1

Periodic Properties of Elements

1. Modern Periodic Table
 Arrangement: Elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic
number (not atomic mass, as per Mendeleev's periodic table).
 Periods: Horizontal rows, 7 periods in total.
 Groups: Vertical columns, 18 groups in total.
 Blocks: S-block (Groups 1 and 2), P-block (Groups 13–18), D-block (Transition
elements), F-block (Lanthanides and Actinides).

2. Effective Nuclear Charge (Zₑff)

 Definition: The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a multi-
electron atom.
 Formula:Zeff=Z−SZeff=Z−SWhere ZZ = atomic number, and SS = screening
constant (the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the
electron in question).
 Trend:
 Across a period: Increases because the number of protons increases, but the
shielding remains roughly the same.
 Down a group: Decreases because new electron shells are added, increasing
shielding.

 Definition: The distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron.

 Trend:
 Across a period: Decreases due to increased nuclear charge (higher Zₑff),
pulling electrons closer to the nucleus.
 Down a group: Increases due to the addition of new electron shells,
increasing the size of the atom.
 Anomalies:
 Noble gases: Do not follow the trend as they have a full octet and a relatively
stable configuration.
 Trends in relation to Ionization Energy (I.E.):
 Smaller atoms (lower atomic radius) tend to have higher ionization energies.

4. Ionization Energy (I.E)

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 Definition: The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or

ion.
 First Ionization Energy (I₁): The energy required to remove one mole of
electrons from one mole of neutral atoms in the gas phase.
 Trend:
 Across a period: Increases due to a stronger effective nuclear charge (Zₑff)
and a smaller atomic radius.
 Down a group: Decreases because the outermost electron is farther from the
nucleus and experiences more shielding.
 Exceptions:
 Group 2 to Group 3: Ionization energy slightly decreases due to the stability of
the filled s-orbital in Group 2.
 Group 15 to Group 16: Ionization energy decreases because of the pairing of
electrons in Group 16 (O, S, etc.), which creates repulsion.

5. Electron Affinity (E.A.)

 Definition: The amount of energy released when an electron is added to a
neutral atom in the gas phase.
 Trend:
 Across a period: Generally increases (more negative), as atoms become
smaller and more capable of accepting electrons due to increased nuclear
charge.
 Down a group: Decreases (less negative), as the atom’s size increases,
reducing the nucleus' ability to attract the added electron.
 Exceptions:
 Group 2, 12, and noble gases: Electron affinity is often low or positive
because their outer electron shells are full and stable.

 6. Electronegativity
 Definition: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons when it forms a bond.
 Scale: Pauling scale is most commonly used.
 Trend:
 Across a period: Increases (except for noble gases) because the nuclear
charge increases, making atoms more effective at attracting electrons.
 Down a group: Decreases because the distance between the nucleus and the
valence electrons increases, weakening the nucleus' pull on bonding electrons.
 Most Electronegative Element: Fluorine (F) with an electronegativity of 4.0.
 Least Electronegative Element: Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr).
 3

7. Metallic and Non-metallic Character

 Metallic Character: The ability of an element to lose electrons and form

cations.
 Across a period: Decreases, as elements become more non-metallic.
 Down a group: Increases, as atoms become larger and more willing to lose
electrons.
 Non-metallic Character: The ability of an element to gain electrons and form
anions.
 Across a period: Increases (elements become more electronegative).
 Down a group: Decreases (elements become less electronegative).

8. Anomalies in Periodic Trends

 Ionization Energy:
 Group 2 to Group 3: Slight drop (because Group 3 elements have a single
electron in the p-orbital, which is easier to remove).
 Group 15 to Group 16: Drop in ionization energy (due to electron pairing in p-
orbitals).
 Electron Affinity:
 Group 2 and 18: Electron affinity is positive or very low due to full or stable
electron configurations.
 Electronegativity:
 Transition elements show a less clear trend compared to s- and p-block
elements.

9. Trends in Group (Down the Group)

 Atomic Size: Increases as new shells are added.

