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CIVL4451-TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. INTRODUCTION to
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

GÖKER AKSOY

BEFORE WE START
What is Traffic ?

Any definition ?

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TRAFFIC

Behavior of vehicles and drivers on the road

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TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering

which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic
operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks,
terminals, next to lands, and relationships with other modes of
transportation.

What could be the main purpose of it ?

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BEST USE OF EXISTING CAPACITY

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Motorlu kara taşıt sayısı

Number of road motor vehicles
Yol ve iş makineleri
Yıl Toplam Otomobil Minibüs Otobüs Kamyonet Kamyon Motosiklet Özel amaçlı taşıtlar Traktör
Road construction
Year Total Car Minibus Bus Small truck Truck Motorcycle Special purpose vehicles and work machinery Tractor
1966 231 977 91 469 10 913 12 041 31 462 47 931 32 099 3 610 2 452 -
1967 284 194 112 367 16 008 13 332 39 927 56 889 39 647 3 641 2 383 -

How much traffic?

1968 318 768 125 375 18 967 13 948 43 441 62 616 47 062 4 033 3 326 -
1969 354 398 137 345 20 540 15 529 48 655 69 478 52 959 4 568 5 324 -
1970 369 808 137 771 20 916 15 980 52 152 70 730 60 994 5 070 6 195 -
1971 403 880 153 676 22 380 17 140 57 011 73 433 68 417 5 349 6 474 -
1972 460 087 187 272 25 559 18 504 62 796 78 920 74 402 5 747 6 887 -
1973 543 318 240 360 30 055 20 011 71 043 86 780 80 860 6 420 7 789 -
1974 647 947 313 160 34 122 21 404 81 025 95 309 86 028 7 338 9 561 -
1975 785 920 403 546 40 623 23 763 98 579 108 381 91 421 8 450 11 157 -

Number of road motor vehicles

1976 920 141 488 894 46 066 25 388 116 861 122 176 96 984 9 224 14 548 -
1977 1 042 239 560 424 51 999 27 096 134 213 138 093 102 127 10 137 18 150 -
1978 1 142 561 624 438 56 836 28 559 144 695 146 551 109 890 10 698 20 894 -
25,000,000 1979 1 566 405 688 687 61 596 30 634 155 278 157 095 120 378 11 291 22 875 318 571
1980 1 696 681 742 252 64 707 32 783 165 821 164 893 137 931 11 777 24 090 352 427
1981 1 802 742 776 432 66 514 33 839 172 269 172 372 160 557 12 459 26 246 382 054
1982 1 901 926 811 465 69 598 35 432 178 762 180 772 182 795 13 386 30 160 399 556
1983 2 041 244 856 350 73 585 38 478 186 427 190 277 217 327 14 705 33 532 430 563
20,000,000 1984 2 215 174 919 577 80 697 43 638 198 106 197 721 256 338 16 312 39 445 463 340
Cumulative Vehicle Count

1985 2 391 357 983 444 87 951 47 119 212 505 205 496 289 052 17 639 45 561 502 590
1986 2 641 353 1 087 234 97 917 50 798 224 755 217 111 327 326 19 448 50 819 565 945
1987 2 887 287 1 193 021 106 314 53 554 233 480 225 872 369 894 21 236 55 129 628 787
1988 3 140 265 1 310 257 112 885 56 172 240 718 234 166 420 889 23 301 58 300 683 577

