AYURVEDIC TREATMENT FOR TUBERCULOSIS

1. INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

along with other members of the Mycobacterium complex such as Mycobacterium africanum
and Mycobacterium bovis, known to affect humans. It has impacted civilizations for centuries
and remains the leading infectious disease killer among adults in developing countries.
Tuberculosis most often affects the lungs and spreads through the air when infected individuals
cough, sneeze, or spit. While about a quarter of the global population is estimated to be infected
with Tuberculosis bacteria, only 5–10% of those infected will develop symptoms and the
disease itself. Individuals who are infected but asymptomatic cannot transmit the bacteria.
Tuberculosis is preventable and curable, typically treated with antibiotics, but can be fatal
without treatment. In some countries, the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is
administered to infants to prevent tuberculosis; however, this vaccine is effective mainly
against forms of Tuberculosis outside the lungs, not in pulmonary cases. 1

1.1. Symptoms

 Overexertion, getting tired easily upon doing small things

 Decreased Physical origin of sneezing, urine, and taces
 Loss of body fluids and lubricant
 Swelling of scrotum & appearance of antisera
1.1.1. Clinical Symptoms

 Nasal blockage / Congestion leading to difficulty in breathing

 Loss of appetite desire/feeling of hunger
 Head shoulder joint pain sometimes body pain
 Vomitting is sometimes combined with gastrointestinal discomfort, bowel discomfort
1.2. Complications of Tuberculosis

Lungs damage. Infection or damage of your bone, Spinal cord, brain, lymph nodes, or
skin & Liver, kidney problems, heart inflammations of the tissues around your heart.

1.3. Diagnosis

 Cough with or without fever for a prolonged period of time (More than 3 weeks)
 Sputum reduction & debility
 Loss of body tissues
 Weakness and general condition of health
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 Sputum, acid-fast bacillus test positive

 X-ray of chest
 Sputum bacterial load
2
 Total body water, fat-free mass Body mass index, and total body fat
1.4. Pathophysiology of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a potentially serious contagious infection usually left by one of two forms
of mycobacterium
 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
 Mycobacterium Bovis

That mainly affects the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis) and also affects other body parts body
parts. (extrapulmonary tuberculosis) 3

The Bacteria enter into the alveolar air sacs of the lungs through the inhalation of infected
aerosolized droplets.

The immune system lodged alveolar macrophages inside the lungs.

In the province if bacteria and phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages are to be detected.

Inhibited the formation of phagolysosome due to the presence of virulence factor. (Mycolic a
Content)
Primary infection occurs

After 3 Weeks activation of cell-mediated immunity.

Formation of Granulomas.

This leads to necrosis of tissue at the Site of action.

Involvement of lymph node.

Fibrosis and calcification of cone complex.4

Latent Tuberculosis is asymptomatic and does not spread latent tuberculosis is capable
of being reactivated after immunosuppression in the host. The immune system can be
compromised by, immunosuppressive drugs (steroids callineurin inhibitors, etc) and Human
immunodeficiency Virus infection malnutrition. Ageing and other factors etc due to Which
bacteria can be re-activated, multiply, move out from Granulomas, and spread to other parts of
the lungs causing active pulmonary tuberculosis.
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This re-activation may occur even after months or some years from the initial infection
this condition is known as secondary tuberculosis or reinfection. In some cases, bacteria also
spread to any part of the body including the meninges kidney, bones, and lymph nodes via
lymphatic system or bloodstream. This widespread or of Tuberculosis is known as miliary
tuberculosis or disseminated tuberculosis commonly occurs in very young, very old, or those
with HIV infection.5

1.5. Phases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

 Primary tuberculosis / Ghor's complex / Childhood tuberculosis.
 Secondary tuberculosis / Reimleitton / chronic tuberculosis
1.6. Description

Mycobacterium tuberculosis belongs to:

