Leyte Normal University

College of Education
Tacloban City

PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH

BEFORE THE U.S. CONGRESS

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

GE 102: Readings in Philippine History

Presented to:
Mr. Ken P. Corro, LPT
Faculty, Secondary Education Department

Presented by:
Labastida, MJ Bryan
Calaque, Veramae
Salazar, Jude
Conos, JV
 Monte, Victor Ray
Mergal, Antonnia Faith
Bautista, Mark Kristian
Schedule (7:30 AM – 9:00 AM)
BSIT & AI12

I. Background of the Author

Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino was born on January 25,

1933, in Paniqui, Tarlac, and died on August 1, 2009, in Makati. She was a political
figure in the Philippines who, from 1986 to 1992, was the nation's first female
president, restoring democracy after Ferdinand Marcos' protracted tyranny. She was
the most well-known participant in the People Power Revolution of 1986, which
ended the two-decade rule of President Ferdinand Marcos and established the Fifth
Philippine Republic, which was currently democratic. In order to marry Benigno
Simeon Aquino, Jr., a young politician who showed promise at the time, she dropped
out of school in 1955 after graduating from Mount St. Vincent College in New York
City in 1954. Raising their five children at home while her husband pursued his job,
Corazon stayed in the background. In 1980, Corazon went into exile with her
husband, who had become a well-known opposition politician, after Marcos
imprisoned him for eight years (1972–80). When Benigno returned to the Philippines
in August 1983, he was killed. Opposition to the Marcos administration was
heightened by this incident.

The second author of Cory Aquino’s speech is Teodoro Locsin Jnr., also
known as Teddy Boy Locsin, is a renowned newscaster and former Philippine
secretary of foreign affairs who is presently the ambassador to the United Kingdom.
He was born in Manila on November 15, 1948, to Teodoro Locsin Sr., a well-known
newspaperman and publisher from the Negrense branch of the Locsin family in Molo,
Iloilo. He attended Ateneo de Manila University and graduated with a bachelor's
degree in law and jurisprudence. He also holds a Master of Laws degree from Harvard
University. The national dailies Today and Globe were published by Locsin, who also
co-anchored and hosted Teditorials, The Assignment, and Points of View on
television. Additionally, he co-anchored the radio programs Karambola and Executive
Session. During her time in government, Locsin wrote speeches for Presidents Joseph
Estrada and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and worked as President Corazon Aquino's
press secretary, legal advisor, and speechwriter.

When Ferdinand E. Marcos unexpectedly called for presidential elections in

February 1986, Corazon Aquino became the unified opposition’s presidential
candidate. Though she was officially reported to have lost the election to Marcos,
Aquino and her supporters challenged the results, charging widespread voting fraud.
High officials in the Philippine military soon publicly renounced Marcos’s continued
rule and proclaimed Aquino the Philippines’ rightful president. On February 25, 1986,
both Aquino and Marcos were inaugurated as president by their respective supporters,
but that same day Marcos fled the country. In March 1986 Aquino proclaimed a
provisional constitution and soon thereafter appointed a commission to write a new
constitution. The resulting document, which restored the bicameral Congress
abolished by Marcos in 1973, was ratified by a landslide popular vote in February
 1987. Aquino held elections to the new Congress and broke up the monopolies held
by Marcos’s allies over the economy, which experienced steady growth for several
years.

II. Historical Context of the Document:

Corazon Aquino's address focused on the Philippines' recent victory in

toppling Ferdinand Marcos' dictatorship through the peaceful People Power
Revolution. She discussed the country's challenges, which included economic
hardships and a burgeoning communist insurgency. Aquino requested United States
assistance in rebuilding the Philippine economy and restoring democracy. She
reaffirmed the country's commitment to repaying its debts and explained her
proposals for a new constitution and national elections to secure a democratic future.
Down below are the events during and after Corazon Aquino’s speech

Events:

Martial Law

- Marcos clearly mentioned a big Communist army that had obtained weapons from
China and intended to topple the government and disrupt the peaceful lives of
ordinary Filipinos. Marcos even compared the country's current situation to a war,
which he aimed to end. In response, Marcos declared martial law in the
Philippines, in accordance with the president's authority under the 1935 Philippine
Constitution. Such powers included command of the Philippine Armed Forces to
maintain law and order, as well as exclusive discretion over whether or not a
person would be detained for any offense. However, independent estimates
suggest that there were only approximately 1,000 NPA insurgents at the time, and
their weaponry were outdated.