 Ionization Energy: Decreases as electrons are further away from the nucleus
and more shielded.
 Electron Affinity: Generally decreases as atoms get larger.
 Electronegativity: Decreases because the atoms get larger and less effective
at attracting electrons.
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10. Summary of Trends Across a Period and Down

a Group

Across a
Period Down a Group
(Left to (Top to
Property Right) Bottom)
Atomic Radius Decreases Increases
Ionization Energy Increases Decreases
Becomes Becomes less
more negative or
Electron Affinity negative positive
Electronegativity Increases Decreases
Metallic Character Decreases Increases
Non-metallic Character Increases Decreases

11. Important Concepts in JEE Context

 Ionization Energy: Can be tested by asking which elements will require more
energy to remove an electron.
 Electronegativity and Bonding: Questions often focus on which atoms will
form polar or non-polar bonds based on electronegativity differences.
 Exceptions: Always keep an eye on specific exceptions to periodic trends (like
electron affinity for Group 2, 12, and noble gases).
 Comparative Trends: Be prepared to compare properties of elements across
periods or groups (e.g., comparing electronegativity between two elements).

12. Key Formulae for Quick Reference

 Effective Nuclear Charge (Zₑff) :Zeff=Z−SZeff=Z−S

 Ionization Energy Trend: Increases across a
period, decreases down a group .
 Atomic Radius Trend: Decreases across a period, increases
down a group.
 Electronegativity Trend: Increases across a period, decreases
down a group.
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1. Ionization Energy (I.E.)

Exception:

 Group 2 to Group 3 (Be → B, Mg → Al, etc.):

 Trend: Ionization energy decreases from Group 2 to Group 3 (e.g., Be >
B, Mg > Al).
 Explanation: Although Beryllium (Be) and Magnesium (Mg) are smaller,
their ionization energy is higher than that of Boron (B) and Aluminum (Al).
The reason for this decrease is that boron and aluminum have one electron in
the p-orbital (which is farther from the nucleus and shielded),
whereas beryllium and magnesium have a stable filled s-orbital.

Important Question:

 Q: Why does Boron (B) have a lower first ionization energy than Beryllium (Be)?
 Answer: Boron has an electron in the p-orbital, which is less tightly bound to
the nucleus and requires less energy to be removed compared to the s-
orbital in beryllium, which is more tightly held.

2. Ionization Energy (Group 15 to Group 16)

Exception:
 Group 15 to Group 16 (N → O, P → S, As → Se):
 Trend: Ionization energy decreases from Group 15 to Group 16 (e.g., N > O, P
> S).
 Explanation: While nitrogen (N) has a half-filled p-orbital configuration (2p³),
oxygen (O) has one electron pair in the p-orbital (2p⁴). This electron pairing
causes repulsion, making it easier to remove an electron from oxygen
compared to nitrogen. Therefore, oxygen has a lower ionization energy
than nitrogen.

Important Question:

 Q: Why does the ionization energy of oxygen (O) decrease compared

to nitrogen (N)?
 6

 Answer: The paired electrons in the 2p-orbital of oxygen experience

repulsion, which makes it easier to remove an electron, resulting in a lower
ionization energy than nitrogen, where the electrons are unpaired in the p-
orbital.

3. Electron Affinity (E.A.)

Exception:
 Group 2 (Be, Mg, etc.) and Group 18 (Noble Gases):
 Trend: Electron affinity is typically low or even positive in Group 2 (alkaline
earth metals) and Group 18 (noble gases), as these elements have stable
electron configurations.
 Explanation: Adding an electron to a Group 2 element (e.g., Be, Mg) or a noble
gas (e.g., He, Ne) would result in a less stable configuration, so these elements
do not readily accept electrons, leading to a low or positive electron affinity.

Important Question:

 Q: Why do noble gases have very low (or positive) electron affinity?
 Answer: Noble gases have a completely filled valence shell, and adding an
electron would result in a less stable configuration, making their electron affinity
very low or even positive.

4. Electronegativity
Exception:
 Group 1 (Alkali Metals) and Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals):
 Trend: Electronegativity decreases down the group.
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 Explanation: Alkali metals (e.g., Li, Na, K) and alkaline earth metals (e.g., Be,
Mg) have low electronegativity compared to other elements.
However, Lithium (Li), being the smallest in the alkali metal group, has an
unusually high electronegativity compared to other alkali metals
like Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K).

Important Question:

 Q: Why does lithium (Li) have a higher electronegativity than other alkali
metals like sodium (Na) or potassium (K)?
 Answer: Lithium has a small atomic radius and a high effective nuclear
charge compared to other alkali metals, which makes it more effective at
attracting bonding electrons.

