motor

To calculate the power required for the motor, we first need to calculate the speed of
the big gears. We know that the small gear has a pitch diameter of 51mm and 34
teeth, which means its pitch circumference is:

C1 = π × 51 / 34 = 4.71mm

The big gears have pitch diameters of 78mm and 52 teeth, which means their pitch
circumference is:

C2 = π × 78 / 52 = 4.71mm

Since the small gear is in mesh with the first big gear, the speed of the first big gear is:

V1 = C1 × 40 rpm = 188.4 mm/min

Since the first big gear is in mesh with the second big gear, the speed of the second
big gear is also 188.4 mm/min.

Now we can calculate the torque required to turn the big gears. We know that each
big gear has two arms of 0.25 kg each and 0.35m length. The weight of each arm is:

W = m × g = 0.25kg × 9.81 m/s² = 2.4525 N

The torque required to turn each big gear is the weight of the arms times the length of
the arms:

T = 2 × W × 0.35m = 2.4525 N × 0.35m × 2 = 1.716 Nm

Since there are two big gears, the total torque required is:

T (total) = 2 × T = 3.433 Nm

Finally, we can calculate the power required for the motor:

P = T (total) × V1 / 60000 = 3.433 × 188.4/ 60000 = 0.0107 kW or 10.7 W

Therefore, the motor should have a power rating of at least 10.7 watts to run the
assembly without any errors for which 15 watts motor is enough to run the gears
along with the arms.

Case: when we increase the length of the arms;

When we increased the length of the arms from 0.35m to 0.65m,

Weight = (0.25+0.25)* 9.81=4.905N

Torque= 2*W*0.65m=6.3765Nm

Total torque= 2*T= 12.753Nm

Power of motor= T (total) × V1 / 60000=0.4004KW or 40.04W

Hence, we came to know that when the length of the arms is increased, the torque would
increase which would increase the power of the motor which would cause the increase
in the cost of the motor. Hence, the length of the arms should be below 0.4m so that the
motor with low power can also function properly and gear can be run smoothly.

4.4 Calculations for battery Ampere-Hour

Output power of motor = 15w

Taking 80% efficiency

15
Input power =0.8=18.75

For an operating time = 3hr

Energy consumed = 18.75 * 3

=56.25Wh

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
Current supply of battery = 12

56.25
= = 4.6875A
12

4.6875
Battery Amp.Hr = 0.8∗0.85 = 6.89Ahr

Therefore we have selected 12V, 9.8Ahr battery.

4.5 Selection of speaker

Ultrasonic frequencies (20 kHz and above): Many bird species are sensitive to
ultrasonic frequencies, which are outside the range of human hearing. Ultrasonic bird
repellent devices emit high-pitched sounds that are intended to be unpleasant to birds
and deter them from the area. Examples; sparrow, starlings, woodpeckers, mice, rats,
flies, dogs, bats etc.
High-pitched frequencies (2 kHz to 5 kHz): As mentioned earlier, many bird species
find high-pitched frequencies in the range of 2 kHz to 5 kHz to be unpleasant and may
be scared off by them. Examples; crows, pigeons, elephant etc.

Infrasonic frequencies (below 20 Hz): Infrasonic sound is below the range of human
hearing, but some bird species are able to detect it. Infrasonic bird repellent devices
emit low-frequency sound waves that are intended to be disruptive and uncomfortable
for birds. Examples; Rhino, Elephant, pigeons, etc.

Combination frequencies: Some bird repellent devices use a combination of different

frequencies to increase their effectiveness. For example, a device might emit both
high-pitched and ultrasonic frequencies to target a wider range of bird species.

Hence, the common birds and animals that can be found in Nepal can be repelled
using the frequency range of 100 Hz- 10 KHz. So, we have chosen the Bluetooth
wireless as well as wired speaker of frequency response of 100 Hz- 18 KHz so that
the animals and birds would be repelled properly.
4.6 Programming

Install Open CV on Raspberry pi model 3B+

1. Update Raspberry pi:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade

2. Install the necessary packages:

sudo apt-get install build-essential cmake pkg-config libjpeg-dev

libtiff5-dev libjasper-dev libpng-dev libavcodec-dev libavformat-dev
libswscale-dev libv4l-dev libxvidcore-dev libx264-dev libgtk2.0-dev
libgtk-3-dev libcanberra-gtk* libatlas-base-dev gfortran python3-dev

3. Download open Cv source code:

cd ~
wget -O opencv.zip
https://github.com/opencv/opencv/archive/master.zip
wget -O opencv_contrib.zip
https://github.com/opencv/opencv_contrib/archive/master.zip
unzip opencv.zip
unzip opencv_contrib.zip

4. Create a build directory:

cd ~/opencv-master
mkdir build
cd build

5. Configure the build:

cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE \
-D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local \
-D OPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=~/opencv_contrib-master/modules \
-D ENABLE_NEON=ON \
-D ENABLE_VFPV3=ON \
-D BUILD_TESTS=OFF \
-D INSTALL_PYTHON_EXAMPLES=OFF \
-D BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF ..