 Order - Actinomycetales
 Class- Actinomycetes
 Family- Mycobacteriaceae
 Genius –Mycobacterium
1.7. Epidemiology
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli have infected nearly 1/3rd of the world's population
with a 10% risk of developing TB disease. Globally 10.4 million cases of TB were reported in
2017 accounting to 133 Cases/ 1,00.000 population of which 90% of cares were adults (aged
> 15 years) 64%. were male 9% were people living with HIV (72% of them Africa).5

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2. ALLOPATHIC REMEDIES FOR TUBERCULOSIS 6

2. 1. ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS 6

GROUP 5

GROUP 1 GROUP 2 GROUP 4 Drug with

GROUP 3 unclear
1st line anti- Injectable Anti- Second line oral
tuberculosis Fluroquinolones Efficacy
Tuberculosis Anti-
drug drug tuberculosis drug 1.Thiacetazone
1.Ofloxacin
1.Isoniacid 1.Streptomycin 1.Ethionamide 2.Clarithromyci
2.Levofloxacin
2.Rifampicin n
2.Kannamycin 3.Moxifloxacin 2.Prothionamide
3.Pyrazinamid 3.Clotazimine
3.Amikacin 4.Lipofloxacin 3.Cycloserine
4.Linezolin
4.Capreomycin 4.Terizidone
5.amoxicillin

3. HERBAL PLANT FOR TUBERCULOSIS

3.1. Goals
Herbal treatments for tuberculosis are after used as complementary approaches
alongside conventional medical treatment rather than as a standalone cure. Tuberculosis is a
serious bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium Tuberculosis and effective treatment
typically requires a course of antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional.7

Herbal remedies might support overall health and immune function, but they should not
replace standard Tuberculosis.

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3.2. Efficacy herbal treatment of Tuberculosis

Herbal treatment for Tuberculosis are ofter explored as a complementary approach
rather than a replacement for conventional medicine. Traditional herbal remedies may support
overall health and boost the immune system, but they should not be relied upon as the sole
treatment for Tuberculosis.

The primary treatment for Tuberculosis involves a course of antibiotics usually

including drugs like isoniazide, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. These are effective
at eradicating the bacteria causing Tuberculosis and are crucial for curing the disease. 7

Some herbal remedies and natural supplements might have supportive roles in overall
health but their efficacy in treating Tuberculosis specifically is not well supported by scientific
evidence. If yours considering herbal treatments. It is crucial to do so under the guidance of a
healthcare professional to ensure they don’t interfere with standard Tuberculosis treatments.7

3.3. The approach of Ayurvedic in the treatment of Tuberculosis

The adverse drug reactions of allopathic medicines were harmful and highly toxic to
the patient. So researchers decided to approach the doors of the ayurvedic system of medicine
tuberculosis (yakshma) named as balasa in the Vedic literature and it’s also known as
rajayaksnma, ksnaya.

Regulatory guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis were adopted based on the
ayurvedic principles for therapeutic management which was a significant achievement for pre-
independence India. Medicines containing elements like mercury gold, and calcium was
formulated at the in-house pharmacies and was administered to the patient with fresh juice of
herbs that were extracted and cultivated in the botanical gardens. 7

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 PLANT BOTANI CHEMICAL PLANT
S.NO CAL FAMILY CONSTITUE PART TYPE OF EXTRACTION USE
NAME
NAME NTS USES

Glycyrrhiz Glycyrrhzin, 1. Dipping extraction, Skin-friendly

1. Methi Fabaceae Glycyrrhizic Stem gel eczema,
a glabra 2. Ultrasonic extraction
acid sore threat.

1.Enzyme-Assisted ext(LAE) Antioxidant,

Tinosporinendi, Stem, 2. Pulsed electric tield Antihypergly
Tinospora
2. Guduni Menispermaceae Leaf, cemic,
cordifolid Furaterpenes. 3. Microwave-Assisted
Root Nuroprotecti
Extraction ve.
4. Ultrasound-assisted

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extraction
3.4. Treatment and Guidelines of Tuberculosis 8

The dried plant material was Bharmi

extracted with 95% ethanol powder
Carbonydrate, Leaf chronic
Bacopa using a Soxhlet apparatus set
3. Branmi Plantoginaceae Fat protein and disease,
monnieri at 50°c for 3 hours the extract
mineral Stems digestion.
was filtered & dried under
reduced pressure.