5. Atomic Size (Radius)

Exception:
 Noble Gases:
 Trend: Atomic size generally decreases across a period and increases down a
group.
 Explanation: However, noble gases (e.g., Ne, Ar) are larger than the
halogens in the same period (e.g., F, Cl) despite having higher atomic numbers.
This happens because noble gases have a full outer electron shell and their
atoms are less tightly packed due to the absence of electron-electron
repulsion.

Important Question:

 Q: Why is the atomic radius of Ne (Neon) larger than F (Fluorine) despite

having a higher atomic number?
 Answer: Neon is a noble gas, and its electron cloud is more spread out due to
the absence of electron-electron repulsion in an incomplete shell, making its
atomic radius larger than fluorine, which has a less stable electron
configuration.
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6. Anomalous Behavior of Transition Elements

Exception:
 Transition Metals (Sc, Ti, etc.):
 Transition elements show some unexpected trends due to unfilled d-orbitals.
For example, the first ionization energies of transition metals don’t always
follow the trend of increasing across the period. Chromium (Cr) and Copper
(Cu) are exceptions:
 Cr (Z = 24) prefers the configuration [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ (half-filled d-orbitals) instead
of [Ar] 3d⁴ 4s², which leads to a higher ionization energy than expected.
 Cu (Z = 29) prefers the configuration [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ (fully filled d-orbital), which
results in a lower ionization energy than expected.

Important Question:

 Q: Why does chromium (Cr) have a half-filled d-orbital and not a full
4s orbital in its ground state?
 Answer: The half-filled d-orbital configuration (3d⁵ 4s¹) is more stable due
to extra stability associated with a half-filled d-subshell, leading to a lower
energy configuration than the expected configuration (3d⁴ 4s²).

7. Atomic and Ionic Radius

Exception:
 Anion vs. Cation Size:
 Anions are always larger than their parent atoms, and cations are
always smaller. However, isoelectronic ions (ions with the same number of
electrons but different nuclear charges) don’t always follow simple trends.
 For example, O²⁻ (oxide ion) is larger than F⁻ (fluoride
ion), even though they have the same electron
configuration because O²⁻ has a lower nuclear
charge than F⁻, resulting in less attraction for the
electrons.

Important Question:

 Q: Among the following ions, which one is the largest: O²⁻,

F⁻, Na⁺, or Mg²⁺?
 9

 Answer: O²⁻ is the largest because it has the least nuclear

charge among the isoelectronic ions, leading to less
attraction on the electron cloud.
 10

1. Ionization Energy Trends

 Q1: Why does ionization energy decrease from Be to B (or Mg to Al) in

the periodic table?
 Answer: The ionization energy decreases due to the presence of a p-
orbital in boron (B) and aluminum (Al), which is higher in energy than
the s-orbital in beryllium (Be) and magnesium (Mg). The electron in the
p-orbital is easier to remove due to less effective shielding and more
repulsion between electrons.

2. Electron Affinity

 Q2: Why does electron affinity decrease in going from Group

1 to Group 2 (e.g., Li → Na → K)?
 Answer: Electron affinity decreases because in Group 2, the atoms already
have a full s-orbital configuration, making it less favorable to accept an
additional electron. In contrast, Group 1 elements are more willing to
accept an electron to achieve a stable noble gas configuration.

3. Electronegativity

 Q3: Why is the electronegativity of fluorine (F) higher than that

of oxygen (O)?
 Answer: Fluorine is smaller than oxygen and has a higher effective
nuclear charge (Zₑff), which attracts electrons more strongly.
Additionally, fluorine has a lower shielding effect, making it more
electronegative than oxygen.

4. Atomic Size (Radius)

 Q4: Why does the atomic radius of Noble gases (e.g., Ne, Ar) not follow
the usual trend in periodic tables?
 Answer: Despite having higher atomic numbers, noble gases have a full
outer electron shell, making their electron clouds more spread out due to a
stable configuration. This results in their atomic radius being larger than
halogens in the same period.

5. Anomalous Behavior of Ionization Energy (Group 15 → Group 16)

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 Q5: Why does the ionization energy of oxygen (O) decrease compared
to nitrogen (N)?
 Answer: The ionization energy of oxygen is lower because oxygen
has paired electrons in its p-orbital (2p⁴), which experiences electron-
electron repulsion, making it easier to remove one of the electrons. In
contrast, nitrogen has a stable, half-filled p-orbital (2p³), which is more
difficult to ionize.

