Page No.

Date

Thnovative Teaching Leamng

Method II

Open Book Test

Submitted By: Vinay A. Tar•ule

Submitted To: Prof. Rajesh Bhagat sîr
Roll No 167

Year |Sem
Sectforn

Subje ct Fogineering Hydrology (220V501)

AY 20244- 2025

Departmert DepaAtmert af vil Engg

callege

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Qa) The unnual vainfat! depths ecorded at exfsting S rain

gauge stions CA8,C, o 4E) fo adraing9e ared
87 T02, |06, 2 & 68 cm TesPe. ohat S the /.

accuraey af the existing rain gauge network

estînatfon af the runfal ovet the basin 9 I ît is
desired to estimate the rainfal) oveg the basin o+fh
not dess than 93/ accuracy is thete a need to
Rnstall additional rin guges Tf So houo many
Soln:
Mean Precipitation C¼) :
P: 87+ 102+ |06+ 72+ 68 84 cm.
5

Standard pevfation (o):

(87-87)2+ CiD2-87)2+ (I06-81)+ (12-87)2+ (S8-87)2
6-)
712

Coeleiient af arîation cCv):

P 84

Error
feecentaqe 8.494.
5
Pezcentae af Accuracy : l00 - 8191 = 9203

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Addîtfonal Gauges
8-5- 3
Acdd&tfonal raun guuges
3 addtionce raîn
To însute the accuracy to to 931 ,

gauges shoutd be installed.

Find the mea precipitatfon foy aa rectangulat
ABco hawdng AB = |0 km and BC= Skm. The precipitation
re corded at four conet ate A CI0cm), BCIl2 em)cCIScm)
4o(un) by Aritbmetic mecmmethod & Thiessen Polygon
method.
OArthmete nean method:
P = |2 m
4

Thiessen Polygon method

Area af Rectanqulct
:
4req = l0K 6 = 50 km2
Area as Inuence = 50 12.5 k m

P: (1ox12.5) + (12X12.5)+ (I5X)2S) +(I1X12-5)

(2.5%Q

| 2 cm

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Q.2 a) what îs evaporatfon ? explain the factors afechinq the

Tate at evaporation 9 Aso list aut the methods
control evaporation oss from sof].
The proces af transformatîon af iguid oatet fnto
gaseoS form îs called evaporatlon
fouctors affecting the
the rarate af
af evaporation :
1 Temperature : Higher temp. încreases he enexgy
awalable for water molecueswhich accelerat es
evaporatfon. Warmeg watet eNaporates more quîckly he
than
oole watet

a] wind Speed: Higher wind speed remove saturated aîr

Arom the surfc ce and replace it wTth driez ar
fncrea sing the rate af eraporat fon.
3] Humidty: Louwet humidity CAess mofsture fn
in th aîr)
enhances evaporation sfoce drfer ar can absorb moe
atet vapor. High humdity sloves eyaporatîon
41 Surface Area : Larger
Larget Surface cteq expose more
oater to the atmospnete,
nates
Jeading
to
highe eiapo ration

5] Water Depth: ShaLlbu octet

heats up more quttlcly
eading to
hfghez hghek eyaporation rates
61 Ar Press ure Lower atmospheric
nospheric presSute favorS.
evaporation bec
becaue ft reduces the forces holding the

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wate molecule fo the liguid state

] Radiation: Highet solag radatton provide, enerqy

to wtee, Speedfog up evaporatîon.
8| Water Qualityi Salinity and împuyitfes LoLOeE the
eNaporaton rate since dissolved sbstan ces redce
the cubiIfy af oatet mole cules to escape înto the
atmosphete.
Methods to Cotrol Evapo ratfon Lo Ss from Sofl :
Ovegetatîon covet
2) Slope at Ground sutfae
3] Artifiefal cove
Que26) pefne ¢index and w- mdex The rafnfau intensity
theee successive 6hr pertods ae
the susface nunale resultng from this Storm 3m
Ben
what is the vaue a index 9
-Indey : Tt is rainfall intensity above which
maînfall alepth îs equal to TUna depth.
W- Index Tne -fndex s a redefned ersion af -inder.
T+ excludes the depresson stsroqe nterceetfon from
+he total losses.

Totl Rainfl : (.3x6 )+ (4.6x6) + (3.] X6)

S 4 m

Teacher's Si qnature.
 E nm
teit
diate

2phereniu,

Perennial

61 8 12

Time
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Or, choosing
By trîal and error fhdex 4l cm}hy
Runalf above d îndex ine,
(13-4.1) x6 + (4.644) x6 t (3.l-4.)x6

Therefore , the index for this stoTm

Q.39) ExXplan the dferent types at streans with neat sketeh.

1 Perennial Streams : It has ContinuO UJ flow throughout
the year They ate typîcatly fed by a COnsistert base
louo from qround uoatee sources which keeps them
Elouoing even durîng dry periods. Tnese streuns
mafntaun a stable ecosystem wît aquatic Life
adaptedtoto contant watet presence.

21 Intermtt tent Strearns ; TtIt flouos onty duying ceztain

times af the year, usually ohen thete is Supereent
areundunate dischatge orprecipitetTon. They rmay
cease to PoLo ur ing dry periods y the at e tab le
drops below the steam bed

3| Emphemetcl Stream: It floos only in dfrect

responJe to pre cipitatfon events, nsuch ay thunde
gtormy. Tney do not recelve consistent ground wete
fnput and remain dry for most af the jear.
Que. 3b) Rainfa af |2, 30, 4O, 44 cnd 14 mm were Tecorded on
loth
the 3rd gth 16th and 17t*
4t days af a poetfulat
CA

month. Compute the antecealent precipitation fhdex (APr) For.

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varfation
the frst 20 days af the month an d skech tts
with time . Assume that the APL af tne ast ca
valwe af the necession
previous month 1s 85 mm Cnd the
factor K fs 0·90.

Tt-| ( mm) K It It KI-t Pt

Oaycts precipitatibn Pe
mm

85 16.50 76.SO

2 T6-SO 68.85 68-85

|2 68.85 6I-36 13.96

13.96 6656 6656
6656 599) 5991
5991 S392 S3.92
S3.92 48S3 48S3
4853 43-63 43.68
30 43.68 39.3L 6931
40 69.3) 62.38 102.38

|02.38 92.18 92|4

12 g2.\4 82.93 8293
3 82.93 4:64 44.64
74.64 67.18
6718 60:46 6046
44 G0.446
17 14 38-41 8854
18 (oS.41 35i0)
19 3S.01 85.SI
16.36 76.96.

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