BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology

Eco friendly dyeing with Natural dye of Taro Leaves and increasing its color fastness
by using mordant.

Submitted By

Name: Mushfiqur Rahman Siam

ID: 191-061-811

Name: Moazzam Abrar Mohsin

ID: 191-069-811

Name: Shimanta Paul Ovi

ID: 191-071-811

Name: Debashis Saha Saikot

ID: 191-074-811

Name: Mahadher Rohaman Khan

ID: 191-107-811

This Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of B.Sc in
Textile Engineering in the faculty of Textile Engineering of BGMEA University of Fashion
and Technology (BUFT)

Department of Textile Engineering and Management

BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology
22th May 2023

ii
Eco friendly dyeing with Natural dye of Taro Leaves and
increasing its color fastness by using mordant.

Submitted by
Name: Mushfiqur Rahman Siam
ID: 191-061-811

Name: Moazzam Abrar Mohsin

ID: 191-069-811

Name: Shimanto Paul Ovi

ID: 191-071-811

Name: Debashis Saha Saikot

ID: 191-074-811

Name: Mahadher Rohaman Khan

ID: 191-107-811

Submitted to

Department of Textile Engineering and Management (TEM)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Textile Engineering and Management (TEM)

Supervised by
Ms. Ferdausee Rahman Anannya
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Textile Engineering & Management
BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology

BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology

22th May 2023

iii
 Declaration of Examiners

We Mushfiqur Rahman Siam (ID: 191-061-811), Shimanto Paul Ovi (ID: 191-071-811),
Debashis Saha Saikot (ID: 191-074-811), Moazzam Abrar Mohsin (ID: 191-069-811),
Mahadher Rohaman Khan (ID: 191-107-811) hereby confirm that “Thesis Paper on Eco
friendly dyeing with Natural dye of Taro Leaves and increasing its color fastness by using
mordant " submitted by us and it is our own research work. The written work here is enclosed
by us and compiled it in our own words. Parts excepted are corrections of form and content by
the Supervisor. With our signature we confirm that. None of the forms of plagiarism have
been committed by us described in the “Citation etiquette’’ information sheet. - All methods,
data, and processes are truthfully documented by us.
No data in this report has been manipulated by us.
All persons who were significant facilitators of the work are mentioned in this project file. The
work may be screened electronically for plagiarism and we are aware of it.

Board of Examiners

Name Signature

1. Supervisor: Ms. Ferdausee Rahman Anannya -

____________________

2. Examiner 1: ____________________

3. Examiner 2: ____________________

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At first I would like to thank Almighty Allah to give me a strength and ability to complete
the industrial training and to write this report a number of people have made significant
contribution to make my training successful. Their advice and suggestions helped me a lot.

Special thanks go to my enthusiastic supervisor Ms. Ferdausee Rahman Anannya,

Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering & Management, BUFT, has been an
amazing experience and I thank him wholeheartedly, not only for this tremendous academic
support, but also giving me so many wonderful opportunities.

Special thanks go Prof. Dr. Abu Bakar Siddique, Dean Faculty of Textile Engineering &
Mr. Mizanur Rahman, Head, Department of Textile Engineering & Management, BUFT
who so generously inspired & contributed to do this type of project work.

Special thanks goes to our enthusiastic Prof. Dr. S.M. Mahfuzur Rahman, Vice Chancellor,
BUFT and Prof. Dr. Engr. Ayub Nabi Khan, Pro Vice Chancellor, BUFT, for their
Encouragement and valuable suggestions for continual improvement of the report.

Special thank goes to Shamser Knit Fashions Ltd to provide us Cotton fabrics.

v
 ABSTRACT

In this study, the dyeing properties of a natural dye, extracted from the leaves of taro plant
and dyeing on cotton fabrics. The use of natural dyes is growing considerably because of the
quality of the natural dyestuff obtained, the environmental compatibility of the dyes and the
substantial minimization of the processing costs. To standardize the conditions of application
of dye extracted dye to assess the color value and fastness properties of the dyed samples in
terms of wash and rubbing. The different mordant technique and the properties of fabrics was
evaluated.