- According to NPA archives, just 350 men carried first-line guns throughout
Martial Law. Other views suggest that the declaration of Martial Law in 1972
aided the emergence of these radicalized groups. According to reports on the
radical movement's growing popularity, idealistic youth who are fed up with the
regime's injustices play a critical role. Toward the end of Martial Law, reported
numbers grew from around 1,500 in 1976 to 35,000 in 1985. When Marcos
imposed martial law in the Philippines, he cited the Communist insurgency and
 the ambush of his Minister of Defense, Juan Ponce Enrile, outside the Wack-
Wack subdivision.

- Both arguments, of course, fit within the ambit of the impending threat that
requires the declaration of Martial Law. However, independent estimates indicate
that there were only about 1,000 NPA militants at the time, and their weapons
were out of date. At the period of Martial Law, just 350 men had first-line
firearms, according to NPA records. According to other interpretations, the
declaration of Martial Law in 1972 fueled the growth of these radicalized groups.
According to reports on the radical movement's growing popularity, idealistic
youth who are fed up with the regime's injustices play an important role.

- Toward the conclusion of Martial Law, documented numbers increased from

approximately 1,500 in 1976 to 35,000 in 1985. However, even Juan Ponce Enrile
himself has questioned the tale of his ambush. In an interview after Marcos was
deposed, Enrile stated that the entire episode was a ruse to grab power. According
to the original narrative, Enrile barely escaped imminent death by riding in his
bodyguard's car rather than his own. In truth, given Enrile's admission at the end
of Marcos' reign, the bullets that pierced his automobile were most likely
fabricated. Enrile had been aware of the plot the entire time.

Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

- Ferdinand Marcos was elected President of the Philippines in 1965. Marcos was
reelected in 1969, and when he was denied the opportunity to run for a third term,
he proclaimed martial law and gave himself nearly complete control. Aquino
would spend seven years in prison in the Philippines before developing a heart
issue, but the United States intervened to give him with necessary medical care.
Marcos permitted Aquino to leave the Philippines and seek treatment. Aquino
spent three years in the United States before opting to return to the Philippines in
1983.

- Aquino decided to return to remove Marcos from office. He made this decision
while knowing that many people would want to kill him when he returned. While
in prison, he read Gandhi's writings and was motivated to use nonviolence to
defeat Marcos. Benigno Aquino arrived in the Philippines on August 21, 1983,
and nearly immediately after landing, police trucks encircled his jet, and three
policemen shot and killed him. The news of Aquino's death garnered extensive
international publicity, but Marcos banned any media outlets in the Philippines
from covering it.

- Radio Veritas, however, did broadcast news of Aquino's death and the somber
news inspired myriad grief and demonstrations. Aquino's mother, Aurora, made
sure to leave her son's body as it was, unaltered for all the world to see. Hundreds
of thousands of supporters gathered at a symbolic park that honored a Filipino that
had fought for independence from Spain. As the rain poured down on them, they
put their fingers in the shape of an "L" to represent Aquino's political party,
Laban. Others took to the streets holding banners that read "Justice for All
Victims of Political Repression and Military Terrorism!"
People Power Revolution

- On February 15, the Filipino parliament declared Marcos the winner. According
to the assembly, Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes against Corazon's 9,292,761
votes. Opposition leaders left the assembly in protest. NAMFREL data, however,
indicated that Corazon had won by roughly 800,000 votes. The next day, Corazon
convened a national rally in Manila's Luneta Park, calling for widespread civil
disobedience to oust Marcos. The "Triumph of the People Rally" drew 1.5 million
supporters. Three days later, the United States Congress criticized the election and
voted to reduce military support until Marcos resigned. Corazon's call to action
called Filipinos to boycott businesses and establishments that supported Marcos.
As a result, Filipinos boycotted pro-Marcos media and withdrew funds from banks
associated with Marcos' dictatorship. Schools closed as well, and Filipinos
stopped paying their bills. Filipinos also observed a one-day countrywide strike.
As more Filipinos engaged in civil disobedience, the cause gained momentum and
unlikely support.

