September 22, 2024

Real Estate Development

Real Estate Development (CIV568)

1 Waseem Akram,
Assistant Professor,
School of Civil Engineering
Lovely Professional University
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Classification of Urban Settlements

September 22, 2024

The classification of urban settlements adopted by
the Census of India 2011 is as follows:
1. All places with a Municipality, Corporation,
Cantonment Board or notified town area

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committee, etc.
2. All other places which satisfies the following
criteria:
a. A minimum population of 5,000;
b. At least 75 per cent of the male main working
population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits;
and
c. A density of population of at least 400 persons
per sq. km.
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• The first category of urban units is known as
Statutory Towns. These towns are notified

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under law by the concerned State/UT
Government and have local bodies like
Municipal Corporations, Municipalities,
Municipal Committees, etc., irrespective of

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their demographic characteristics as reckoned
on 31st December 2009.

• The second category of Towns is known as

Census Town

• Small towns can be referred as transitional

towns where a Nagar Panchayat (as a
municipality) is to be formed for an area in
transition from a rural area to an urban area. 5
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Scope and purpose of various plans

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• Perspective Plan,
• Regional Plan,

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• Development Plan,
• Master Plan,
• Local Area Plan,
• Special Purpose Plan &
• Annual Plan

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 Perspective Plan
• Perspective plan defines the vision and focuses on the spatio‐economic

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development policies, strategies and programmes towards the intended
development of the State.
• The Perspective Plan of a State could include ‐ State Urbanisation Policy and
State Land Utilisation Policy. The plan is based on state resource mapping and

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analysis and assessment of potential resources.
• Addresses the long term policies regarding development of infrastructure and
resource mobilisation.
• Scope of this plan covers the social, economic, environmental & spatial
development goals, policies and priorities relating to the activities that have
spatial and financial implications.
• Purpose of a perspective plan is to provide an overall framework for preparation
of detailed plans. Therefore it serves as a guide for urban local authorities and
regional development authorities in preparation of the regional and development
plans. 10
Regional Plan

September 22, 2024

For planned and sustainable development of the human settlements, the regional
planning approach needs to be promoted. The planning regions could be classified
under three heads:

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(a) Administrative Regions, which can be District Regions or Metropolitan Regions
as per the recommendations of the 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendment Act,

(b) Investment Regions, which can be new investment manufacturing zones,

industrial and freight corridors, special investment regions etc. They could be
identified under National Acts/ policies,

(c) Special regions, which are sensitive in terms of environment/ socio economic or
political aspects.
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Development Plan

September 22, 2024

• Development plan is a statutory plan prepared (under relevant Act) within the
framework of an approved perspective plan.

• Objective of a development plan is to provide further necessary details and

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intended actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for various
policies given in the perspective plan and regional plan depending upon the
economic and social needs and aspiration of the people, available resources and
priorities.

• These plans should be in phases of 5 years, to make it convenient for periodic

reviews and revision. This 5‐year cycle could also be usefully coincided with the
State Five Year plans and State Finance Commissions’ recommendations, though
such an alignment need not be made mandatory.
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Master Plan to be referred as Development Plan

September 22, 2024

• The term “Development Plan” is used differently in States.
• Some States use it for an integrated multi‐sector plan, such as the District
Development Plan. In some other States, it is a statutory land use plan,
approved and adopted by the local authority and its proposals are precise and

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definite, notifying the property owners the manner in which their properties will
be affected.
• Examples of the later type are the Delhi Master Plan, Chennai Master Plan,
Guwahati Master Plan, Ahmedabad Development Plan, Hyderabad
Metropolitan Development Plan and Bhopal Development Plan.
• Here, both the plans, Development plans and Master plans have the same
functions and impose similar controls, with variation in the use of
nomenclatures by States.
• Many states prefer and there is a growing consensus to replace the terminology
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of ‘Master Plan’ with ‘Development Plan’.
Local Area Plan

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• Local area plans are to be prepared to guide the development or
re‐development of land, conservation of buildings and physical
features, providing improvements in the physical layout, making

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infrastructure and amenities available and managing the area to
enhance health and safety of the residents to support economic
development as well as to enhance the quality of living,
environment, and for area specific regulatory parametersfor the
area covered.

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Special Purpose Plan

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• Special Purpose Plan can be prepared for specific development
sectors depending on its economic and environmental
importance.