6. Transition Metals and Ionization Energy

 Q6: Why do elements like Cr (Chromium) and Cu (Copper) exhibit

anomalous electron configurations (e.g., [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ and [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹)?
 Answer: These elements adopt configurations like 3d⁵ and 3d¹⁰ because
these arrangements provide extra stability due to the half-filled and fully
filled d-orbitals, respectively. This increases the stability of the atom, even
though it leads to an apparent violation of the expected configuration.

Questions with High Potential to Appear in JEE 2025

1. Atomic and Ionic Radius Comparison

 Q1: Which ion has the largest radius: O²⁻, F⁻, Na⁺, or Mg²⁺? Explain
why.
 Answer: O²⁻ has the largest radius because it has the least nuclear
charge among the isoelectronic species (all having the same number of
electrons), leading to the weakest attraction on the electron cloud. In
contrast, Mg²⁺ has the highest nuclear charge and the smallest radius.
 Potential for JEE 2025: This question is frequently asked as it tests both
the understanding of ionic radii and iso-electronic species.

2. Electronegativity Trends

 Q2: Why is the electronegativity of lithium higher than that of sodium,

despite sodium being smaller?
 12

 Answer: Lithium has a smaller atomic radius and a higher effective

nuclear charge compared to sodium, allowing it to attract bonding
electrons more effectively, even though sodium is larger in size.
 Potential for JEE 2025: Questions testing the relationship between atomic
size and electronegativity in Group 1 elements have been asked multiple
times.

3. Ionization Energy and Electron Configuration

 Q3: Explain why the first ionization energy of Al (aluminum) is lower

than that of Mg (magnesium).
 Answer: Magnesium has a stable filled 3s² configuration,
while aluminum has a single electron in the 3p-orbital, which is easier to
remove due to the higher energy level and less stability.
 Potential for JEE 2025: This question is likely to appear as it involves
both ionization energy and electron configuration.

4. Electron Affinity

 Q4: Why do noble gases have almost zero or positive electron affinity
values?
 Answer: Noble gases have a completely filled outer shell, which is
already in a stable configuration. Adding an electron would disrupt this
stability, making their electron affinity either zero or slightly positive.
 Potential for JEE 2025: Noble gases' electron affinity behavior is often
tested.

5. Anomalous Behavior in Transition Elements

 Q5: Why does the ionization energy of chromium (Cr) deviate from the
general trend in transition metals?
 Answer: Chromium prefers the 3d⁵ 4s¹ configuration, which is more stable
due to the half-filled d-subshell, leading to a lower ionization energy than
expected.
 Potential for JEE 2025: Questions regarding the anomalous electron
configuration of transition elements are asked to test a deeper
understanding of the stability of electron configurations.

6. Atomic Size (Trends in Periods and Groups)

 Q6: Which element has the smallest atomic radius: Na, Mg, Al, Si?
 13

 Answer: Silicon (Si) has the smallest atomic radius because it is further
across the period, and the effective nuclear charge increases as we move
from left to right across the period.
 Potential for JEE 2025: Periodic trends such as atomic
radius and comparison of elements across periods are very common in
JEE questions.

7. Anomalies in Electron Affinity and Group 2 Elements

 Q7: Why does the electron affinity of Group 2 elements (Be, Mg)
remain low or positive?
 Answer: Group 2 elements have a full s-orbital configuration, and adding
an electron would result in a less stable, higher-energy configuration, so
they do not readily accept electrons.
 Potential for JEE 2025: This is an important topic in understanding the
trends of electron affinity in s-block elements.

8. Comparison of Ionization Energy in Groups

 Q8: Compare the ionization energy of N and O and explain why

oxygen has a lower ionization energy.
 Answer: Oxygen has paired electrons in the p-orbital (2p⁴), which
creates electron-electron repulsion, making it easier to remove an electron
compared to nitrogen, which has a half-filled 2p-orbital (2p³), making it
more stable.
 Potential for JEE 2025: The trend in ionization energy from Group 15
to Group 16 has been a consistent topic for testing.