15,000,000 1989 3 388 259 1 434 830 118 026 58 859 248 567 241 392 472 853 25 060 60 191 728 481
1990 3 750 678 1 649 879 125 399 63 700 263 407 257 353 531 941 26 519 63 024 769 456
1991 4 101 975 1 864 344 133 632 68 973 280 891 273 409 590 488 28 606 66 981 794 651
1992 4 584 717 2 181 388 145 312 75 592 308 180 287 160 655 347 31 158 72 000 828 580
1993 5 250 622 2 619 852 159 900 84 254 354 290 305 511 743 320 33 703 79 233 870 559
1994 5 606 712 2 861 640 166 424 87 545 374 473 313 771 788 786 35 495 83 072 895 506
10,000,000 1995 5 922 859 3 058 511 173 051 90 197 397 743 321 421 819 922 37 272 87 214 937 528
1996 6 305 707 3 274 156 182 694 94 978 442 788 333 269 854 150 40 212 95 318 988 142
1997 6 863 462 3 570 105 197 057 101 896 529 838 353 586 905 121 45 327 107 151 1 053 381
1998 7 371 541 3 838 288 211 495 108 361 626 004 371 163 940 935 49 925 117 913 1 107 457
1999 7 758 511 4 072 326 221 683 112 186 692 935 378 967 975 746 52 105 120 937 1 131 626
5,000,000 2000 8 320 449 4 422 180 235 885 118 454 794 459 394 283 1 011 284 55 677 129 157 1 159 070
2001 8 521 956 4 534 803 239 381 119 306 833 175 396 493 1 031 221 57 490 131 019 1 179 068
2002 8 655 170 4 600 140 241 700 120 097 875 381 399 025 1 046 907 58 790 133 003 1 180 127
2003 8 903 843 4 700 343 245 394 123 500 973 457 405 034 1 073 415 60 511 137 933 1 184 256
2004 10 236 357 5 400 440 318 954 152 712 1 259 867 647 420 1 218 677 28 004 - (2) 1 210 283
0 2005 11 145 826 5 772 745 338 539 163 390 1 475 057 676 929 1 441 066 30 333 - (2) 1 247 767
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
(2)
2006 12 227 393 6 140 992 357 523 175 949 1 695 624 709 535 1 822 831 34 260 - 1 290 679
(2)
2007 13 022 945 6 472 156 372 601 189 128 1 890 459 729 202 2 003 492 38 573 - 1 327 334
Year 2008 13 765 395 6 796 629 383 548 199 934 2 066 007 744 217 2 181 383 35 100 - (2)
1 358 577
2009 14 316 700 7 093 964 384 053 201 033 2 204 951 727 302 2 303 261 34 104 - (2) 1 368 032
2010 15 095 603 7 544 871 386 973 208 510 2 399 038 726 359 2 389 488 35 492 - (2) 1 404 872
2011 16 089 528 8 113 111 389 435 219 906 2 611 104 728 458 2 527 190 34 116 - (2) 1 466 208
2012 17 033 413 8 648 875 396 119 235 949 2 794 606 751 650 2 657 722 33 071 - (2) 1 515 421
2013 17 939 447 9 283 923 421 848 219 885 2 933 050 755 950 2 722 826 36 148 - (2) 1 565 817
2014 18 828 721 9 857 915 427 264 211 200 3 062 479 773 728 2 828 466 40 731 - (2) 1 626 938
(2)
2015 19 994 472 10 589 337 449 213 217 056 3 255 299 804 319 2 938 364 45 732 - 1 695 152
(2)
2016 21 090 424 11 317 998 463 933 220 361 3 442 483 825 334 3 003 733 50 818 - 1 765 764

Traffic Engineering More than 12 million private vehicles. 2017 22 218 945 12 035 978 478 618 221 885 3 642 625 838 718 3 102 800 60 099 - (2) 1 838 222
2018 22 865 921 12 398 190 487 527 218 523 3 755 580 845 462 3 211 328 63 359 - (2) 1 885 952

How much can it increase more ? - (2)

GÖKER AKSOY
2019 23 156 975 12 503 049 493 373 213 358 3 796 919 844 481 3 331 326 65 470 1 908 999
(1) (2)
2020 23 448 381 12 683 707 495 013 213 336 3 838 813 848 745 3 379 281 66 308 - 1 923 178
(1) Data is by the end of May.

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5 modes of transport with 200 people each –

FLOW of people
• Demonstrating how
measures for walking and
cycling can help to reduce
urban congestion,
including congestion of
motorized traffic

• 200 people each pass a

traffic signal in different
modes.

• Lane widths are Equal !

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5 modes of transport with 200 people each –

Focusing on SPACE usage
• How much space each
mode of transport needs so
that it takes equally long
for all modes to have 200
people pass the stop line?
• Simulation animation of
200 people each passing
the stop line of a traffic
signal. The width of the
links or the number of
lanes are chosen, such
that it takes nearly equally
as long until the last
vehicle or person passes
the stop line

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OBJECTIVES of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

it is much desired. limited by transportation
technology, human characteristics.
• Safety
Comfort involves the physical characteristics of vehicles
• Speed and roadways. influenced by our perception of safety.

• Comfort Ease with which trips are made and the ability of transport
systems to accommodate all of our travel needs at appropriate
• Convenience times.

Economy is also relative term !

• Economy
• Environmental compatibility All transportation systems have some negative
impacts on the environment. All produce air and
noise pollution in some forms, and all utilize
valuable land resources

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THE NATURE of TRANSPORTATION DEMAND

Transportation Transportation
Demand Facilities

Land Use

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THE NATURE of TRANSPORTATION DEMAND

Transportation demand is directly related to land-use patterns and to available

transportation systems and facilities.