4. Tulsi Ocimum Lamiaceae Eugenol, Leaf Cold extraction method Antibacterial,

sanctum Methyl eugenol in sectional.

5. Ginger Zingiber Zingiberaceae Zingerone, Root, Maceration, Soxhlet, Arthritis,

officinale Zingiberol Risomes Ulterasonic colic
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roscoe diarrhea.
 PLANT BOTANICA CHEMICAL PLANT TYPE OF
S.NO FAMILY USE
NAME L NAME CONSTITUE PART USES EXTRACTION
NTS
Mentha α-menthol neo Hydro distillation, Antioxidant,
6. Mint Lamiaceae Leaf steam distillation.
atvensis menthol Anti-bacterial

Morinda Caffeic acid, Fruit, Seed, Freshly squeezed

7. Noni Rubiaceae Rutin, version drip Antioxidant.
citrifolia Leaf
Vannilin extraction.

Water steam
Black Terpenes, Digestion,
8. Piper nigrum Piperaceae Leaf, Seed distillation ether
paper Alkaloids Cougn.
extraction

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Anthra Inner leaf gel Skin
Aloe Aloe barbie extraction whole
9. Lilliaceae quinone Leaf protection
vera dance, mill leaf extraction
glycoside wound

Alkaloids, Spectro photometric

Leaf, Root, Care skin
Adnatod Justica method
10. Acanthaceae Tannins, disease
a vasica adhatoda Flower
Flavonoids wounds.

β- Stitostreal, USP based method Digestion,

Vidarika Pueraria Tuber and
11. Fabaceae Puerain Respiety
nd tunerosa Leaves
disorder.
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4. VASAKA 9

Scientific name
Justica Vasica
Common name
Malabarnut, Adhulsa, Adhatoda Vasa, Vasaka.
Family
Acanthaceae
Chemical constituent
Vasicine, Vasicione, Sicolone.

Geographical source
India and topical region of Southern Asia.
Cultivation and collection
Leaves, roots, and steam of vasika are of medicinal value. Leaves can be harvested one
year after planting at an interval of 3-4 months, but roots will be ready to harvest only two
years after planting.
Dose
 Leaf powder-1-3gm.
 Flower powder-250-1000mg
 Root powder-250-500mg
 Leaf juice-5-10mg
Medicinal uses
It is used to treat all types of coughs, chronic bronchitis asthma.

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5. ALOE VERA 10

Scientific name
Aloe barbadensis.
Common name
Aloe vera, aloe, burn plant, life of the desert relephants
Family
Liliaceae.
Chemical constituent
Anthraquinone glycosides have active principles which possess antitubercular activity.

Cultivation and collection

The crop is ready to harvest after 18 months of sowing. Economic yields are obtained
in 5 years after that it needs replanting.
Medicinal uses
Active constituents help in antitubercular activities and provide relief to patients.

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6. VIDARIKAND 11

Scientific name
Pueraria tuberosa
Common name
Vicedzce, Indian kudzu or Nepalese kudzu, vidharivand.
Family
Fabaceae
Chemical constituent
The tuber of the plant contains Beta- stitostreal, duidzein, puerain and isoflavone.

Cultivation and collection

For the cultivation of puerion tuberosa textured loam soil is best for the cultivation
of high moisture contents and particularly shady areas suitable for its cultivation.
Medicinal uses
Vidirakand is a highly nutritious plant primarily acts on digestive, respiratory and
circulatory systems. It helps to gain weight loss is a prominent system of tuberculosis.
Dose
 Vidarikand powder-2-3gm twice a day as directed by the doctor
 1 capsule twice a day
 1 tablet twice a day
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7. MULETHI 12

Scientific name
 Hindi Name: Mulethi
 Sanskrit Name: Yastimadhu
 English Name: Licorice
 Latin Name: Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
Common name
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Family
Fabaceae family
Chemical constituent
The primary component of licorice root is Glycyrrhizin, which constitutes 6–8% of the
root. This compound is a sweet, white crystalline powder, 50 times sweeter than sucrose, and
is made up of the calcium and potassium salts of glycyrrhizic acid. Additionally, licorice root
contains sugar, starch (29%), gum, Protein, fat (0.8%), resin, asparagin (2–4%), a small amount
of tannin in the outer bark, yellow pigments, and 0.03% volatile oil.