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• Depending on the urgency of the need and priority of the sector
requiring special treatment and covering special aerial extent,
Special Purpose Plans for specific subjects can be prepared.

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 Annual Plan

September 22, 2024

• An Annual Plan would contain the details of the new and
ongoing projects that the local authority intends to implement
during each financial year for necessary financial resource

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mobilisation and monitoring its performance.

• The annual plan is to be prepared by the local authority in each

financial year to identify the new projects, which the authority
will undertake for implementation during the year, taking into
account the physical and fiscal performance of the preceding
year, the priorities, the policies and proposals contained in the
approved Regional Plan, Development Plan or Local Area Plan. 16
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Relationship of the Planning System
 Sustainable Urban and Regional Development
The urban and regional plans, in all its forms and dimensions, should focus on

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sustainability, from financial, social, governance/ managerial and environmental.

• Financial sustainability is to be achieved by working out the details of the capital

and operational costs and the options to recover the same adequately. Each

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development project enhances the economic stature of the influence zone and,
accordingly, the development activities in such influence zone should be subject to
development charges, computed to recover the capex over the project lifecycle.
Similarly, the user charges should pay for the operational expenses. In determining
such charges, cross subsidies could be provided for.

• Social sustainability relates to inclusion, i.e., the project should provide benefit to
all residents in the influence zone equitably. It should also be based on
identification of the gainers and losers from the project and to ensure that the
gainers are subject to development and other charges that could be passed on in an 18
appropriate form to the losers.
Sustainable Urban and Regional Development

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• Governance/ managerial sustainability would require the project to meet all the
statutory and regulatory requirements and also to have adequate capacities developed
with the local authorities concerned for maintaining the project effectively and

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efficiently throughout the project lifecycle at reasonable costs.

• Environmental sustainability would require, for instance, zero land‐fill for solid
waste management projects. In fact, each project should aim at improvement in the
environment, rather than on ‘minimising the damage’.

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State Land Utilisation Policy

September 22, 2024

Policy takes into consideration the existing laws and approaches that govern land
uses. It suggests that the land in the country be divided into Land Utilisation
Zones (LUZs) based on the predominant use of those lands.

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The following six types of LUZs are indicated:
1. Predominantly Rural and Agricultural Areas;
2. Areas Under Transformation;
3. Predominantly Urban Areas;
4. Predominantly Industrial Areas;
5. Predominantly Ecological Areas, Landscape Conservation & Tourism Areas,
Heritage Areas1;
6. Major Hazard Vulnerable Areas.

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 urban development model that focuses on creating vibrant,
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) livable, and sustainable communities centered around
transit hubs like train stations, metro lines, or bus routes.

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The integration of land use with transport systems is called “Transit Oriented
Development”, which is essentially “any development, macro or micro that is
focused around a transit node, and facilitates complete ease of access to the transit
facility thereby inducing people to prefer to walk and use public transportation over

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personal modes of transport”

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Planning Process/Plan Formulation

September 22, 2024

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Stages of Planning Process

Site‐specific features for studying urban and regional settlements while planning

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Plan Formulation
Process
Analysis of Existing Scenario and Development Issues

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1. Background:
Location, regional setting and connectivity
Brief history of development of the town
City influence and its characteristics including settlement pattern, rural‐urban

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relationship and fringe area developments
Physical setting – Topography, Climate, Soil (profile and condition), Geology &
Geomorphology, Litho‐logy, Neo‐Tectonics, Micro‐Seismic zones and
Hydrology, Sub‐surface aquifer systems

2. Demographic Profile:
Existing population and distribution
Population growth and its composition of Natural growth/Migration pattern/
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3. Land Profile:
Jurisdiction changes and efforts of planned development

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Existing landuse map with revenue level details
Developable and non‐developable area
4. Economic Profile:
Primary: Agriculture, horticulture & forestry, Fishing, Mining & quarrying
Secondary: Manufacturing – large, medium and clusters of MSME, Household

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industries, Construction
Tertiary: Trade (whole sale / retail trade), Tourism, Hotels and Restaurants, Transport,
Storage and Communication, Financial services such as Banking, Insurance etc
5. Infrastructure Profile:
Mode of transportation ‐ by road, rail, air, water.
Network of roads, railways, waterways and their interrelationship
Transport Corridors & Terminals, Trans‐intra city transportation facility
Pedestrian and bicycle, Network of city‐level non‐motorized routes and zones
Goods movement system 26
6. Environmental Profile
Eco‐sensitive zone ‐ Protected or restricted areas such as National parks and