Keywords: Natural dyes, Textile industry, Sustainability, Taro leaves

vi
 Table of Contents

Declaration of Examiners......................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................vi

Table of Contents..................................................................................................................vii

List of Figures.......................................................................................................................viii

List of Tables...........................................................................................................................ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1

1.1 Signification of study...........................................................................................1

1.2 Rational of the study............................................................................................2

1.3 Research Gap........................................................................................................3

1.4 Objective of the study..........................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................4

2.1 Natural dye...........................................................................................................4

2.2 Taro leaves...........................................................................................................4

2.3 Dye Extraction.....................................................................................................5

2.4 Dyeing..................................................................................................................5

2.5 Dyeing method.....................................................................................................6

2.6 Mordant................................................................................................................6

2.7 Mordant extraction method..................................................................................7

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................8

3.1 Materials...............................................................................................................8

3.1.1 Textile Materials..................................................................................................8

3.1.2 Chemicals.............................................................................................................8

3.1.3 Mordant................................................................................................................8

3.1.4 Testing Instrument...............................................................................................8

3.2 Methods................................................................................................................8

vii
 3.2.1 Extraction of Dyes from Taro leaves...................................................................8

3.2.2 Fabric Preparation................................................................................................8

3.2.3 Dyeing Method.....................................................................................................9

3.2.4 Color Fastness to Washing...................................................................................9

3.2.5 Color coordinate...................................................................................................9

3.2.6 Cotton Fabric Dyeing Recipe...............................................................................9

3.2.7 Different Dyeing Samples (Cotton)...................................................................12

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................13

4.1 Color Coordinate values and Color Strength.....................................................13

4.2 Color fastness to Rubbing Test..........................................................................14

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION.............................................................................................16

CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES............................................................................................17

List of Figures
Fig 3.1: Pre Mordant (Salt) ...........................................................................................................
Fig 3.2: Post Mordant (Salt) ..........................................................................................................
Fig. 3.3: Meta Mordant (Salt) .......................................................................................................
Fig. 3.4: Without Mordant (Salt) ..................................................................................................
Fig 3.5: Pre Mordant (Without Salt)..................... ......................................................................
Fig 3.6: Post Mordant (Without Salt)............................................................................................
Fig 3.7: Meta Mordant (Without Salt) ..........................................................................................
Fig. 3.8: Normal.............................................................................................................................
Fig 3.9: Pre Mordant (Salt) ...........................................................................................................
Fig 3.10: Post Mordant (Salt) .......................................................................................................
Fig 3.11: Meta Mordant (Salt) ......................................................................................................
Fig 3.12: Without Mordant (Salt) .................................................................................................
Fig 3.13: Pre Mordant (Without Salt) ...........................................................................................

viii
Fig 3.14: Post Mordant (Without Salt) .........................................................................................
Fig 3.15: Meta Mordant (Without Salt) ........................................................................................
Fig 3.16: Normal ...........................................................................................................................
Figure 4.1: Scoured Cotton............................................................................................................
Figure 4.2: Scoured Silk................................................................................................................
Figure 4.3: Dyed Cotton................................................................................................................
Figure 4.4: Dyed Silk.....................................................................................................................

List of Tables
Table 3.1: Dyeing recipe followed for the different textile materials............................................
Table 3.2: Dyeing recipe followed for the different textile materials............................................
Table 4.1: Color strength and obtained color of cotton fabric using mordant and dye extract.....
Table 4.3: Attach of color-fastness to Wash test sample (cotton).................................................