Cultivation and Collection

Licorice is commonly grown for its edible root, which is extensively used in medicine
and as a flavoring. The plant thrives in deep, well-cultivated, fertile soil that retains moisture

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for optimal root development. It prefers sandy soil with ample moisture and does not grow well
in clay. Slightly alkaline conditions yield the best results.
Propagation is done through seeds and roots. Seeds are pre-soaked in warm water for
24 hours and then sown in either spring or autumn in a greenhouse. Once the seedlings are
large enough to handle, they are individually potted and overwintered in the greenhouse.
Transplanting occurs in late spring or early summer during active growth.
Plants from seed are relatively slow-growing. Roots and side shoots from mature
plantations, considered waste from harvesting, are used for propagation. These are sections,
about 6 inches long, with buds or eyes. They are planted in rows spaced 3 to 4 feet apart, 4
inches deep, and 18 inches apart within rows. Harvesting usually takes place in the autumn of
the fourth year. The soil between rows is carefully excavated to a depth of 2 to 3 feet to expose
the roots and rhizomes, which are then removed. The earth from the adjacent space is placed
into the trench, and this process is repeated continuously. All parts of the underground plant
are collected, including both runners and roots, with runners being the predominant portion.
The roots are washed, trimmed, and sorted, either sold whole or cut into shorter lengths and
dried, with the cortical layer sometimes removed by scraping. Older, ‘hard’ runners are sold
separately, while younger, ‘soft’ runners are kept for propagation.
Use
Steeping loose herbs in hot water to prepare a soothing tea for a sore throat. Using licorice as
an adjuvant therapy in conjunction with anti-tuberculosis drugs within the DOTS framework
has shown positive effects in patients with pulmonary Tuberculosis. Supervised use of licorice
can enhance patient adherence to anti-tuberculosis medications by providing early symptom
relief and preventing adverse events, leading to faster rehabilitation of tuberculosis patients.
Dose
 Mulethi Powder (Licorice Powder):
 Recommended Dose: 1–3 grams daily
 Administration: Typically mixed with warm water, honey, or milk. It can also be
incorporated into herbal teas
 Mulethi Capsules/Tablets:
 Recommended Dose: 250–500 mg, 1-2 times daily
 Administration: Taken with water, preferably after meals

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8. GUDUCHI 13

Scientific name
Tinospora cordifolia
Common name
Tinospora cordifolia
Family
Menispermaceae
Chemical Constituent
"The stem contains bitter substances, with tinosporine, a bitter principle, serving as a
marker compound. Additional compounds include gilonin, gilosterol, gilenin, and
furanoditerpenes."

Cultivation and Collection

Soil and Climate
Guduchi thrives in a wide range of soil types and under diverse climatic conditions.
Propagation
Guduchi can be propagated through either seedling transplantation or direct
transplantation of stem cuttings. It is typically grown with the support of trees such as
Neem or Mango, which are believed to enhance the plant's medicinal properties.
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Nursery Raising & Planting

Guduchi is propagated by stem cuttings in May-June. The nursery stage lasts up to
one and a half months. Semi-hardwood cuttings, about the thickness of a pencil and with 4-8
nodes, are planted in June-July. These cuttings are initially placed in polybags at a slant, with
two nodes inserted into the soil. In the first year, a support plant must be established to assist
the climber. Once the Guduchi plants reach about one year of age, cuttings are planted beside
them.
Stem Cuttings Propagation
The plant is propagated via stem cuttings in May-June, requiring support from trees
like Neem or Mango. Guduchi is so easy to propagate that a twig placed on a tree branch can
establish itself as a giant climber within a couple of years. Seeds soaked in cold water for 24
hours will germinate more quickly, typically within 10-12 days, with an 80-90% success rate.
Fresh seeds without pre-soaking have a lower germination rate of 30-35%.
USE
The medicinal properties of Guduchi have been well-documented in addressing various
disorders. Its applications include antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic,
hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, radioprotective, anti-
anxiety, adaptogenic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, antiulcer,
antimicrobial, and anticancer effects.
DOSE
 Guduchi Powder (Churna):
 Recommended Dose: 3–6 grams daily.
 Administration: Typically taken in divided doses, mixed with water, honey, or
ghee.
 Guduchi Capsules/Tablets:
 Recommended Dose: 500 mg to 1 gram, 1-2 times daily
 Administration: Swallowed with water or as prescribed by a healthcare provider