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Wildlife sanctuaries and eco‐sensitive buffers around it
River, Water bodies and wetlands
Coastal/ Hill zone, if any
Green & Forest cover

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7. Shelter (both formal and informal)
Housing scenario
Housing stock & supply
Mapping of slums, squatter settlements/JJ clusters, other informal settlements
Housing supply mechanism

8. Administrative profile:
Legal framework, Institutional framework & manpower
Fiscal: Sources of revenue, streams of expenditure – existing and required 27
Major policy issues
9. Maps & Plans:
Existing landuse / utilisation plan

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Historical city growth map
Infrastructure maps
Environmentally sensitive zones map

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10. Gap analysis:
Based on the existing conditions and the projected requirements of the planning
area, a gap analysis is suggested to be done and issues be identified

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Contents of City Development Plan (or City Investment Plan)

September 22, 2024

1. Introduction
Background, Concepts and principles of City Development Plan
2. City Profile
Location, Geography, Profile of city

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3. City vision and development of goals and strategies
Approach and Vision and mission statement, Development of goals and strategies
4. Demographic Profile
Demographic trends, Spatial spread and Population density, Composition of
population growth,
Natural, Migration pattern, Jurisdictional changes, Literacy rate and Gender ratio,
Social composition and Income distribution, Population projection
5. Land Management and Urban Growth
Existing city assessment, Morphological development of city, Existing land use,
Unauthorized & unorganized colonies, Urban villages, Industrial development,
Ecologically sensitive areas, 29

Land development and management, Efforts of planned development

6. Inner city

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Inner city area, Problems of inner city
7. Economic Profile
Economic profile, Primary sector, Secondary sector, Tertiary sector, Formal and
informal sector, Workforce participation, Occupational distribution and structure,
GDP and per capita income,

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Directions of growth
8. Financial Profile
Review of the existing fiscal and financial status, Status of current assets and
liabilities,
Overview of finances of local authority and departments, Inter government transfer
in the finances in local authority, Sources of revenue and expenditure stream
9. Infrastructure
Physical infrastructure, City water supply system, Storm water drainage, Road
network and transport system, Solid waste management, Electricity,
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Social Infrastructure: Education, Health facilities, Other amenities, Recreational
spaces
10. Environment Profile
Water quality, Air quality, Noise pollution, Land pollution

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11. Disaster Management
Existing situation, Disaster prevention and management plan, Investment estimates,
Training and other programs, Information management system, Implementation plan
12. Urban Poor and Slum
Poverty profile, Socio‐economic profile of poor, Poverty alleviation programmes,

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Slums / clusters
Squatter settlements/ JJ clusters, Slum development polices & strategies, Issues of
slums/JJ clusters
13. Conservation and Heritage Management
Inventory of heritage resources, Legal framework
14. Governance and Institutional Arrangement
Legal framework, Institutional framework, Key issues in governance, Grievance
Redress, City level reforms
15. Community Consultation
City stakeholders profile, Women, People employed in informal sector, Youths, Senior 31

Citizens, NGOs, Sector wise viewpoint of communities, Stakeholders workshop

16. SWOT Analysis

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17. Investment Framework
Sector wise investment options, Summary of costs
18. City Investment Plan
A CIP provides an estimate of the level of investment that will be needed to implement
the CDP. These include:

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Water supply, Sewerage system, Road network & Transportation system, Storm water
drainage system
Solid waste management, Heritage conservation and management, Urban environment,
Urban governance, Other development projects, Urban slums and poor, Summary of
project investment plan,
Financing options of the local body could be sourced from its own resources, Central/
State Government grants and loans, market borrowings, capital market, FDI, PPP etc.