ix
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Signification of study

Textile industry wastewater consist large variety of dyes and chemicals which alter the effluent
quality in a wide range and the main concern is not only the chemical composition of liquid
waste but also the dyes and pigments present in it [1]. Coloration of both natural and synthetic
textile materials is considered to be one of the major environmental polluting processes, since it
involves extensive use of synthetic colorants and dyeing [2]. In current scenario, the demand of
natural sustainable, green, and eco-friendly product is gaining worldwide popularity due to
raising environmental threats from utilization of synthetic dyed products. Natural dyes have
wide variety of colors covering a full spectrum which is obtained from different sources fauna,
flora, insect, and microorganisms without chemical consumption [3]. Natural dye can be
obtained from different sources. Since ancient times natural dyes may have a wide range of
shades and can be obtained from various part of plants including roots bark leaves to flowers
and fruit [4]. These dyes can be classified as Natural dyes obtained from plants -Berry, flower,
bark, leaf, seed etc (e.g. catechu, Indigofera, myrobalan, pomegranate). Natural dyes obtained
from insects – Cochineal and lac. Natural dyes obtained from animal – Mollusk, murex snail,
cuttlefish and shellfish. Natural dyes obtained from mineral – Clay, ochre and malachite [5].
Natural dyes comprise those colorants (dye and pigments) that are obtained from animal and
vegetable matter without chemical processing. Natural dyes fall into three categories on the
basis of their origin: plant, animal and mineral [6].

Plants generally give less amount of coloring component on extraction with water for coloring
textiles. Thus yield of natural dyes effects its cost of production that is also one of the factors to
restrict the use of natural dyes in comparison with synthetic dyes [7]. The present work
undertaken to extract more coloring component with keeping the environment friendly
extraction procedure [8]. The solvent dye extraction was taro leaves with water directly
blending for dyeing. Natural dyes are similar to disperse dye in terms of relatively low
molecular mass, low solubility and no strong solubilizing groups. The art of dyeing therefore,
could be said to have stems from the use of natural dyes [9]. Natural dyes are thus regarded as
all colors and dye pigments derived from plant, animal or insect matter without any chemical
processing. Few natural dyes are color-fast with fibers, therefore the use of mordents which
increases the dye fastness to the fabric is often necessary. Mordents are essentially substances
1
which are used to fix a dye to the fibers, they also improve the take-up quality of the fabric and
help improve color and light-fastness [10]. Mordents are usually metallic salt of aluminum,
chromium, iron, copper and tin, as well as other substance such as tanning agents. Mordents
found in nature include wood ash, stale urine and acidic fruits extracts such as lime. In this
study we use salt as mordant for cotton and silk fabric dyeing. We follow pre-mordant, Meta-
mordant and post mordant technique [11].

1.2 Rational of the study

The textile industry is one of the most chemically intensive industries in the world and is the
biggest environmentally polluting industries after agriculture. Moreover, despite the textile
industry being the second largest employer in Bangladesh [12]. The textile industry produces
the most hazardous waste and proper disposal facilities are not maintained. Owing to ready
availability of synthetic dyes, its durability and cost effectiveness, most of the textile dyers/
manufacturers inclined towards use of synthetic colorants. Since, most of the synthetic colorants
being synthesized from petrochemical sources through hazardous chemical processes, it poses
great threat to ecology [13]. So, there is no alternative option using of natural dye. Taro leaves
are the heart-shaped leaves of the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta), commonly grown in
subtropical and tropical regions. While generally known for its edible, starchy root, the leaves
of the taro plant also serve as a staple food in various cuisines [14]. Taro also
called eddo or dasheen, herbaceous plant of the arum family (Araceae) and its edible
rootlike corm. Taro is probably native to southeastern Asia, whence it spread to Pacific islands
and became a staple crop [15]. It is cultivated for its large, starchy, spherical corms
(underground stems), commonly known as “taro root,” which are consumed as a
cooked vegetable, made into puddings and breads, and also made into the Polynesian poi, a thin,
pasty, highly digestible mass of fresh or fermented taro starch. The large leaves of the taro are
commonly stewed [16]. Taro is cultivated in rich well-drained soil. The corms are harvested
seven months after planting. Taro leaves and corms are poisonous if eaten raw; the acrid
calcium oxalate they contain must first be destroyed by heating [17]. Natural dyes are similar to
disperse dye in terms of relatively low molecular mass, low solubility and no strong solubilizing
groups [18]

2
 1.3 Research Gap
Nobody have done yet antibacterial effect by Taro leaves extracted dyeing in cotton and silk
fabric. Due to time limitation organic media could not be performed.