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9. BRAHMI 14

Brahmi scientific name

Bacopa monnieri.
Common name
Brahmi – Also known as Indian pennywort, water hyssop, thyme-leafed gratiola, and
herb of grace.
Family:
Plantaginaceae
Taxonomy
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Division: Angiosperms
 Class: Dicotyledons
 Order: Scrophulariales
 Family: Scrophulariaceae
 Genus: Bacopa
 Species: monnieri
Chemical Constituent
Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) contains 88.4% moisture, along with carbohydrates, fat,
protein, and minerals.
The major chemical composition of the herb is outlined in the table below:

Component Amount (/100 gm)

Moisture 88.4 gm

Protein 2.1 gm

Fat 0.6 gm

Table: Chemical Composition of Brahmi

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USE
The dried leaves of the Brahmi plant are processed into Brahmi powder, a holistic
herbal remedy with a range of health benefits. Regular use of Brahmi powder is believed to
support the immune system, reduce inflammation, and offer protection against chronic
diseases. Additionally, it is known to enhance digestion, assist in detoxification, and promote
the body's natural healing processes.
Dosage
Therapeutic doses of Bacopa are generally well-tolerated and have been used safely in
Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. The traditional daily dosages are as follows:
 Non-standardized Powder: 5-10 grams
 Infusion: 8-16 ml
 Syrup (Brahmi): 30 ml
 For Bacopa fluid extracts with a 1:2 ratio:
Adults: 5-12 mL per day. Children (ages 6-12): 2.5-6 mL per day.
 For extracts standardized to 20% bacosides A and B:
Adults: 200-400 mg daily, divided into doses.
Children: 100-200 mg daily, divided into doses.
These dosages are intended to achieve the therapeutic benefits of Brahmi.

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10. BLACK PEPPER 15

Scientific name
Piper nigrum
Common name
Peppercorn
Family
Piperaceae
Chemical constituent
 Aristolactams
 Dioxoaporphines
 Long chain isobutyl amide
 Lignin
 Longamide
 Pluviatilol
 Methyl pluviatilol (fargesin)
 Asarinine
 Piperine

Cultivation and collection

 Annual Rainfall - Well-distributed precipitation throughout the year
 Altitude - Up to 1500 meters

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 Plant Type - Perennial climbing vine

 Support and Shade - Provides support and shade to itself
 Cultivation - Often grown as a mixed crop with coconut, areca nut, tea, and coffee
 Propagation - Cultivated by sowing seeds or through cuttings (vegetative propagation)
 Soil Requirements - Needs high levels of nitrogenous substances (fertilizer and manure)
for optimal growth
 Grafting - Cuttings grafted into soil between April and May
 Support Structure - A stand or support is raised for the vine
 Orientation - Cuttings are generally grafted on the north and northeast sides to avoid intense
western sunlight
 Fruiting - Begins from the third year onward
 Inflorescence - Spike inflorescence with 20-30 sessile flowers that turn into sessile fruit
 Harvesting - Fruits harvested in February or March when they turn orange-red
 Drying - Fruits are dried for a week

Medicinal Uses
 A potent phytochemical found in pepper, known for reducing pain and swelling, aiding in
anti-congestion, and functioning as a bronchodilator to improve breathing, particularly in
tuberculosis patients
DOSE
 Powder: 250mg to 2gm in divided doses per day.