19. Institutional Reforms

Review of issues in governance, Measures for good governance, Institutional reforms, 32
Municipal accounting, e‐Governance, Poverty reduction, Other reforms
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Process of Preparing

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City Development Plan

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Slum Re-Development Plan
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PPPP (Public Private ‘People’ Partnership) model

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• Guided Land Development: Model uses the provision of infrastructure as an 40

instrument to guide urban development in partnership with land‐owners without pooling

any land.
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Hyderabad Differential Compensation Models: In Hyderabad, the land acquisition

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technique has been modified into two different models, in which while acquiring land for
public and private projects, different level of compensations are arrived at, these are‐

Model I: When land is acquired for projects mainly for public purpose such as roads,
power generation and distribution, irrigation, schools, welfare housing, environmental

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projects etc., appropriate compensation is paid to land‐owners by consulting them.

Model II: When land is acquired for projects such as SEZ, Industrial Estates, Satellite
townships and others where value addition enhances the land prices substantially, mainly
for third party use, compensation is normally worked out on profit sharing basis, which is
in two parts, namely‐

• Basic Value (Government Rate) of Land

• % Equity Sharing in SPV / % of Net Developed Area / Built Space
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The principle behind guided land sub‐division is that the government agency proactively selects
the direction where it feels urban development should take place and provides infrastructure in
those areas. This acts as an incentive to encourage developer to invest in the planned area
selected by the government agency. The cost effectiveness of guided land development
approach results from the fact that land development is planned, designed and implemented
with the land‐owners of the designated area, who donate land for roads and right of way for
infrastructure and public spaces, as well as pay a betterment levy to meet the costs of the
project. To finance the scheme, a loan is initially taken to build the infrastructure, which is paid 46
from betterment levies provided by land‐owners either on annual installments or in
lumpsum upon sale of land.
The infrastructure is provided by the government agency upto the site. Individual
land‐owners are supposed to subdivide their land for various developments and

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lay the on‐site services.

But guided land is often fraught with difficulties on the ground.

• First, as the model depends on the consent of the land‐owners it cannot be
applied in areas with fragmented land‐ownership, lack of owners’ will and

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consensus.
• Second, collection of betterment levies may not be feasible by small
landholders and lead to default of payment.

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 Slums are legal but substandard settlements, with a lack of adequate services and
overcrowding.

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• Squatter are settlements where land has been occupied illegally. They are often found
on marginal or environmentally hazardous lands, such as close to railway tracks, along
rivers and canals etc. They are also found on government land or land whose
ownership is unclear.

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• While squatter settlements are spontaneous and unorganized, illegal settlements are
planned and organized. These usually occur in cities where the government owns large
tracts of vacant land, with low opportunity cost.

Inclusion of Poor into the Formal Land / Housing Market

Experience has shown that bringing the poor into the formal land and housing
markets needs a two pronged strategy: increasing the choices available on the supply
side and increasing affordability on the demand side
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Smart Transportation Concept
The smart transportation refers to the integration of information and communication technologies

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with transport infrastructure to improve economic performance, safety mobility and time saving of
the citizens. The above can be accomplished by incorporating the following technologies in the
existing structure:

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Transportation Surveys
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Transportation Surveys
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Transportation Surveys
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Transportation Surveys
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Transportation Surveys
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Transportation Surveys
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Village Planning

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Planning at grass root level includes village Panchayat in rural settings of both
District Planning and Metropolitan Planning region. Plans prepared at grass root level
must be compiled at higher administrative units either through talukas or villages
falling in urban areas and finally compiled draft plan is prepared at appropriate level.
Use of cadastral maps at village area planning level is important and the revenue

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department which is custodian of cadastral maps has to play the critical role in
providing, reliable and authentic land data base.
States are advised to provide technical support to village Panchayat for providing
support in planning process. Lower literacy levels in rural areas can be hindrance to
the planning process or can result in faulty planning or social‐economic bias. The
State governments can provide conditional planning powers to village Panchayats.
State can provide planning function to village Panchayats when the performance at
grass root level is good in following parameters:
Literacy, Women’s participation in decision making, women empowerment,
Handling of development funds as in past records, Transparency in funds handling, 62
Inclusion of vulnerable groups and youths in decision making.
Smart City
A smart city uses information, communication and technology to enhance its

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liveability, workability and sustainability. A smart city is build‐up by key basic
functions: Information collection, communicating, and crunching (analysing). The two
basic steps towards Smart city are:

1. DATA – Created by the already implemented information technology. Some of the

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Indian cities have created a cornucopia of data in past few decades, which can form
the basis for the development of a Smart city.