- On the evening of February 22, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and General
Fidel Ramos reversed their support for Marcos. The two individuals then seized
hundreds of soldiers and besieged the Ministry of Defense near Camp Crame. The
two military chiefs were plotting a coup against Marcos, but Marcos discovered it
and dispatched troops to battle the rebel soldiers. Prior to this, Cardinal Sin had
invited people to attend and support the revolution via Radio Veritas. Religious
officials gathered in large numbers to form a human barrier around the soldiers
and their camp in order to prevent any violent conflict from emerging. They were
successful (refer to "Nonviolent intervention in Philippines during military clash,
1986"). Meanwhile, Luneta Park was once again the site of protests and
demonstrations, with 50,000 Filipinos rallying to support Corazon and urge for
Marcos' resignation. Pro-Marcos soldiers later came in the park, and
demonstrators welcomed them with hugs and prayers. Some civilians wrapped
yellow ribbons around the soldiers' rifles.

- A separate chopper team was called in, but they defected and flew to support their
fellow soldiers at Camp Crame. On February 24, Corazon went to the park with
her supporters and inspired opposition members of parliament to write a fresh
resolution that overturned the results of the illegitimate election and declared her
president. A total of 150 persons signed the new proclamation. The next day,
Aquino's mother swore in Corazon as President of the Philippines, and Marcos
fled the country with the assistance of the United States. The remarkably
successful campaign ended, demonstrating the people's power in the face of a
dictatorial leader.

Economic Challenges

- Aquino inherited a bankrupt and debt-ridden economy as a result of the Marcos

regime's two decades of mismanagement. Aquino concentrated on revamping and
reviving the slumping economy. She took bold steps to dissolve the many
monopolies established by President Ferdinand Marcos during his tenure in
power. Aquino moved promptly to address the issue of her predecessor's US$26
billion foreign debt, preferring to fulfill all commitments acquired under previous
 governments rather than repudiate them; her choice became contentious, but
Aquino defended it.

- Most Filipinos experienced a severe social and economic crisis from 1975 to
1986. During the Marcos regime's early years, the unemployment rate fell from
7.1% in 1966 to 3.9% in 1975. However, this trend reversed in the mid-1970s,
with rates swiftly returning to 7.9% in 1980. Prices for products and services
likewise skyrocketed, with the 7.1% inflation rate in 1975 more than doubling to
17.4% by 1980.

- Saying that it was the most practical move and choice to make as it was crucial for
the country at that time to regain the confidence of investors and the international
community in the Philippine economy. Since 1986, the Aquino administration
has paid off $4 billion of the country's outstanding debts to regain good
international credit ratings and attract the attention of future markets.
Nevertheless, her administration borrowed an additional $9 billion, increasing the
national debt by $6 billion within six years since the ouster of President Marcos in
1986. The Aquino administration sought to bring back fiscal discipline in order as
it aimed to trim the government's budget deficit that ballooned during Marcos'
term through privatization of bad government assets and deregulation of many
vital industries.

Appeal for Support

- When former President Corazon Aquino addressed a joint session of the United
States Congress in September 1986, the dust had only begun to settle. It was her
first trip to America since the dictator Ferdinand Marcos was toppled in February
of that year, and the Philippines was still dealing with the fallout from his rule.
This comprised a total foreign debt of $26 billion, as well as a communist
insurgency that swelled from 500 armed guerillas to 16,000 during the Marcos
administration. They were only at the beginning of a lengthy journey to recovery.

- So, Aquino made a request for assistance. She delivered a historic statement to the
House, swaying the vote in favor of an emergency $200-million relief
appropriation. In a moving speech written by her speechwriter (and our current
ambassador to the United Nations), Teddy Locsin, Jr., Aquino defended her
reconciliatory stance on the communist insurgency—a sensitive issue in the
United States given that it was 1986—and requested financial assistance to rebuild
the Philippine economy.

- She added, "We fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we shall pay," as she
committed to covering Marcos' stolen debt. "And yet, should we have to wring the
payments from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the wealth piled up by
the bondsman’s two hundred fifty years of unrequited toil?"

- The audience applauded eleven times during the passionate, intensely personal,
and impactful address, which was bookended by standing ovations. It would go
down in the annals of our history as one of the former President's finest speeches.
House Speaker Tip O'Neill called it the "finest speech I've ever heard in my 34
years in Congress." Senate Majority Leader Robert Dole told her, "Cory, you hit a
 home run." House Minority Whip Trent Lott said, "Let's just say the emotion of
the moment saved the day."

