ELEG 270 ELEG 270

Electronics
Electronics
Lecture 1

Lecture 1
S. E.
Esmaeili

Seyed Ebrahim Esmaeili

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 • Outline:

ELEG 270 - Signals

Electronics

- Frequency Spectrum of Signals

Outline
- Root Mean Square (RMS) of a Sine Wave Signal
S. E.
Esmaeili - Amplifiers

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 Signals:
- Signals contain information about a variety of activities in
ELEG 270 our physical world.
Electronics
- To extract required information from a set of signals, we
Chapter 1
Electronics
need to process the signals in a predetermined manner.
and
Semiconductors - Signal processing is most conveniently performed by
electronic systems.
S. E. Esmaeili
- A transducer is a device that transforms a physical signal
into an electric signal.
- For simplicity, we shall assume that signals already exist as
electrical signals.

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 - We will represent signal sources in one of two equivalent
forms:
ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thévenin

form, and (b) the Norton form.

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 - In the Thevenin form, the signal is represented by a
voltage source vs(t) having a source resistance Rs.

ELEG 270 - In the Norton form, the signal is represented by a current

Electronics
source is(t) having a source resistance Rs.
Chapter 1
Electronics
- These two representations are equivalent as long as:
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili
- The output resistance of a signal source is an imperfection
that limits the ability of the source to deliver its full signal
strength to a load.

- The representation in figure (a) / (b) is preferred when Rs

is low / high.

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 Example:
A - For the case in which the source is represented by its
Thevenin equivalent form, find vo that appears across RL
ELEG 270
Electronics
and the condition that Rs must satisfy for vo to be close to
the value of vs.
Chapter 1
Electronics Solution: Rs
and
Semiconductors
- vo that appears across the
Vs RL Vo
load resistance RL is given
S. E. Esmaeili by:

- For vo ≃ vs, the source resistance

must be much lower than the load
resistance, i.e., Rs ≪ RL.

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 Example - continued:
B- For the case in which the source is represented by its
Norton equivalent form, find io that flows through RL and
ELEG 270
Electronics
the condition that Rs must satisfy for io to be close to the
value of is.
Chapter 1
Electronics Solution:
and
Semiconductors
- io flowing through the load
is Rs RL io
resistance RL is given by:
S. E. Esmaeili

- For io ≃ is, the source resistance

must be much larger than the load
resistance, i.e., Rs ≫ RL.

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 ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 Frequency Spectrum of Signals:
- A signal is a time-varying quantity that can be represented
ELEG 270 by a graph as shown.
Electronics
- The information content
Chapter 1 of a signal is represented
Electronics
and by the changes in its
Semiconductors magnitude as time
progresses. An arbitrary voltage signal vs(t)
S. E. Esmaeili
- In general, such waveforms are difficult to characterize
mathematically.
- An extremely useful characterization of a signal is in terms
of its frequency spectrum.

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 - Such a description of signals is obtained through
mathematical tools of Fourier series and Fourier transform.
ELEG 270
Electronics
- Fourier transform provides the means of representing a
voltage signal vs(t) or a current signal is(t) as the sum of
Chapter 1 sine-wave signals of different frequencies and amplitudes.
Electronics
and
Semiconductors - This graph represents the
sine-wave voltage signal
S. E. Esmaeili

where:
Va = peak value or
the amplitude in Volts. Sine-wave voltage signal
of amplitude Va

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 = angular frequency in radians per second
=
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Electronics = the frequency in Hz, T is the period in seconds.
Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 Root Mean Square (RMS) of a Sine Wave Signal:

ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 Root Mean Square (RMS) of a Sine Wave Signal:

14.142 V
ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

-14.142 V
S. E. Esmaeili

- The root mean square (rms) of a sinusoidal-wave is

equal to the peak amplitude divided by .

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 7.071 A peak

VM =14.142 V
peak
ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Irms =
Electronics
and
Semiconductors Vrms =

S. E. Esmaeili
- The sine voltage source with VM = 14.142 V produces the
same power as the DC source with a VDC = Vrms = 10 V.

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 Amplifiers:
- Signal amplification is the most fundamental signal
ELEG 270 processing function.
Electronics
- We shall study the amplifier as a building block, i.e., we
Chapter 1 will only consider its external characteristics.
Electronics
and
Semiconductors Signal Amplification
- Transducers provide weak signals possessing little energy,
S. E. Esmaeili
i.e., in the microvolts (uV) or millivolt (mV) range.
- Such signals are too small for reliable processing.
- Processing is easier if the signal magnitude is made larger.
This task is accomplished using the signal amplifier.

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 - The output signal of the amplifier should be an exact
replica of the input except of course with a larger
magnitude.
ELEG 270
Electronics
- An amplifier that processes the details of the signal
waveform is characterized by the relationship:
Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors
where vi and vo are the input and output signals,
S. E. Esmaeili
respectively, and A is the magnitude of amplification,
known as the amplifier gain.
- The previous equation is a linear relationship between the
input and output. Hence, the amplifier is described as a
linear amplifier.

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 Amplifier Symbol

ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors
A voltage amplifier fed with a signal vI(t)
and connected to a load resistance RL

S. E. Esmaeili - The voltage gain of

the amplifier is given by:

Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage

amplifier with voltage gain Av

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 Power Gain and Current Gain
- Amplifiers have power gain, i.e., an amplifier provides the
ELEG 270
load with power greater than that obtained from the signal
Electronics source.

Chapter 1 - The power gain of the amplifier is defined as:

Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili
- The current gain of the amplifier is defined as:

- From the previous equations, we note that:

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 Expressing Gain in Decibels

- Amplifier gain is usually expressed with a logarithmic

ELEG 270
Electronics
measure.

Chapter 1 - Voltage gain in decibels = dB

Electronics
and
Semiconductors

- Current gain in decibels = dB

S. E. Esmaeili

- Power gain in decibels = dB

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 The Amplifier Power Supplies

- The DC sources required

ELEG 270 for the operation of the
Electronics
amplifier supply the extra
Chapter 1
power delivered to the
Electronics load as well as power
and
Semiconductors dissipated internally by the
amplifier.
S. E. Esmaeili
An amplifier that requires two dc
- The DC power delivered to supplies (shown as batteries) for
the amplifier in this figure is operation

- The amplifier power efficiency is defined as:

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 ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 Example:
For an amplifier with the following:
ELEG 270
- ± 10 V power supplies
Electronics - Fed with a sinusoidal voltage of 1 V peak
- Delivers a sinusoidal voltage of 9 V peak
Chapter 1
Electronics - RL = 1 kΩ
and
Semiconductors
- Draws a current of 9.5 mA from each supply
- Input current to amplifier is 0.1 mA peak
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Find: - the voltage gain
- the current gain
- the power gain
- power drawn from supplies
- the amplifier efficiency

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 ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 Solution:
- The voltage gain equals the generated output voltage over
ELEG 270
the input voltage:
Electronics
or
Chapter 1
Electronics
and
- In order to find the current gain, we first need to find the
Semiconductors output current:
S. E. Esmaeili

- The current gain is given by:

or

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 Solution – continued:
- The power delivered to the load:
ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics - The power drawn from the signal source:
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

- The power gain is equal to:

or

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 Solution – continued:

- The power drawn from DC supplies:

ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1 - The amplifier efficiency:

Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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 ELEG 270
Electronics

Chapter 1
Electronics
and
Semiconductors

S. E. Esmaeili

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