Trends to Watch for JEE 2025

15. Comparing Ionization Energies across Groups and Periods: Always be

prepared for questions comparing elements across periods and groups (e.g.,
comparing Al, Si, Mg, and Na for atomic radius or ionization energy).
16. Anomalous Electron Configurations: Focus on Cr, Cu, Mo, and Ag for
questions related to electron configurations in transition metals.
 14

17. Isoelectronic Species: Questions involving ionic radii of isoelectronic

species like O²⁻, F⁻, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺ will definitely appear.
18. Electron Affinity and Trends in Groups: Don't neglect electron affinity
values, especially for Group 1 and Group 2 elements, as well as Noble
gases.
19. **Noble Gas Electron Configurations and Stability

8. Anomalous Behavior in Transition Elements

 The transition elements exhibit anomalous behaviors due to

the unique nature of their d-orbitals. For example:
 Chromium prefers a 3d⁵ 4s¹ configuration over the
expected 3d⁴ 4s² because a half-filled d-subshell is more
stable.
 Copper prefers a 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ configuration, where the d-orbital is
completely filled, resulting in extra stability.

9. Lanthanides and Actinides

 The f-block elements (lanthanides and actinides) are often

called inner transition elements. These elements are placed
below the main body of the periodic table to keep it compact.
 Lanthanides: Have similar chemical properties and are
typically used in high-strength magnets, phosphors for color
television, and laser technology.
 Actinides: Are radioactive, and uranium and thorium are
used as nuclear fuels.
 15

10. Periodicity in Properties of Oxides

 Acidic Oxides: Elements in the upper right of the periodic table

(non-metals like Cl₂O, SO₂) form acidic oxides.
 Basic Oxides: Elements in the lower left (alkali and alkaline
earth metals like Na₂O, MgO) form basic oxides.
 Amphoteric Oxides: Some oxides show both acidic and basic
properties, like Al₂O₃ and ZnO.

1.Nomenclature of Elements

The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry) system of nomenclature is used to name newly
discovered elements and assign them symbols.

1. Naming of Newly Discovered Elements

 Temporary Names: For elements that have not yet been

discovered or synthesized but are placed in the periodic
table, temporary names are given based on their atomic
number.

These names are constructed using the following system:

 The atomic number is represented by a series of Latin or

Greek prefixes for the digits in the atomic number.
 The ending “-ium” is added to the name.

For example:

 Element with atomic number

113 → Ununtrium (derived from Latin: "un" = 1, "un" = 1,
"trium" = 3)
 Symbol: Uut
 Element with atomic number
114 → Ununquadium (derived from Latin: "un" = 1, "un" =
1, "quad" = 4)
 Symbol: Uuq
 16

 Element with atomic number

115 → Ununpentium (derived from Latin: "un" = 1, "un" =
1, "pent" = 5)
 Symbol: Uup

These temporary names were used until the official name

and symbol are decided after confirmation of the discovery
and synthesis of the element.

2. Permanent Names and Symbols

Once an element is discovered and confirmed, it is given a

permanent name and symbol. The naming process typically
follows these guidelines:

 Named after a place, scientist, or mythological figure.

For example:
 Curium (Cm), named after Marie and Pierre Curie.
 Einsteinium (Es), named after Albert Einstein.
 Francium (Fr), named after France.
 Named based on a property of the element. For
example:
 Californium (Cf), named after the state of California.
 Polonium (Po), named after the country Poland.

3. Some Examples of Recently Discovered Elements

 Nihonium (Nh) - Atomic number 113

 Moscovium (Mc) - Atomic number 115
 Tennessine (Ts) - Atomic number 117
 Oganesson (Og) - Atomic number 118

These elements were officially recognized by IUPAC in

recent years after their discovery in the laboratory, and
their names and symbols reflect either the places or
scientists associated with their discovery.
 17

IUPAC Naming System for Elements Beyond 100

(Atomic Number)

As mentioned earlier, elements with atomic numbers

beyond 100 initially received temporary names based on
their atomic number,
with "un" representing 1, "bi" representing 2, and so on,
until a permanent name and symbol were assigned.

For example:

 Element with atomic number 112: Ununbium (temporary

name) → Copernicium (Cn, named after Nicolaus
Copernicus).
 Element with atomic number 113: Ununtrium (temporary
name) → Nihonium (Nh, named after Japan—Nihon in
Japanese).