Transportation planners and traffic engineers attempt to provide capacity for

observed or predicted travel demand by building transportation systems.
The improvement of transportation systems, however, makes the adjacent and
nearby lands more accessible and, therefore, more attractive for development.
Thus, building new transportation facilities leads to further increases in land use
development, which (in turn) results in even higher transportation demands.

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ELEMENTS of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Traffic studies and characteristics

2. Performance evaluation

3. Facility design

4. Traffic control

5. Traffic operations

6. Integration of intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies

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ELEMENTS of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Traffic studies and characteristics

▪ Volume study.
▪ Spot speed study.
▪ Traffic capacity and level of service study.
▪ Travel time and delay study.
▪ Parking study.
▪ Pedestrian study.
▪ Accident or crush study.
▪ Sight distance study.
▪ Traffic impact study.

2. Performance evaluation
Such evaluation relies on measures of performance quality and is often stated in terms of
“levels of service.”

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ELEMENTS of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

3. Facility design
▪ Add lanes
▪ Remove bottlenecks
▪ Revise geometry to increase speed

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World Longest Traffic Jam

• Beijing, China- August 2010

• Imagine being trapped in a 62-mile (100
km) long traffic jam that lasted for an
incredible 12 days. (Beijing-Tibet
expressways)

• A hassle to most, the traffic jam gave birth to a mini-economy

with local merchants capitalizing on the drivers by selling
water and food such as instant noodles at inflated prices.
Some drivers passed time by playing cards, while others were
victims of theft and extortion from the local residents.

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2019 FSM Bridge

Maintenance

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ELEMENTS of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

4. Traffic control
▪ Ramp metering
▪ Signal coordination
▪ Signal phase arrangement
▪ Parking restrictions

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ELEMENTS of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

5. Traffic operations
Traffic operations involves measures that influence overall operation of traffic
facilities, such as one-way street systems, transit operations, park management,
and surveillance and network control systems.

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ELEMENTS of TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

6. Integration of ITS technologies

Refers to the application of modern telecommunications technology to the
operation and control of transportation systems.

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Traffic in Turkey

Vehicle Type Number

Car 12 398 190
Minibus 487 527
Bus 218 523
Small truck 3 755 580
Truck 845 462
Motorcycle 3 211 328
Other 1 949 311
Total 22 865 921

TUIK, Road Motor Vehicle Statistics 2018

Population of Turkey at the end of 2018

82,003,882

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People & Goods OR Vehicles?

• The most common unit used by the traffic

engineer is “vehicles”
• Highway systems are planned, designed, and
operated to move vehicles safely and
efficiently from place to place.
• Yet the movement of vehicles is not the
objective; the goal is the movement of the
people and goods that occupy vehicles.

Hombori/Mali

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Space Required to Transport 60 People

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People & Goods OR Vehicles?

1 lane of freeway carries ……………(a) passenger cars/hour

1 lane of a street arterial carries 800 passenger cars/hour
Car occupancy 1.1 passenger/vehicle
3 lane freeway may carry up to ……………(b) passenger/hour

1 bus lane handles 100 buses/hour

3 bus lanes may carry up to 3*(50)*(100)=15,000 passenger/hour

Light rail transit (LRT) capacity = ……………(c) passenger/hour

Heavy rail transit = ……………(d) passenger/hour

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FSM BRIDGE Toll Booth Counts

FSM Bridge Total Number of vehicles passed (11 October 2013)
9000

8000
Daily total:
7000
126,835 vehicles
per one direction
6000
Vehicel Count

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hour)

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Assignment 1
• Analyze Turkey’s car Ownership change over the years.
• Additionally, analyze car ownership for 5 biggest city in Turkey.
• Use only TUIK (TurkStat) data: http://www.tuik.gov.tr
• Write your own comments in your report.
RULES:
• You will be also graded from obeying the assignment rules. I'm going to check do you really read assignment
rules and what I asked. It is important to make desired analyzes for the assignment however it is also important
for me do you really read and understand the instructions which is written here. Please be careful!
• Do not prepare Cover Page! Just write your name at the top of a page. Prepare graphs for the assignment and
use them in your report. Please assign them a figure number and indicate in your explanations.
• Please prepare your assignment as a report. Do not copy & paste from somewhere else. Do it yourself. Please use
Font as Times New Roman and font size 12. Please be sure your text is justified.
• You have 168 hours from now! I’m not going to tell you exact date and time. You should know it.
• Write your report with MS word and send it via e-mail in PDF format only : [email protected]
• PDF file name must be your name and surname, nothing more!
• If you do not obey the assignment rules, you will be graded maximum 50/100

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