2. DIGITAL DNA (BUILT ENVIRONMENT DATA) – Data collected by building

departments, engineering departments, land department, planning department, tax
department and department of postal services. India is still finding its footprints in this
regard. In view of rapid urbanisation and high congregation of population in large
cities, it is imperative to make use of advances in technology, capability to make cities
safer and protect cities from cyber‐crime and also augment the quality of governance 63
with higher levels of transparency and accountability. Such cities, which take
advantage of advanced technology, are called as Smart Cities.
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City Typology
Urbanisation over centuries and evolving city morphology has given shape to the

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present day cities in India. Most post‐independence cities have emerged from
planned directions and yet have experienced population explosion. Cities also have
benefited from planning based on Government schemes and programmes. However,
the functions of the urban centres have taken natural course to its maturity, without
or with intended interventions. These are the consequences of response of human
settlement and interaction of societies. Focus on planning even application of land

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use standards and development controls could vary depending upon the typology of
the cities.

Situation of the city: Situation of the city is the prime factor to be considered
while planning. City situation is established on its growth in size, physical
configuration or route pattern and largely with its function. Cities, besides
multi‐functional, can be also defined on the basis of the prime economic activity
and/or evolution of the city. Such cities with typical location, situation and functions
need focused approach while planning, to address the associated issues. Some of
such kinds are:
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Hill cities, Inner cities/ walled cities, Industrial cities, Religious cities, Tourism
cities, Heritage cities, Port cities, Medi‐cities (townships), Sports cities (townships)
Site and situation specific solutions: These cities, owning to its nature of
development and opulation, and either permanent, new settlers or floating

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population, have specific functions and therefore have associated issues. Some
of the generic ones are:

• Lack of alternative economic activities,

• Stagnation of city growth,

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• Strict segregation of classes by profession and income,
• High crime rate,
• Lack of public spaces,
• Lack of recreational activities,
• Lack of educational facilities for low income class/ poor,
• Significant ratio of bachelor population,
• Lack of gender specific health facilities and other facilities,
• Investment oriented land/property ownership,
• Others: pressure on public utilities, lack of social guidance in case of
exposure to cultural variation etc. 68
Hill city
The National Building Code defines hilly areas as “Any area above 600 m in

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height from mean sea level, or any area with average slope of 30°,
considering the sensitive and fragile eco‐system of hills and mountains.”
However, the State Governments may identify and notify areas to be covered
under ‘Hilly Area’, which need to be dealt with special consideration, when

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developmental activities are taking up.

Hilly areas have fragile ecosystems, which need to be conserved. Therefore

planning and development strategies for hilly areas shall have to be
designed with added sensitivity and sound land use planning and settlement
planning.

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Sustainability Guidelines

September 22, 2024

One of the early definitions of sustainable development was provided by Brundtland
Commission (1987) as: ‘development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’80. The
Commission’s report also states that “in essence, sustainable development is a process of
change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the

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orientation of technological development; and institutional changes are all in harmony
and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.
Applied to the context of planning and development, the most fundamental element of
sustainability is the utilization of natural resources in a city region most efficiently, most
equitably across sections of society and in such a manner that the resources are conserved
and renewed for future generations to meet their needs and aspirations.

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Sustainable Development & Sustainable Planning

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Sustainable habitat development means achieving a balance between the economic and
social development of human habitat together with the protection of environment, equity
in employment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure and transportation. Some of
these parameters are:

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1. Regional Planning: Regional development to control mushrooming unplanned and
un‐organized growth outside Master Plans/Development Plans along with integration of
land use and transport resulting in sustainable development.

2. Compact city/ High Density Development: The National Mission on Sustainable

Habitat (NMSH) recommends Low Rise and Higher Density Development to improve
overall energy efficiency of the area; such forms are less expensive and reduce pressure
on travel demand. Therefore for planning for high‐density development and for increase in
FAR in existing built up area, rationality for the increase in FAR should be worked out
apart from carrying capacity analysis for the area. 71
3. Redevelopment / redensification:
Approaches shall be developed for Re‐development / redensification

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of existing urban habitat. Mixed land use, integrated and shared social space and
multiple transport options can be considered and implemented to reduce trip
generation and create efficient transport system.