Naming Conventions in the Periodic Table

13. Element Symbols: The symbols for elements are typically

one or two letters, often derived from
their Latin or English names. For example:
 Na for Sodium (from Natrium in Latin)
 K for Potassium (from Kalium in Latin)
 Fe for Iron (from Ferrum in Latin)
 Ag for Silver (from Argentum in Latin)
14. Atomic Numbers: The atomic number uniquely identifies
an element and corresponds to the number of protons in
an atom of the element. Elements are arranged in
increasing order of their atomic numbers in the periodic
table.
 18

Potential JEE Questions Related to Nomenclature:

Although nomenclature is not always the main focus in

JEE, it's still important to understand the basics, especially
the naming conventions for elements beyond atomic
number 100. These types of questions have appeared in
past JEE exams and can be tricky:

15. Question Example 1:

 Q: What is the temporary name and symbol of the element
with atomic number 120?
 A: The temporary name is Unbinilium (Ubn), based on the
atomic number 120.
16. Question Example 2:
 Q: Which of the following elements is named after a
scientist?
a) Francium
b) Curium
c) Californium
d) Nihonium
 A: Curium (Cm) is named after scientists Marie and
Pierre Curie.
17. Question Example 3:
 Q: What is the symbol for the element Moscovium?
 A: Mc (Atomic number 115).
18. Question Example 4:
 Q: Which of the following elements has the highest atomic
number?
a) Tennessine
b) Oganesson
c) Moscovium
d) Nihonium
 A: Oganesson (Og), with atomic number 118, is the
highest.
 19

Key Points to Remember for JEE:

19. Temporary Names: Be aware of the IUPAC naming

conventions for temporary names of elements
(e.g., Ununseptium for atomic number 117).
20. Recent Discoveries: Familiarize yourself with the names
and symbols of the most recently discovered elements,
especially those with atomic numbers 113 to 118
(e.g., Nihonium (Nh), Moscovium (Mc), Tennessine
(Ts), Oganesson (Og)).
21. Naming After People/Places: Remember that many
elements are named after scientists, countries,
or places, which can often be a key hint in naming-related
questions.

1. Nomenclature and Naming of Elements with

Atomic Numbers > 100

 Q1: Which of the following elements has the highest atomic

number?
 a) Tennessine
 b) Oganesson
 c) Moscovium
 d) Nihonium

Answer:
 20

 Oganesson (Og) with atomic number 118 is the highest

among the listed elements.
 The elements are named in increasing atomic number, and
Oganesson has the highest atomic number.
 Q2: What is the temporary name and symbol for the
element with atomic number 114?
 a) Ununtrium (Uut)
 b) Ununquadium (Uuq)
 c) Ununpentium (Uup)
 d) Ununseptium (Uus)

Answer:

 The element with atomic number 114 was temporarily

named Ununquadium (Uuq).
 This element is later named Flerovium (Fl).

2. Element Naming Based on Places or Scientists

 Q3: Which of the following elements was named after a

scientist?
 a) Francium
 b) Curium
 c) Californium
 d) Nihonium

Answer:

 Curium (Cm) was named after Marie and Pierre Curie,

the famous scientists who conducted pioneering research
on radioactivity.
 21

3. Understanding of Symbols for New Elements

 Q4: What is the symbol for the element Moscovium?

 a) Mc
 b) Mo
 c) MoS
 d) Mcs

Answer:

 The symbol for Moscovium is Mc (Atomic number 115).

4. Knowledge of Newly Discovered Elements

 Q5: Which of the following elements was named after the

place of its discovery?
 a) Californium
 b) Oganesson
 c) Nihonium
 d) Flerovium

Answer:

 Nihonium (Nh) was named after Japan (from Nihon in

Japanese).
 22

5. Identification of Temporary Names

 Q6: What is the temporary name for the element with

atomic number 116?
 a) Ununhexium
 b) Ununseptium
 c) Ununbium
 d) Ununtrium

Answer:

 The element with atomic number 116 had the temporary

name Ununhexium (Uuh) before it was
named Livermorium (Lv).

Key Takeaways for JEE 2025:

28. Naming of Elements with Atomic Number >100: Be

familiar with the temporary names (e.g., Ununseptium for
atomic number 117) and the permanent
names (e.g., Oganesson for 118, Moscovium for 115).
29. Naming After Scientists and Places: Know which
elements are named after famous scientists
(e.g., Curium, Einsteinium, Nobelium) and
countries/places
(e.g., Francium, Californium, Nihonium).
30. Element Symbols: Be able to identify the correct symbols
for recently discovered elements. For example, Moscovium
(Mc), Flerovium (Fl), Tennessine (Ts), Oganesson
(Og), and so on.
31. Exceptions and Trends: Though nomenclature
questions are typically not very common, they still appear
and can be an easy scoring area if you're prepared. The
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trends in naming new elements after countries or prominent

scientists are likely to continue.