11. NONI 16

Scientific name
Morinda Citrifolia
Common name
Morinda, noni fruits and Indian mulberry

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Family
Rubiaceae
Chemical constituent
 Anthraquinones - Organic compounds with potential medicinal properties.
 Flavonol Glycosides - Plant-derived compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
effects.
 Iridoid Glycosides - Compounds known for their therapeutic and anti-inflammatory
benefits.
 Triterpenoids - A class of compounds with various biological activities, including anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Cultivation and collection

Fruits are harvested when they begin to turn white, or even when they are fully ripe,
characterized by softness, translucence, and a distinctive odor. The tree starts producing fruit
at around three years of age, with regular yields typically beginning from the fifth year onward.
The annual fruit yield can vary depending on the noni variety or genotype, as well as
environmental factors such as soil and water, and the cultivation system or ecosystem. Under
optimal conditions—such as monoculture cultivation in full sun with heavy fertilization—
large-fruited genotypes can produce annual yields of up to approximately 80,000 kg/ha or
more. Yield is influenced by multiple factors, including soil fertility, environmental conditions,
genotype, and planting density
Use
 Destruction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - The phytochemical can eliminate the
bacteria causing tuberculosis.

Dose
30 to 750 mL/day; dosing of 500 mg extract is nontoxic.

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12. MINT 17

Scientific name
Mentha
Common name
Peppermint, Pudina
Family
Lamiaceae
Biological source
Obtained from fresh leaves of mentha piperita
Taxonomy
 Kingdom- Plantae
 Division- Magnoliopsida
 Class - Magnoliopsida
 Order - Lamiales
 Family - Lamiaceae
 Genus – Mentha
Plant description
 About 40-90cm tail
 Stem: erect 30-90cm in height, purplish or green
 Leaves: 4-9 cm long, 1.5-4cm width
 Flowers: 6-8 cm long
Chemical constituents
Among monoterpenes, menthol is the major constituent (35-60%) Menthol, Menthone (2
-44%), menthyl lacetate (0.7-23%), 1, 8-cincole (eucalyptol)(1-13%), methoturan (0.3-14%),
iso menthone (2-5%), neo menthone (3-4%), limonene (0.1-6%).

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Cultivation:
Generally, grow in humid and shaded locations, Grows best with good water Supply,
December to January.
Harvesting
June (100-120 days). October ( after 100days)
Cultivation in mainly done for oil extraction
Extraction
Part used: leaf and whole plant.
Done through: Steam distillation.
Uses
Mint (Mentha spp.) is not a direct treatment for Tuberculosis (TB), but it can support
Tuberculosis management by:
 Easing respiratory symptoms like cough and congestion
 Reducing lung inflammation
 Boosting the immune system with antioxidants
 Relieving digestive issues caused by Tuberculosis medications
Mint should complement, not replace, prescribed Tuberculosis treatments

13. GINGER 18

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Common name
Ginger, Ginger root
Scientific name
Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Family
Zingiberaceae
Part used
Rhizomes
Chemical constituents
Gingerol, Shagol, Zingiberol, Zingiberine, Phellandrene, Bisabilone, Starch
Trace amount of Calcium, Manganese, Ferric, Copper, Potassium

Cultivation
 Ginger can be grown both under rain-fed and irrigated conditions
 For successful cultivation of the crop, moderate rainfall at sowing time till the rhizomes
sprout, fairly heavy and well-distributed showers during the growing period, and dry
weather for about a month before harvesting are necessary
 The ginger rhizomes are planted below ground and send up bamboo-like shoots that give
energy to the developing ginger below ground
 Ginger shoots emerge from the ground when the weather is nice and warm in the spring.
 It is cultivated depending on the rainfall
 Thus, the crop planting should be done in the first week of April. On the West Coast, ginger
was planted month of May after a summer rain
Medicinal uses
It has antibacterial properties. It is commonly used in managing cold, cough, and
bronchitis, offering relief for various respiratory conditions.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is not directly used to treat Tuberculosis, but it can offer supportive
benefits
 Anti-inflammatory: Reduces lung inflammation associated with Tuberculosis
 Antimicrobial: Has mild antimicrobial properties that may support the body's defences
 Immune Support: Boosts the immune system with its rich antioxidant content
 Digestive Aid: Eases nausea and digestive discomfort from Tuberculosis medications
 Respiratory Health: Helps clear mucus, providing relief from chest congestion