6.Compile and install Open Cv:

make -j4
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig
Connecting Pi camera module to RaspberryPi Model 3B+:
raspistill -o image.jpg
raspivid -o video.h264 -t 10000

To produce sound only when Pi camera module captures live images of birds and
animals:
import picamera
import pygame.mixer
import numpy as np
import cv2
from time import sleep

# Initialize the camera

camera = picamera.PiCamera()

# Set camera parameters

camera.resolution = (640, 480) # Set resolution
camera.rotation = 180 # Rotate image 180 degrees
camera.annotate_text = 'Birds and Animals' # Add annotation text to
image

# Initialize the mixer

pygame.mixer.init()

# Load the sound file

sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('/path/to/sound.wav')

# Capture an image and detect birds or animals

while True:
# Capture an image as a numpy array
img = np.empty((camera.resolution[1], camera.resolution[0], 3),
dtype=np.uint8)
camera.capture(img, 'bgr', use_video_port=True)

# Convert the image to grayscale and apply a threshold

gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
_, thresh = cv2.threshold(gray, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)

# Find contours in the thresholded image

contours, _ = cv2.findContours(thresh, cv2.RETR_TREE,
cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

# Check if any contour has a large enough area to be a bird or

animal
for contour in contours:
area = cv2.contourArea(contour)
if area > 1000:
# Play the sound file if a bird or animal is detected
sound.play()

# Wait for a short time before capturing another image

sleep(0.1)

Haarcascade XML file having birds and animals data set:

import cv2
import numpy as np
import picamera
from time import sleep

# Load the Haar Cascade XML file for birds and animals detection
cascade_file = 'haarcascade_frontalcatface.xml'
cascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(cascade_file)

# Initialize the camera

camera = picamera.PiCamera()
camera.rotation = 180 # Rotate image 180 degrees

# Capture an image and detect birds or animals

while True:
# Capture an image as a numpy array
img = np.empty((camera.resolution[1], camera.resolution[0], 3),
dtype=np.uint8)
camera.capture(img, 'bgr', use_video_port=True)

# Convert the image to grayscale

gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)

# Detect birds or animals in the grayscale image using the Haar

Cascade
detections = cascade.detectMultiScale(gray, scaleFactor=1.1,
minNeighbors=5)

# Draw a rectangle around each detected bird or animal

for (x, y, w, h) in detections:
cv2.rectangle(img, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)

# Display the image with detected birds or animals

cv2.imshow('Birds and Animals', img)
cv2.waitKey(1)

# Wait for a short time before capturing another image

sleep(0.1)

4.7 Collection of training datasets

Figure 24 Graph showing number if images provided in each class

The training Datasets contains 4- classes of Birds and Animals; Crow, Pegions,
Fox and Rodents. For crow, it has 1200 images, 1100 images for Pigeon, 1400
images for Fox and 800 images for Rodents. Each class is indexed to 0, 1, 2, 3 for
classification.
Table 3 Birds And Animals Index
Class Name
0 Crow
1 Pigeon
2 Fox
3 Rodents

Figure 25 Data of different images according to class

4.8 Fabrication

4.8.1 Gears

Three spur gears were 3d printer using ENDER-3 Pro from PLA filament. For this ,
Ulti-maker Cura slicer software was used before the starting of 3d printing.

Figure 26 Gear in Ultimaker cura

Approximately, the weight of the gear was 88 grams and 30 grams with printing time
of 11 hours and 29 minutes and 5 hours 12 minutes respectively.

4.8.2 Frame Assembly

The frame was fabricated with Waterproof Plywood with cutting and hammering
using appropriate tools and machines at the workshop located at Teku,Nepal.
Waterproof plywood are used as the body of the scarecrow along with the waterproof
paint coating all around it so that it would not be damaged with the rainfall and wind.
Figure 28 Inside view of top body
Figure 27 Front view of scarecrow
 CHAPTER 5. TESTING AND ANALYSIS

Final Testing was carried out on the premises of Thapathali Campus with the picture
of different birds and animals.
Recognition:

Figure 29 Recognition of fox

Figure 30 Recognition of Pigeon

Training accuracy and Validation accuracy

Figure 32 Accuracy Vs Epoch

Figure 31 Loss Vs Epoch

The neural network achieved a Test Score of 0.023927420377731323 and a Test
Accuracy of 0.9878787994384766 in classifying different birds and animals. These
results demonstrate the effectiveness of the CNN model used, which was able to
achieve a high degree of accuracy in its classifications. In future studies, the model's
architecture and hyper parameters can be further optimized to improve its performance
even further. Overall, this project's success in accurately classifying birds and animals
showcases the potential of neural networks in real-world applications, particularly in
the field of computer vision.