1.4 Objective of the study

Natural dye extraction from taro leaves and sustainable dyeing in cotton fabric. Effect of
mordant dyeing in cotton fabric. Vast use of natural dye instate of synthetic dyeing which a
great concern in our environment. Presence of function groups in dye for further
implementation. Social and practical implication

Natural dyed yarn absorbs UV-light and the inherent, life-long UV-protection quality of natural
dyed fabric greatly reduces the scorching effect of direct sunlight, making it ideal for sports and
outdoor wear [20]. The skin-friendly colors and auxiliaries of natural dyed fabrics ensure they
are comfortable to wear due to the use of Non-irritating natural dyes and non-toxic mordents
[21]. The shades produced by natural dyes/colorants are usually soft, lustrous and soothing to
the human eye. Natural dyestuff can also produce a wide range of colours by mix and match
system [22]. A small variation in the dyeing technique or the use of different mordant with the
same dye (polygenetic type natural dye) can shift the colours to a wide range or create totally
new colours, which are not so easily possible with synthetic dyestuffs [23]. Natural dyestuffs
produce rare colour ideas and are self-harmonizing [24]. Unlike non-renewable basic raw
materials for synthetic dyes, the natural dyes are usually renewable (agro-renewable/ vegetable
based) and at the same time bio-degradable [25].

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

3
 2.1 Natural dye
In the present scenario people are more inclined to be nature-friendly, health conscious and
become aware about the environment. The meticulous environmental standards are being
imposed by many countries in response to the toxic and allergic reactions associated with
synthetic dyes [26]. Natural dyes are eco-friendly, non-hazardous and sustainable [27]. Natural
dye can be obtained from different sources. Since ancient times natural dyes may have a wide
range of shades and can be obtained from various part of plants including roots bark leaves to
flowers and fruit. Sustainable natural dyeing could be achieved with natural mordanting
assistant such as myrobalan, metal mordents like alum and ferrous sulphate which have lesser
environmental impacts compared to other metal mordents [28]. In recent years due to increased
awareness on human health and hygiene, while preserving natural resources, demand for natural
fibre-based apparel and home textiles dyed and finished with natural ingredients, such as
coloration with natural dyes, bio-polishing with enzymes, antimicrobial finishing with neem and
aloe vera, ultraviolet (UV) protective by natural dyes and plant biomolecules, and flame
retardant (FR) finishing by bio macromolecules, and plant extract is gaining both academic and
commercial interest [29].

2.2 Taro leaves

The Taro plant leaf surface is known to possess a highly homogeneous and hierarchical
nano/microscale protrusions or bumps that provide very high water contact angle or
hydrophobicity [30]. Its Botanical name: Colocasia esculenta, Kingdom: Plantae, Order:
Alismatales Family: Araceae, Sub Family: Aroideae Tribe: Colocasiodeae Genus: colocasia
Species: C. esculenta [31]. The wild taro plant is characterized by large elephant ear-like leaves
and grows to a height of 1-1.5 m. The corm of the wild taro is composed of 63-85% water, 13-
29% starch, 1.3-4.0% protein, 2.0-4.0% fat, 0.6-1.3% ash, 0.6-1.2% fibre, and a small amounts
of vitamin C [32]. The entire wild taro plant contains an insoluble, needle-like crystal called
calcium oxalate, which causes irritation to the mouth, throat, and stomach if not properly and
fully cooked prior to eating [33]. Under the nonwet condition, the anti-adhesion property of the
Taro leaf towards P. aeruginosa cell suspension (concentration ~2 × 107 cfu/ml) in PBS
normally show due to the trapped air between the nanostructures [34].

