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Chapter One

DRAWING INSTRUMENT, LINES AND DIMENSIONING

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8 views

Chapter One

DRAWING INSTRUMENT, LINES AND DIMENSIONING

Uploaded by

savagee436
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY

Course code: MEC 102

Course specification: THEORITICAL CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

DRAWING INSTRUMENT, LINES AND


DIMENSIONING
CHAPTER ONE

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS LINES AND DIMENSIONING

1.1. INTRODUCTION
Drawing instruments are used to prepare drawings easily and accurately. The
accuracy of the drawings depends largely on the quality of instruments. With
instruments of good quality, desirable accuracy can be attained with ease. It is,
therefore, essential to procure instruments of as superior quality as possible.
Below is the list of minimum drawing instruments:

1. Drawing board
Drawing board is rectangular in shape and is made of strips of well-seasoned soft
wood about 25 mm thick. It is cleated at the back by two battens to prevent warping.

Fig 1.1

2. Pencil
• 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B - in decreasing order of softness and
Blackness
• HB to F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of hardness.
3. Eraser
4. Adhesive tape
5. T- square
It is used primarily to draw horizontal lines and for guiding the triangles when
drawing vertical and inclined lines

Fig. 1.2 T-square

6. sets quares
Two forms of set-squares are in general use. A set-square is triangular in shape
with one of the angle as right angle. The 30°-60° set-square of 250 mm
length and 45° set-square of 200 mm length are convenient sizes for use
Set-squares are used for drawing all straight lines except the horizontal
lines which are usually drawn with the T-square. Vertical lines can be
drawn with the T-square and the set-square.
(ii) In combination with the T-square, lines at 30° or 60° angle with vertical or
horizontal lines can be drawn with 30°- 60° set-square and 45° angle with
45° set-square.
Fig 1.3 setsquares
7. French curve
It is used to draw irregular curves that are not circle arcs

Fig1.4 French curve

8. Protractor
The commonest type of protractor is semi-circular and of about 100 mm diameter. Its
circumferential edge is graduated to 1 ° divisions, is numbered at every 10° interval
and is readable from both the ends. The diameter of the semi-circle (viz. straight line
0-180°) is called the base of the protractor and its Centre O is marked by
a line perpendicular to it. It is used for laying out and measuring angle.

Fig 1.5 protractor


9. Compass
It is used to draw circles and arcs both in pencil and ink. It consists of two legs
pivoted at the top.

Fig. 1.6 compass

10. Divider
Used chiefly for transferring distances and occasionally for dividing spaces into equal parts.

Fig 1.7 divider


11. Scales(Ruler)
Scales are used to make drawing of the objects to proportionate size desired.

scales for use on technical drawings


Category Recommended scales
Enlargement scales 50 : 1 20 : 1 10 : 1
’5 : 1 2 :l
Full size 1:1
Reduction scales 1:2 1:5 1 : 10
1 : 20 1 : 50 1 100
l : 200 l : 500 1 1000
1 . 2000 1 ’ 5000 1 10000

Table 1.1
1.2 LINES
Various types of lines used in general engineering drawing are listed below:

 Construction Lines: (Continuous narrow Lines)


Construction Lines are drawn for constructing drawings and should not be
erased after completion of the drawing.
 Center Lines : (Long-Dashed Dotted Narrow Lines)
Center Lines are drawn at the center of the drawings symmetrical about an axis
or both the axes. These are extended by a short distance beyond the outline of
the drawing.
 Border Lines Border Lines are continuous wide lines of minimum thickness 0.7 mm
 Guide Lines : (Continuous Narrow Lines)
Guide Lines are drawn for lettering and should not be erased after lettering.
 Break Lines : (Continuous Narrow Freehand Lines)
Wavy continuous narrow line drawn freehand is used to represent break of an
object.
 Dashed Narrow Lines : (Dashed Narrow Lines)
Hidden edges / Hidden outlines of objects are shown by dashed lines of short
dashes of equal lengths of about 3 mm, spaced at equal distances of about 1 mm. the
points of intersection of these lines with the outlines / another hidden line should
be clearly shown.
Table 1.2.1

Fig. 1.2.1 Application of lines in engineering drawing


Fig.1.2.2 Application of lines in engineering drawing

1.3 Title Block


The title block should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand corner
of the sheet. The title block can have a maximum length of 170 mm providing the
following information.

1. Title of the drawing.

2. Drawing number.

3. Scale.

4. Symbol denoting the method of projection.

5. Name of the firm, and

6. Initials of staff who have designed, checked and approved.


Fig.1.3.1

Fig 1.3.2 Drawing Sheet Formats


DIMENSIONING

1.4 Introduction

Engineering drawings are prepared on standard size drawing sheets. The correct shape
and size of the object can be visualized from the understanding of not only its views
but also from the various types of lines used, dimensions, notes, scale etc.

Drawing of a component, in addition to providing complete shape description, must


also furnish information regarding the size description. These are provided through the
distances between the surfaces, location of holes, nature of surface finish, type of
material, etc. The expression of these features on a drawing, using lines, symbols,
figures and notes is called dimensioning.

 Dimensioning of an object is accomplished by dimensioning each


element to indicate its size (size dimensions) and relative location
(location dimensions) from a center line, base line or finished surface.


Each feature is dimensioned and positioned only once.
 Dimensions indicated on a drawing should be those that are essential
for the production, inspection and functioning of the object and should
not be mistaken as those that are required to make the drawing of an
object
Fig 1.4.1 Application of dimension lines

Fig. 1.4.2 Application of dimension lines

1.4.1 Placing of dimension


The two systems of placing dimensions are:
(1) Aligned system and (2) undirectional

(1) Aligned system In the aligned system the dimension is placed perpendicular to
the dimension line in such a way that it may be read from the bottom edge or the
right-hand edge of the drawing sheet. The dimensions should
be placed near the middle and above, but clear of the dimension lines.

Fig 1.4.1 Aligned system of dimensioning

(2) In unidirectional system all dimensions are so placed that they can be read from
the bottom edge of the drawing sheet.
The dimension lines are broken near the middle for inserting the dimensions.
This system is mainly used on large drawings - as of aircrafts, automobiles etc. where
it is inconvenient to read dimensions from the right-hand side.
Fig. 1.4.2 unidirectional system of dimensioning

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