Restoration of Democracy

- President Corazon Aquino took office in 1986, following Ferdinand Marcos'

departure from the presidency. She was president of the Philippines from 1986 to
1992. As president, Aquino restored democracy by dismissing the legislature,
declaring a revolutionary government, and establishing a fifty-member committee
to draft a new constitution, which was passed in 1987. She led the re-
implementation of local elections in 1988, followed by the first presidential
election in 1992. Her administration had little success in easing the chronic
poverty that plagues more than half of the population or combating the country's
pervasive cronyism, graft, and corruption. As a devout Roman Catholic, she
destroyed birth control programs in one of Asia's most densely populated and
impoverished nations.

- By the end of her reign, the Philippines' relations with the United States, its key
commercial partner and ally, had deteriorated dramatically due to the protracted
negotiations over the future of the US military bases. The woman who was named
Time magazine's Woman of the Year in 1987 received a standing ovation from a
joint session of the United States Congress. Congress had lost most of the
international goodwill that followed her rise to power. "While it was the
restoration of democracy, [people power] was not the restoration of good
government," stated Father Joaquin Bernas, Aquino's former counselor, toward
the end of her reign.

- “We have come to realize that it is much easier to set up the external trappings of
democracy than to make it work to the satisfaction of our people.” Aquino
appeared to dislike her job and, at the end, literally counted the days until she left
office. But she did fulfill a key promise: She survived her term and presided over
the first peaceful transfer of power in the tempestuous country in more than 26
years. They stated that “She led the restoration of democracy back to the
Philippines,” Fidel V. Ramos told The Times after he was elected to succeed
Aquino in May 1992. “Of course she didn’t do it by herself. But she will be
remembered as having led the fight against the dictatorship.”

- In what she described as her crowning achievement, Aquino presided over free
elections, established an independent court, fostered a free press, and restored
other democratic institutions destroyed by Marcos during his 20-year authoritarian
tenure. She also campaigned to save two of America's major foreign military
outposts, Subic Bay and Clark Field, against opposition from nationalist senators
who eventually succeeded in cutting connections that had connected Washington
to its former colony since the turn of the century. After that, she left government
in 1992 but remained politically active until she became ill, participating in protest
demonstrations seeking Arroyo's resignation for alleged vote-rigging and
corruption.

In summary of it all, Corazon Aquino's speech to the United States. Congress on

September 18, 1986, marked a watershed point in Philippine history. Speaking immediately
after the People Power Revolution that deposed Ferdinand Marcos, Aquino emphasized the
dictatorship's serious economic issues, including a $26 billion foreign debt and a major
communist insurgency. She described her personal loss following the killing of her husband,
Ninoy Aquino, and stressed the Filipino people's collective battle to reclaim their
independence and democracy. Aquino made a passionate appeal for financial assistance to
rebuild the Philippine economy, assuring the United States that the Philippines will repay its
obligations to restore national pride. She emphasized her dedication to democratic values,
such as the establishment of an independent constitutional panel and national elections, and
expressed gratitude to the United States for its assistance in crafting the Philippine
Constitution in 1987. Her address, which was interrupted 11 times by clapping and concluded
with a standing ovation, effectively persuaded the United States. Congress will approve an
emergency $200 million aid package for the Philippines.
III. Content Presentation and Analysis:

Structure: Corazon Aquino’s speech is structured as a formal address to a

legislative body. It follows a typical speech structure, which includes:

 Introduction: She begins by thanking the Congress for their welcome and
acknowledging the historical significance of the moment
 Body: The speech then focuses on the key themes of her message, including:
o The struggle for democracy in the Philippine
o The importance of international support for democracy
o The need for economic and social justice
 Conclusion: She concludes by reaffirming her commitment to democracy and
peace, and by expressing her hope for a strong and lasting partnership between
the Philippines and the United States

Format: The speech is presented in a written format, with paragraphs and a clear
structure. It’s likely that the speech was delivered orally but then transcribed into a
written document. The format helps to clarify the structure and make it easier to
follow the speech’s arguments.
Impact on Content: The structure and format of the speech help to emphasize the key
themes and arguments. The clear organization makes it easy to understand the
speech’s main points and how those points connect to one another. The formal tone
and language add to the speech’s impact and seriousness.