4
 2.3 Dye Extraction
Dyes can be extracted from roots, foliage, nuts, berries and flowers. The natural dyes are
extracted from natural substances such as plants, animals, or minerals. Synthetic dyes are made
in a laboratory [35]. Until the mid-19th century plants were the primary source of dye. The
process of natural dyeing became obsolete with the discovery that dye pigments could be
produced through modern chemistry [36]. This industrial waste from rose flowers could serve as
a source for the extraction of natural dyes. In this study, we investigated the taro leaves used for
dyeing of cotton and silk hot water process designed for using salt as natural mordant [37]. It is
concerned with the extraction of dye from taro and its application on cotton fabric in an
endeavor to investigate optimal extraction and application conditions to attain desirable fastness
properties. The extraction of the dyestuffs a simple aqueous extraction. The use of chemicals or
non-aqueous solvents for improvement of the dyestuff extraction was excluded to maintain the
possibility for further use of the extracted residue, e.g., as fertilizer or as animal feed [38]. The
use of solvents such as ethanol has to be considered with great care because on average, a mass
of approximately 100 kg plant material has to be extracted for the dyeing of 100 kg goods, this
is a solvent dye extraction method [15].

2.4 Dyeing
Dyes are used for coloring the fabrics. Dyeing is a method which imparts beauty to the textile
by applying various colors and their shades on to a fabric [39]. Dyeing can be done at any stage
of the manufacturing of textile- fiber, yarn, fabric or a finished textile product including
garments and apparels. Coloring agents of plants are derived from roots, leaves, barks and
trunks or fruits. Henna, madder, pomegranate, turmeric, kamala, eucalyptus etc. are well-known
examples of natural dyes [40]. The introduction of natural dyes in textile dye houses is coupled
to several requirements which have to be fulfilled adaptation of traditional processes on modern
equipment, appropriate supply of plant materials to dye houses and selection of material leading
to product with acceptable fastness properties The property of color fastness depends upon two
factors- selection of proper dye according to the textile material to be dyed and selection of the
method for dyeing the fiber, yarn or fabric [41]. The fastness properties obtained by natural dyes
are inferior to those obtained by synthetic dyes. It was a substantive dye capable of directly
dyeing cotton fabric by using exhaust method. For Scouring need 90ºC for cotton. For dyeing
need 80ºC. The M: L ratio was in 1:20 [42].

5
 2.5 Dyeing method
Natural dyeing in textiles is currently of great interest in both research fields as well as textile
industries due to increasing attention to the aspects of water pollution, sustainability of raw
materials and processed products, biodegradability and environment-friendly attributes [16].
Studies on dyeing techniques were attempted by using both conventional exhaustion method as
well as non-conventional methods such as ultrasonic microwave, pad dyeing, High temperature
High Pressure (HTHP) dyeing, contact dyeing and other optimized methods. As a result, many
research articles have been published dealing with re-establishment of traditional dyeing
techniques, variabilities of natural sources for dye ability, processing improvement for natural
colorant extraction, approaches to the improvement of color fastness or dyeing characteristics
for the naturally dyed fabrics, adaptation and optimization of natural dyeing methods and use of
modern day technologies in different stages of natural textile dyeing process. Any process based
on use of natural dyes will have to consider the environmentally sound processing techniques
and the overall process must be competitive with regard to the use of chemicals, energy, wastes
and waste water and overall costs [12].

2.6 Mordant
Mordant is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the
dye, which then attaches to the fabric. Few natural dyes are color-fast with fibers, therefore the
use of mordant which increases the dye fastness to the fabric is often necessary [43]. Mordents
are essentially substances which are used to fix a dye to the fibers, they also improve the take-
up quality of the fabric and help improve color and light-fastness [44]. Mordents are usually
metallic salt of aluminum, chromium, iron, copper and tin, as well as other substance such as
tanning agents. Mordents found in nature include wood ash, stale urine and acidic fruits extracts
such as lime. In dyeing methods using mordant and natural dyes raise the possibility of using
mordant dyes as alternatives to natural dyes in the dyeing of cotton. Further, the potential for
combining suitable dyes from these two classes to expand the color gamut currently available
from natural dyes on cotton seem worthy of exploration [45]. The use of mordant in dyeing not
only increase the dye take up and color fastness but the use of different mordant on a natural
dye can yield different colors and shades. Bio-mordant extracted from two kinds of
pomegranate were applied in green dyeing, where red one appeared medium fastness properties
and thus offered full potential to be replaced with metal salts in silk dyeing process [46].