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4. Open Spaces: Emphasis should be given on vegetation/Green Belt in urban
areas to reduce “heat island” effects

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Energy Efficiency
The Generic Energy Efficiency Guidelines are given below. These guidelines are

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applicable for various categories of the building irrespective of their climate location.
Non Conventional /Renewal Energy: As per NMSH82, for residential buildings 15%
of the total external lighting load should be met through renewable energy and for
commercial / institutional / industrial / mixed use buildings, 5% of the total lighting
load should be met through renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel‐cells

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and so on). Also, there should be development of city level Energy Efficiency (EE) and
Renewal Energy (RE) policy actions for e.g. Nagpur and Bhubaneswar have developed
and adopted city level EE and RE.

Energy Efficient Design: Efficient development control regulations and building

byelaws from the point of view of energy efficient design should be considered. The
Government of India has developed the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC),
which provides minimum energy performance standards for energy efficient buildings,
which can to be referred while designing private and public buildings. The ECBC is 73
currently a voluntary programme, with a number of States adopting it as a mandatory
requirement.
Building Performance Certification and Rating System:
After the introduction of ECBC, MoEF suggested ECBC compliance while

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undertaking EIA for all building and construction projects falling under their
purview. Apart from EIA, in 2008, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the
Government of India have launched Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA). GRIHA rating standards have been incorporated the provisions of the

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NBC 2005, ECBC, and other Indian Standard codes.

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Urban Transport

September 22, 2024

Transit Orient Development (TOD): Provision for TOD in cities should be
considered, as it encourages high density and mixed‐use development, overall reducing
the travel demand and in turn reducing the carbon footprints. The details on TOD are
elaborated in Physical Infrastructure section.

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Strengthening of Public Transport System: It can be done through a Combination of
Promotional, Regulatory and Fiscal Measures adopting green transport models. Report
of the Sub‐Committee on Urban Transport (NMSH) can be referred for strengthening
Public Transport.

Reducing Fuel Consumption per passenger: Significant GHG mitigation can be

achieved through modal shift by providing all arterial roads more than 25 m Right of
Way to have minimum of 2.5 m pedestrian path (with trees) and proper street furniture
and 2.5m bicycle path preferably in each direction as a mandatory measure. Where it is
not possible to provide a dedicated cycle path because of right of way being narrow, 75
traffic calming measures to reduce the speed of traffic to 30 kmph need to be adopted
Road Passenger with Urban Transport systems: Long‐distance passenger travel needs to
be closely integrated into the urban environment, facilitating fast traveller‐friendly

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mass‐transport access to well‐located terminals and airports. Carefully planned highway
system improvements are required to reduce travel times for goods and passengers while
improving road safety, congestion, fuel consumption and emissions.

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Non Motorised Transport (NMT) and Intelligent Transport System (ITS): NMT and
ITS should be encouraged. Provision of NMT is described in Physical Infrastructure section
of this guideline, which aims to reduce carbon footprint. Moreover, ITS should be
implemented for demand management and efficient implementation/enforcement of Public
Transport. Provision of Mixed‐use along the streets to ensure public safety and
attractiveness for pedestrians and cyclists and hence accommodate large numbers of
pedestrians and street vendors.

NonConventional source of Energy: Changing to fuels that have a lower carbon footprint
in sufficient quantities would have a major impact on GHG emissions from urban transport.
Also alternative fuel base in cities to be promoted to reduce dependency. To achieve a good76
quality of public space, trees need to be planted to prevent Heat island effects.
Urban Infrastructure

September 22, 2024

Zero Waste and Waste Recycling: The urban waste should be recognised with a
significant proportion of organic constituents, which has emerged as a resource for
energy generation in an environmentally sustainable manner. Energy in the form of
biogas, heat or power should be seen as a bonus, which improves the viability of such
projects. Bio‐methanation, refuse derived fuel and incineration are the most common

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technologies, Pyrolysis and gasification are also emerging as preferred options.

In case of existing landfills, bioremediation of waste is recommended with a view to

reclaim the land and convert organic waste into useful products, which will result in
reduction or elimination of GHG emission.

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*Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO)

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Applying Carrying Capacity for Urban and Regional Planning

September 22, 2024

Carrying Capacity analysis tool is useful to rationalise fixation of FAR (floor area
ratio) including increase in given FAR. Two major determining factors should be
considered:

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1. V/C (V= volume, C= capacity)

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Schematic Solid Waste Management Process

September 22, 2024

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Source: Modified from the Toolkit for Solid Waste Management Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission, MoUD
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Thank You