14. TULSI 19

Common name
Tulsi
Scientific name
Ocimum sanctum
Family
Lamiaceae
Part used
Whole plant
Chemical Constituents
The leaf volatile oil contains eugenol, euginal (also called eugenic acid), urosolic acid,
carvacrol, linalool, limatrol, caryophyllene, methyl carvicol, methyl cinnamate, ocimene,
pinene, cineol, anethol, estragol, thymol, citral, and camphor.

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Eugenol Urosolic acid

Linalool Caryophyllene

Cultivation
Tulsi thrives in a variety of soil types, including rich loam, poor laterite, saline, and
alkaline soils. However, it should not be planted in highly saline, alkaline, or waterlogged
conditions, as these can reduce yield. Optimal growth occurs in well-drained soils with good
organic matter.
Tulsi is propagated from seeds. To prepare for planting, use raised seed beds (15" x
4'9") and enrich the soil with farmyard manure. Approximately 200-300 grams of seeds are
needed for one hectare of land. Sow the seeds about 2 cm deep in nursery beds.
While Tulsi can grow in partial shade, it prefers high rainfall and humidity for the best results.
The plant benefits from long days and high temperatures, which promote growth and oil
production.
Tulsi has a lifespan of about 1.5 years. It grows best in summer, requiring 6-8 hours of
direct sunlight each day.
Medicinal uses
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), commonly known as holy basil, is not a direct treatment for
tuberculosis but can provide supportive benefits:
 Anti-inflammatory: Reduces lung inflammation in TB patients.
 Antimicrobial: Contains antibacterial compounds that may booster the body's defenses.
 Immune-Boosting: Enhances the immune system, aiding in the fight against infections.
 Respiratory Support: Alleviates symptoms like cough and congestion commonly
associated with TB.
Tulsi should be used as a complementary aid along side prescribed Tuberculosis treatments.

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15. DIET AND LIFESTYLE FOR MANAGING TUBERCULOSIS

SYMPTOMS
Diet and lifestyle choices play a crucial role in overcoming tuberculosis (TB) symptoms
and preventing them from becoming chronic. Mild changes in diet can significantly enhance
the effectiveness of treatment when done correctly. Several home remedies can support the
treatment of Tuberculosis symptoms, focusing on immune-strengthening sources that aid in
toxin elimination, cell and tissue revival, and are easily accessible. 20
15.1. Dietary Recommendations
 Incorporate Red Rice: Pair with goat meat, crab meat, and seafood as protein and
carbohydrate sources
 Avoid Refined Flour and Sugar: Limit these to the maximum extent possible
 Include Antioxidant and Vitamin-Rich Foods: Pomegranate, spinach, mango, carrots, amla,
tomatoes, wheat germ, and nuts should be part of your diet
 Avoid fried or greasy foods: Steering clear of fast foods may help alleviate some
tuberculosis symptoms and support faster recovery
 Recommended Soups and Juices: Drumstick soup and fresh bottle gourd juice are
beneficial
 Foods to Avoid: Brinjal, bitter gourd, black gram, ladysfinger, potatoes, mustard, curd,
banana, and taro root 20
15.2. Essential Micronutrients:
 Vitamins A, D, and E: These immune-boosting vitamins should be included in your diet
 Iron and Vitamin B: Consume green leafy vegetables rich in iron and vitamin B, such as
kale and spinach 20
16. CONCLUSION
The highly contagious nature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, coupled with resistance
to allopathic medicines and the serious side effects they can cause, presents significant
challenges in treatment. In the worst cases, these complications may lead to liver damage,
compromised immunity, and other severe health issues.