By analyzing the accuracy vs epoch and loss vs epoch graphs, we can get insights into
the performance of the model, identify if it is over fitting or under fitting, and make
decisions on how to improve the model's performance.

The accuracy vs epoch graph plots the accuracy of the model on the training data and
the validation data over each epoch (i.e., a complete pass through the training data)
during the training process. The accuracy represents the proportion of correct
predictions made by the model.

The loss vs epoch graph, on the other hand, plots the loss (i.e., the error or the difference
between the predicted values and the actual values) on the training data and the
validation data over each epoch during the training process. The loss represents how
well the model is fitting the data, and we want to minimize it.
 CHAPTER 6. BUDGET STRUCTURE

Components Quantity Amount (Rs.)

Raspberry Pi 1 7000
DC motor 1 500
Solar panels (10W) 2 2000
Bluetooth Speaker 1 250
Raspberry Pi Wide Angle 1 2000
Camera Module

Stationary - 2000
Miscellaneous - 2000

Battery (9Ahr.) 1 2000

Total 17,750

67
 CHAPTER 7. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

 The speed of motor for the movement of the arms in terms of achieving the anticipated
results was found to be 40 rpm.
 Two solar panel of power of 20 watts was required so that the battery would be charged
and motor would run smoothly.
 Frame was kept at different environmental condition and was found to resist the effects of
sunlight and rain.

68
 CHAPTER 8.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions

The solar motorized scarecrow is a very loud and dynamic device with the strong potential to scare
off avian pests from the gardens and farms. The device has the potential to work all by itself. The
system can also be used to chase away birds from airports, roofs of residential and commercial
buildings, learning institutions, and offices that cause sound or noise pollution when they are in
large flocks, or cause a problem of sanitation where they drop their excreta.

7.2 Recommendations

 IOT(Internet Of Things) can also be utilized in surveillance of the birds and animals and
controlling of the scarecrow from remote distance in future works.
 360 degree pi camera can also be used so that the range of the scarecrow to detect the birds
and animals would be increased and can be used in the larger fields.
 Although the device has been built to be waterproof, it is not recommended to use in a
heavy downpour. The component with the highest risk of damage from moisture is the
circuit board that controls the sound system and flap and rotation of the scarecrow.
However, the entire device can handle light rain, foggy, hot and windy conditions.

69
 REFERENCES:

1. 1. Koyuncu T. and Lule F. (2009). “Design, Manufacture and Test of a Solar Powered
Audible Bird Scarer”. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,
3(6).
2. Wiens J. A. and Dyer M. I. (1977). “Assessing potential impact of granivorous birds in
ecosystems; in Granivorous birds in ecosystems (eds) J Pinowski and S C Kendeigh”.
London: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp 205-268.
3. 2. Coleman J. and Spurr E. (2001). “Farmers Perceptions of Bird damage and Control in
Arable Crops”. New Zealand Plant Protection, 54:184-187.
4. The effect of a audible bird scarer in the presence of reed cocks (parphyroporphyro) in
rice fields by TurhanKoyucu and FuatLule (2008)
5. Avery M. L., Werner S. J., Cummings J. L., Humphrey J. S., Milleson M. P., Carlson C.
J., Primus T. M. and Goodall M. J. (2005). “Caffeine for reducing bird damage to newly
seeded rice”. Crop Protection, Vol. 24, pp. 651-657.
6. 3. Sullivan, Brian E. (2010). Bird or animal repellent system.
7. Timothy Lewis Clarke “An Autonomous Bird Deterrent System” Course ENG4111 and
4112 Research Project Submitted: October, 2004 at University of Southern Queensland
Faculty of Engineering and Surveying.
8. Bishop J, McKay, PARROTT, D. and Allen. (2003).Review of international research
literature regarding the effectiveness of auditory bird scaring techniques and potential
alternatives.
9. Dolbeer, R, Bernhardt, G, Blackwell, B, 2002 ' Lasers as Nonlethal Avian Repellents'
Journal of Wildlife Management, Issue 66, p250-258
10. Bishop J., McKay H, Parrott D. & Allan J, 2003 'Review of international research
literature regarding the effectiveness of auditory bird scaring techniques and potential
alternatives.'

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