6
 2.7 Mordant extraction method
Natural Dyes cannot be used directly from their renewable sources. Using raw materials for
dyeing has many limitations. Safe and cheap extraction of main coloring component is most
important without affecting the extraction conditions and avoiding any contamination in various
extraction techniques. Simple Aqueous Methods Complicated Solvent Systems Supercritical
Fluid Extraction Ultrasonic Extraction etc. are available to extract of mordant extraction [8].

Simple aqueous method is the one of the simplest and oldest method employed for the
extraction natural coloring components globally. Here in this technique, the raw materials are
first dried, and finely cut, most of the times grinded in the powder form and then the coloring
components were extracted in water at boil. After the boiling for specific time, the content is
cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate is used as a dye for dyeing. The aqueous
extraction of colorants liquid are carried out under various conditions such as temperature, time
of extraction, pH, raw material concentration and Material to Liquor ration [7].

One of such major technologies that have emerged over the last two decades as the alternative
to the traditional solvent extraction of natural products is the Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Techniques. It uses a clean, safe, inexpensive, non-flammable, non-toxic, environment-friendly,
non-polluting solvent, such as CO2. Supercritical Fluid Extraction Technology is thus
increasingly gaining importance over the conventional techniques for extraction of natural
products. Supercritical fluid extraction is an advanced separation technique based on the
enhanced solvating power of gases above their critical point [9].

The combined effect associated with Ultra-Sound Energy is of cavitation, compressions,

rarefactions, and microstreaming results in intermolecular tearing and surface scrubbing. In
particular, it has been noted that, some reactions when exposed to ultrasonic energy become
faster with lower temperature that is the most beneficial effect as it reduces processing time and
energy consumption and improves product quality in the coloration of textiles. Also metal salts
also used as mordents [10].

7
 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Textile Materials
Bleached cotton knit fabric single jersey 26 s, gauge 24 gg and GSM 160 which is collected
from Shamser Knit Fashions Ltd, Sreepur, Baipayl.

3.1.2 Chemicals
Wetting agent (), Leveling agent, Sequestering agent, Soda Ash, Salt are collected form
Chemical market, Tongi, Gazipur.
Sodium perborate (NaBO3 0.4 H2O,Brand: Merk KGaA) ECE detergent (Brand: SDC). All
chemicals were sourced from our university’s TTQC lab.

3.1.3 Mordant
Lemon, Alo-vera and Potash Alum was used for this study which are collected from Tikatuli
scientific shop, Dhaka, and online market.

3.1.4 Testing Instrument

 Electronic Precision Balance (A&D Company. Ltd)
 High Temperature Sample Dyeing Machine (SHANGHAI)
 Washing Machine (James Heal)

3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Extraction of Dyes from Taro leaves
According to Firstly, Some Taro Leaves was selected. After washing and cutting, Then Taro
Leaves taken into the blender machine and collected the Taro Leaves juice. After collecting
juice, repeated filtration was carried out. Finally, for the proper dye preparation, the filtered
juice was stored at a cold temperature so that it couldn’t evaporate.

3.2.2 Fabric Preparation

Firstly, eight bleached single jersey cotton fabric samples were cut and weighted. Each samples
were taken into dyeing jars and filled with prepared dyes solution ratio of 1:20 Then taken into
dyeing machine and run for several times and temperature which is shown in Recipe. After
completion of dyeing, all samples were washed at normal water and dried.

8
3.2.3 Dyeing Method
Firstly, Eight Bleached Single jersey cotton fabric and Eight silk fabric samples were cut and
weighted 5gm each. Samples were taken into dyeing jars and filled with prepared dyes solution
ratio of 1:20.Then taken into H/T dyeing machine and run for several times and temperature
which is shown in Recipe.

3.2.4 Color Fastness to Washing

After completion of dyeing, we followed ISO-3 washing method. Sample were taken into
washing machine and run 30 minutes in 600 C.