Ayurveda offers a variety of treatments for tuberculosis that have proven to be effective
and promising. These treatments are essential for avoiding complications while delivering
efficient outcomes and reducing symptoms without compromising the individual's health.
Numerous natural herbs and medicines have demonstrated promising anti-tubercular

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properties, helping to alleviate the unpleasant symptoms of the disease and boosting immunity.
This has the potential to make a significant impact on the field of allopathic medicine.

This review aims to identify key plants and medicines used in the treatment of
tuberculosis, highlighting their properties and the potential side effects they may cause in rare
instances. It also underscores the benefits of Ayurvedic treatments and their effectiveness in
healing the disease.21

17. REFERENCES

1. Raviglione MC, O'Brien RJ. Tuberculosis. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al.,
editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2018. p.
2100-5.

2. Goh P, Naylor C, Voo T. Tuberculosis: Clinical features and diagnosis. In: Sutherland R,
editor. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2018. p. 215-30.

3. Raviglione MC, O'Brien RJ. Tuberculosis. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, et al.,
editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2018. p.
2100-5.

4. Flynn JL, Chan J. Immunology of tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:93-129.

5. Dhedhi S, Pannu A. Pathophysiology of tuberculosis. In: Raghunandan C, editor. Pulmonary

Complications of Nonpulmonary Disease. 1st ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers; 2020. p. 165-71.

6. Sharma SP, Pandey RK, Verma MS. Phytotherapy for tuberculosis: A review of medicinal
plants and their extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;274:114045.

7. Ng LH, Wong ES, Lee AM. Integrating herbal medicine with conventional tuberculosis
therapy: Benefits and limitations. J Altern Complement Med. 2022;28(5):365-73.

8. Fernandes AR, Patel MB, Thompson HL. Efficacy of herbal remedies in the management of
tuberculosis: A review of clinical evidence and therapeutic roles. Phytother Res.
2023;37(3):1142-55.

9. Yadav NS, Sinha RK, Kumar AM. Pharmacognostic and phytochemical profile of Justicia
adhatoda L.: A review of its medicinal properties and traditional uses. Phytomedicine.
2022;94:153752.

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10. Martinez MG, Verma JP, Hegde SD. Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Aloe
barbadensis (Aloe vera): A review. J Herbal Med. 2021;25:100392.

11. Singh RA, Yadav VB, Sharma AK. Medicinal and nutritional aspects of Pueraria tuberosa:
A comprehensive review. J Med Plant Res. 2022;16(4):123-35.

12. Gupta SM, Sharma RK, Joshi PK. Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra): Pharmacology,
therapeutic uses, and cultivation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;291:115235.

13. Reddy PR, Kumar SK, Sharma MP. Pharmacological properties and cultivation practices
of Tinospora cordifolia: A comprehensive review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;299:115748.

14. Gupta AR, Mehta SP, Singh RK. Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Bacopa
monnieri: A comprehensive review. J Herbal Med. 2023;38:100560.

15. Patel MK, Kumar NS, Joshi AR. Black pepper (Piper nigrum): An overview of its botany,
chemical composition, and medicinal uses. J Med Plant Res. 2022;16(14):234-48.

16. Lee LT, Tanuwidjaja MR, Ong SY. Cultivation and fruit production of Morinda citrifolia:
A comprehensive review. Horticult Sci Technol. 2021;39(2):112-28.

17. Patel SS, Sharma PK, Narayan MG. Cultivation, extraction, and medicinal uses of
Mentha species: A review. J Essent Oil Res. 2020;32(4):239-56.

18. Prasad RK, Kumar SS, Rao VN. Botanical and medicinal aspects of ginger (Zingiber
officinale): A comprehensive review. J Med Plant Res. 2021;15(7):148-64.

19. Sharma SJ, Sinha RK, Mishra AK. Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): A review of its medicinal
properties and cultivation techniques. J Med Plant Stud. 2020;8(4):299-312.

20. Patel M, Sharma A, Verma R. Diet and lifestyle interventions for tuberculosis
management: A comprehensive review. J Clin Nutr Metab. 2022;12(3):225-37.

21. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Kumar S. Role of traditional medicine in tuberculosis

management: A focus on Ayurveda. Indian J Tuberc. 2019;66(2):176-80.

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