Main Themes, Arguments, and Ideas

 Democracy and freedom
o Aquino emphasize the importance of democracy, freedom, and
human rights in the Philippines. She argued that the Marcos regime
had suppressed these fundamental rights, and it was time for the
people to reclaim them.

 People Power
o Aquino rallied the people to take collective action, emphasizing
that the power to bring about change lay in their hands. She
encouraged them to peacefully protest and demand reform.

 National unity
o Aquino stressed the needs for national unity, urging Filipinos to put
aside their differences and work together to achieve a common
goal.

 Moral courage
o Aquino demonstrated moral courage by standing up against the
Marcos regime, despite the risk and challenges. She inspired others
to do the same, emphasizing that it was their moral obligation to
fight for what was right.

Evidence and Examples

To support her argument, Aquino provides the following evidence and
examples
 o Personal Experience
 Aquino shared her personal experience of being a victim of Marcos
regime, having lost her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr., to assassination.

o Human Rights Abuse

 Aquino highlighted the human rights abuse committed by the Marcos
regime, including torture, disappearance, and extrajudicial killings. She
emphasized that these atrocities could no longer tolerated.
o Economic crisis
 Aquino pointed out the economic crisis that had plugged the
Philippines under Marcos rule including widespread poverty,
corruption and mismanagement.

o International support
 Aquino mentioned the international community support for the
Filipino’s people struggle for democracy, citing, the United States
withdrawal of support for Marcos as a significant example.

o Effective content presentation

 Aquino speech is a testament to effective content presentation

o Structured her messages

 Aquino organized her speech in a clear and logical manner, making it
easy for the audience to follow her arguments

o Used Emotional Appeals

 Aquino applied to the emotions of her audience, sharing her personal
story and highlighting the human rights abuse committed by the
Marcos regime.

o Employed rhetorical devices

 Aquino use rhetorical devices such as repetition, metaphors, and
allusions to make her message more engaging and memorable.

o Conveyed a sense of urgency

 Aquino created a sense of urgency, emphasizing that the time for
change was now and the people had to act.

Analysis
Aquino’s Speech is a powerful example of effective content presentation and
analysis. She presented her message in a clear, concise, and engaging manner, using
evidence and examples to support her argument. Her speech inspired a nation,
contribute to the downfall of the Marcos regime, and paved the way for democratic
reforms in the Philippines.

Evidence: Corazon Aquino uses a variety of evidence to support her claims. She
draws on:
 • Personal experience: She shares her own experiences of the struggle
for democracy in the Philippines, which adds emotional weight and credibility to her
arguments1.
• Historical context: She references historical events and figures, such as
the Marcos regime and the People Power Revolution, to provide context for her
arguments2.
• International support: She cites the support of the United States and
other countries as evidence of the international community’s commitment to
democracy3.
Corroboration: The claims in Corazon Aquino’s speech are corroborated by a
number of sources, including:
• Historical Accounts: Historians have documented the events of the
Marcos regime and the People Power Revolution, providing evidence to support
Aquino’s claims4.
• News Reports: News reports from the time of the speech provide
further evidence of the events and the international response.
• Scholarly Analysis: Scholars have analyzed Corazon Aquino’s speech
and her leadership, providing further insights into the historical context and the
significance of her message.
In conclusion, Corazon Aquino’s speech is a powerful and well-structured
document. It uses a variety of evidence to support its claims, and it is corroborated by
a number of sources. The speech’s structure and format help to emphasize its key
themes and arguments, making it a compelling and influential document.
IV. Contribution and Relevance of the Document in Understanding the Grand
Narrative of Philippine History:

Corazon Aquino's speech to the U.S. Congress is essential for understanding

the grand narrative of Philippine history, especially the transition from
authoritarianism to democracy after Ferdinand Marcos's rule so she went to the
United States and spoke before the joint session of the U.S Congress. She began her
speech with the story of her leaving the United States three years prior as a newly
widowed wife of Ninoy Aquino. She then told of Ninoy's character, conviction, and
resolve in opposing the authoritarianism of Marcos. She talked of the three times that
they lost Ninoy including his demise on 23 August 1983. Arguably cemented the
legitimacy of government in the international arena. A The speech talks of her family
background, especially her relationship with her late husband. She talked at length
about Ninoy's toil and suffered at the hands of the dictatorship that he resisted.
Ideology or the principles of the new democratic government. She was also able to
draw the sharp contrast between her government and of her predecessor by expressing
her commitment to a democratic constitution drafted by an independent commission.
She claimed that such constitutions adhere to the rights and liberty of Filipino people.
This address symbolizes the Filipino people's fight for democracy, highlighted by the
People Power Revolution, and connects the Philippines to the global struggle against
authoritarian regimes during the Cold War, demonstrating how international relations
impacted domestic affairs. Aquino focused on human rights and the rule of law,
drawing attention to the abuses suffered under Marcos, while her appeal for unity and
reconciliation underscored the difficulties her administration faced in rebuilding the
nation. The speech encapsulates the power of civic engagement and the empowerment
 of citizens, as well as the complexities of U.S.-Philippine relations, illustrating the
U.S.'s role in both supporting Marcos and facilitating the shift to democracy. She also
hoisted herself as the reconciliatory agent after more than two decades of polarizing
authoritarian politics. Her speech still revealed certain parallelism between her and
Marcos's government. Cory recognized that the large sum of regime never benefitted
the Filipino people. Nevertheless, she expressed her intention to pay offs their depts.
Ultimately, Aquino’s vision and the challenges she encountered provide valuable
insights into her legacy and the ongoing pursuit of governance and social justice in the
Philippines, making her address a vital part of the country’s historical narrative.
Corazon Aquino's 1986 speech to the United States. Congress was a watershed
moment in Philippine history, securing critical financial aid and bolstering US-
Philippine relations. It emphasized the Filipino people's perseverance and the role of
the People Power Revolution in the transition from tyranny to democracy. The
address presented a firsthand account of the issues confronting Aquino's
administration, such as economic crisis and the need for international assistance. It
also highlighted Ninoy Aquino's legacy and the larger story of resistance to
oppression. As a main source, it continues to influence historical studies and provides
a paradigm for future Filipino leaders, emphasizing justice, human rights, and
nationalism.

V. References

ProfTurtlePerson3443. (2020, July 10). Cory-Aquino.docx - background of the author: Maria

Corazon Sumulong Coajuangco was from Paniqui Tarlac. she was born on the 25 th of
January year 1933.: Course hero. Cory-Aquino.docx - Background of the author:
Maria Corazon Sumulong Coajuangco was from Paniqui Tarlac. She was born on the
25 th of January year 1933. | Course Hero.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/69774076/Cory-Aquinodocx/

Wikimedia Foundation. (2024b, September 20). Teodoro Locsin Jr.. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Jr.

Escobar, M. (2018, January 25). Revisit Cory Aquino’s historic 1986 speech before the U.S.
congress. Esquiremag.ph. https://www.esquiremag.ph/politics/news/revisit-cory-
aquino-s-historic-1986-speech-before-the-us-congress-a00207-20180125
Wikimedia Foundation. (2024, September 24). Corazon Aquino. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino

YouTube. (n.d.). https://youtu.be/4ZnnvbKyNCQ?si=zHc5Qu2gn-HAcNPQ

Alicea, J. (2011, May 10). Filipinos campaign to overthrow dictator (people power), 1983-
1986. Filipinos campaign to overthrow dictator (People Power), 1983-1986 | Global
Nonviolent Action Database. https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/filipinos-
campaign-overthrow-dictator-people-power-1983-1986

Wikimedia Foundation. (2024a, August 17). Presidency of Corazon Aquino. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino

Burkett, E. (2024, September 10). Women’s Rights Movement. Encyclopædia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/event/womens-movement

IBON Foundation. (2016, February 25). Under Marcos dictatorship unemployment

worsened, prices soared, poverty persisted. https://www.ibon.org/under-marcos-
employment-fell-prices-soared-poverty-persisted/

Worksofheart. (n.d.). Declaration of martial law. Martial Law Museum.

https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/declaration-of-martial-law/#:~:text=The
%20Night%20of%20the%20Declaration,Martial%20Law%20in%20the
%20Philippines.

Drogin, B., & Glionna, J. M. (2009, August 1). Corazon Aquino, restored democracy to
Philippines. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-
01-me-aquino1-story.html

Corazon Aquino -. Archives of Women’s Political Communication. (n.d.).

https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/corazon-aquino/