3.2.5 Cotton Fabric Dyeing Recipe

Table 3.1: Dyeing recipe followed for the different textile materials.
Parameters
Cotton with salt and soda

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6

Meta Meta Meta Meta Meta Meta

Mordant Mordant Mordant Mordant Mordant Mordant

Fabric Weight 5 gm 5 gm 5 gm 5 gm 10 gm 10 gm

M:L 1:20 1:20 1:20 1:20 1:20 1:20

Dyes 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 100 ml 200 ml 200 ml

Wetting agent 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 10 ml

Leveling 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 10 ml
agent

Sequestering 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 10 ml
agent

Soda Ash 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 10 ml

Salt 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 10 ml 10 ml

9
Temp 600 C 600 C 600 C 600 C 600 C 600 C

Time 60 min 60 min 60 min 60 min 60 min 60 min

PH Neutral to Neutral to Neutral to Neutral to Neutral to Neutral to

Alkaline Alkaline Alkaline Alkaline Alkaline Alkaline

Table 3.2: Dyeing recipe followed for the different textile materials.
Parameters
Cotton without salt and Mordant

Sample 1 Sample 2

Meta Mordant Without Mordant

Fabric Weight 5 gm 5 gm

M:L 1:20 1:20

Dyes 100 ml 100 ml

Wetting agent 5 ml 5 ml

Leveling agent 5 ml 5 ml

Sequestering agent 5 ml 5 ml

Soda Ash 5 ml 5 ml

Salt 5 ml 5 ml

Temp 600 C 600 C

Time 60 min 60 min

PH Neutral to Alkaline Neutral to Alkaline

10
3.2.6 Different Dyeing Samples (Cotton)

Fig 3.1: Without Mordant (Salt) Fig. 3.2: Mordant Alo-vera (Salt)

Fig. 3.3: Mordant Potash Alum (Without Salt) Fig. 3.4: Mordant Potash Alum (with Salt)

Fig 3.5: Mordant Lemon (Salt)

11
 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Color fastness to Rubbing Test
Table 4.3: Attach of color-fastness to rubbing test sample (cotton)
Cotton Fabric With Shade change scale Staining scale rating
Mordant (Lamon) rating

Dry 5 5

Wet 4/5 5

Cotton Fabric With Shade change scale Staining scale rating

Mordant (Alo- rating
Vera)

Dry 5 5

Wet 4/5 5

Cotton Fabric Shade change scale Staining scale rating scale

Without Mordant rating e change scale rating
rating

Dry 5 5

Wet 4/5 5

12
4.2 Color fastness to wash
Table 4.4: Attach of color-fastness to rubbing test sample (cotton)
Fabric Shade change scale Staining scale rating
rating
Cotton Without mordant 4 5

Cotton with mordant (Lamon) 3/4 5

Cotton with mordant 2 5

(Alo-vera)

4.3 Color fastness to perspiration

Table 4.5: Attach of color-fastness to perspiration test sample (cotton) for Acid
Fabric Shade changes scale Staining scale rating
rating
Cotton Without mordant 5 5

Cotton with mordant (Lamon) 4 5

Cotton with mordant 5 5

(Alo-vera)

Table 4.6: Attach of color-fastness to perspiration test sample (cotton) for Alkaline
Fabric Shade changes scale Staining scale rating
rating
Cotton Without mordant 3/4 5

Cotton with mordant (Lamon) 4 5

Cotton with mordant 4/5 5

(Alo-vera)

13
 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

This study mainly focused on the dye extraction and antibacterial effect form the leaves of taro
plant and quality of its use as a dye with cotton and silk fabrics. A very simple water extraction
without boiling technique is required of dye extraction from the leaves, which is very safe and
eco-friendly. Taro plants widely available in all over the world and possible to extract huge
amount of natural dye from its leaves. Here potash alum, lemon and alo-vera were used as
mordant. Without mordant and with salt dyed cotton fabric gives good result than without
mordant and with salt cotton fabric dyed sample. Without mordant, without salt cotton dyed
fabric also found well.

14
 CHAPTER 5: REFERENCES

[1] Vijayaraghavan, G., & Shanthakumar, S. (2015). Efficacy of Moringa oleifera and
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) as coagulants for the removal of Congo red dye
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