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CHAPTER 3
INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

 TABLE OF CONTENT 

CHAPTER LECTURE NOTES

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START QUIZ

INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR A CONTROL VOLUME

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O VE R V I E W 

In this chapter, we will start to investigate fluid flows. Reynolds transport theorem, a tool that conve
relations for a system to relations for a control volume, is introduced. Reynolds transport theorem is
derive conservation relations on integral form (for a control volume). The relations derived are; cons
mass, conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and conservation of e
relation for conservation of linear momentum forms the basis for the famous Bernoulli equation tha
introduced in this chapter.

ROADMAP

SYSTEM AND CONTROL VOLUME

All laws of mechanics are derived for a system. A system is an arbitrary quantity of mass of fixed ide
that is separated from its surroundings by its boundaries. Physical relations describes the interactio
the system and its surroundings. In chapter 3, conservation relations for fluid flows are derived with
starting point in the following conservation laws for a system

Conservation of mass
Conservation of linear momentum
Conservation of angular momentum
Conservation of energy

MASS FLOW THROUGH A CONTROL VOLUME

The mass flow through a control volume is calculated by integrating the fluid density times the scala
of the velocity vector and the surface normal over the control volume surface. Only the velocity com
that is parallel with the surface normal will contribute to the net flux of mass over the control volum
as shown in the figure below.

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REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM

Reynolds transport theorem is a tool to rewrite relations for a system to relations for a control volum
is exactly what this chapter is about. Let be any extensive property of the fluid (energy, momentu
enthalpy, ... ). is the corresponding intensive value (the amount per unit mass).

The total amount of in the control volume is obtained by integrating over the control volume

where

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Rate of change of within the control volume

Net flux of over the control volume surface

Reynolds transport theorem

For a fixed control volume (the volume does not change in time)

If the control volume moves with the constant velocity , the relative velocity of the fluid crossing t
volume surface is

and thus

CONSERVATION OF MASS

Reynolds transport theorem with and

for a fixed control volume

for a control volume with a number of one-dimensional inlets and outlets

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Steady state

or

Incompressible flow

or

CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

Reynolds transport theorem with and

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is the velocity relative to an inertial (non-accelerating) coordinate system. is the vector sum o
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forces on the system (surface forces and body forces). The relation is a vector relation (three compo

Forces: Solid bodies that protrude through the control volume surface and forces due to pressure an
stresses of the surrounding fluid.

PRESSURE FORCES

THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

The relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation in a frictionless flow

Bernoulli's equation for unsteady frictionless flow along a streamline (the relation just derived) can
integrated between any two points along the streamline

Steady ( ), incompressible (constant density) flow:

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Note! the following restrictive assumptions have been made in the derivation
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1. steady flow
many flows can be treated as steady at least when doing control volume type of analysis
2. incompressible flow
low velocity gas flow without significant changes in pressure, liquid flow
3. frictionless flow
friction is in general important
4. flow along a single streamline
different streamlines in general have different constants, we shall see later that under specific
circumstances all streamlines have the same constant

In many flows, elevation changes are negligible

Static pressure: and

Dynamic pressure: and
Stagnation (total) pressure:

The Bernoulli equation is the basis for velocity measurements using a Prandtl tube (see figure below

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C ON S E R V A T I O N O F A N G U L A R M O M E N T U M 

Angular momentum about a point

where is the position vector from to the element mass and is the velocity of that element

The amount of angular momentum per unit mass

Reynold's transport theorem:

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Reynold's transport theorem applied the the first law of thermodynamics ( )

positive - heat added to the system

positive - work done by the system on its surroundings

could be related to, for example, chemical reactions, nuclear reactions, or magnetic fields and
considered here

The work term can be divided into shaft work, pressure work, and work related to viscous forces

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or

where is the enthalpy defined as

Introducing the correction factor

where (for incompressible flow)

LAMINAR PIPE FLOW

which gives and . For turbulent flows, is often a good assumption.

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STUDY GUIDE

The questions below are intended as a "study guide" and may be helpful when reading the text book

1. Rewrite Newton's second law using the momentum of a system. What is the
name of this relation?
2. Define the angular momentum of a system
3. Volume flow and mass flow:
a. Show how the volume flow and mass flow over a control volume surface
can be calculated in a general way
b. How are volume flow and mass flow related if the density is constant
c. How is the volume-averaged mean velocity over a surface defined for a fluid
with constant density?

4. Give examples of when it is appropriate to use fixed control volume, moving

control volume, and deformable control volume, respectively.
5. Reynolds transport theorem:
a. In Reynolds transport theorem, and denotes extensive and intensive
properties respectively. Explain the difference between and .
b. If an intensive property, , is known, how is the corresponding extensive
property, , calculated?
c. Give two examples of intensive and extensive properties
d. Explain the physical meaning of each of the terms in Reynolds transport
theorem:

e. How can the generic form of Reynolds transport theorem (above) be be

simplified for a fix control volume?
f. What does it mean that inlets and outlets are one-dimensional?
g. How can we simplify Reynolds transport theorem for one-dimensional inlets
and outlets?

6. The continuity equation:

a. Derive the continuity equation on integral form for a fixed control volume
using Reynolds transport theorem

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b. Explain the physical meaning of each of the terms in the continuity equation
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on integral form
c. How can we simplify the continuity equation on integral form under the
following circumstances (assuming that the control volume is fixed)?

i. inlets and outlets can be assumed to be one-dimensional

ii. steady-state flow
iii. incompressible unsteady flow
7. The momentum equation:
a. Derive the momentum equation on integral form starting from Reynolds
transport theorem
b. Explain the physical meaning of each of the terms in the momentum
equation on integral form
c. How can we simplify the momentum equation on integral form under the
following circumstances?

i. fixed control volume

ii. fixed control volume and one-dimensional inlets and outlets
iii. fixed control volume, one-dimensional inlets and outlets, and steady-state
flow

8. What is gauge pressure?

9. The Bernoulli equation:
a. Derive the Bernoulli equation for steady-state, incompressible flow along a
streamline

b. What assumptions are made in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation?

0. The energy equation:

a. What does and in the energy equation represent?
b. The energy per unit mass, , and the work are both divided into parts, what
parts are the terms divided into?
c. The Bernoulli equation is a simplified form of the energy equation.

In what ways are the Bernoulli equation above more limited than the energy
equation on the form given below?

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d. Why is the kinetic energy correction factor introduced?

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e. Show that the kinetic energy correction factor is for laminar,
incompressible pipe flow.
1. Explain how to measure velocity using a Prandtl tube (Pitot-static tube) and
derive the relation needed to estimate the velocity
2. Explain how a venturi meter works and derive the relation needed to estimate
the velocity

DOCUMENT ARCHIVE

MTF053_C03.pdf Lecture notes chapter 3

MTF053_Formulas-Tables-and- A collection of formulas, tables, and graphs

Graphs.pdf

MTF053_Study-Guide.pdf A collection of theory questions that give a good representatio

theory covered in the course

THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

Understanding Bernoulli's Equation

Bernoulli’s Principle on Atomic Scale

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