Operating Web Class 12 Notes

Operating Web-based Applications

Web-based applications are those that can be accessed through a web
browser and a network connection. A web-based application offers the
benefit of global availability around-the-clock. Web-based applications are
now utilised for a variety of tasks, including online shopping with the
option of paying with credit or debit cards, e-governance, and learning
through online tutorials, quizzes, and other activities.
Online Reservation Systems
A web-based reservation system enables online ticket purchase and
cancellation. Online reservation systems examples are –

 Airline ticket
 Railway ticket
 Bus ticket
 Movie ticket
 Hotel booking
 Car rental
 Tour and travel booking

Operating Web Class 12 Notes

Advantages of Online Reservation System
The advantages of the online reservation system are :
Advantages for consumers online reservation

1. Convenient – The user/consumer can book tickets anytime

anywhere – from home, office, while travelling, etc.
2. Price Comparison – Online booking allows the customer to check
the prices, compare them and get the best deal.
3. Security – Most online reservation sites require the user to create
their profile and provide them with a username and password. The
information thus remains secure until their password is secure.
4. Confirmation of Reservation – When a booking is done, the
confirmation of the booking just takes a few seconds. It is fast and
secure.
5. Making Choices – In online booking, the user can see the
arrangement of seats, select a particular seat, etc. In railway
booking, selection of lower berth/upper berth, type of food required
and booking for beddings is possible.
6. Time Saving – Online reservation consumes very less time in
contrast to long queues at the counter.
7. Discount Scheme – The users can avail the special discount
schemes provided by the service provider like, season discount,
advance booking discount and frequent user discount.

Advantages for Providers

 1. Requires Less Staffing – Less man-power is required as every
task is done through computers.
2. No Spatial Restrictions – The physical location of the office does
not really matter to a customer who
is reserving tickets online. So, the organization, big or small, can
choose their office space depending on their needs.
3. Global Access – The scope of access to the online reservation
becomes large as anyone who has access to the Internet can search
for the reservation site and book the tickets.

Operating Web Class 12 Notes

Precautions while Performing Online Transactions
Some actions that can be taken to make the passwords safer are as
follows –

 Make a password complex, like mix case, use numbers and special
characters. This decreases ability of automated attacks by trying
different character combinations.
 Be cautious not to leave passwords around and do not share them
with friends.
 Never use names of near and dear ones as passwords.

E-Governance
The government’s ability to give citizens access to information is made
easier by the usage of ICT. The government has established ICT-enabled
services, such as the registration of birth and death certificates, the
purchase of train tickets, the submission of RTI requests, etc.
Initiative
The national satellite-based computer network, NICNET, was launched in
India in 1987, providing the primary impetus for e-Governance. The
District Information System of the National Informatics Center (DISNIC)
programme, which aims to computerise all district offices across the
nation, was then introduced in 1990.
The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DEITY) and
Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DAR&PG)
created the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006, which has helped
the e-Governance process.
Operating Web Class 12 Notes
E-Governance Sites
Some of the Central initiatives for e-governance include:

 National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

 National e-Governance Division (NeGD)
 e-Governance Infrastructure
 Mission Mode Projects
 Citizens Services
 Business Services
 Government Services
  Projects and Initiatives
 R&D in e-Governance

india.gov.in
India.gov.in went live on November 10th, 2005. It falls under the National
E-Government Plan, or NeGP, as a Mission Mode Project. The National
Informatics Centre, which is a division of the Ministry of Communications
and Information Technology, manages the portal.
goidirectory.nic.in
All websites from the Indian Government, from all levels and throughout
all sectors, can be accessed through this portal. Sites for several Indian
states and union territories are also included, as are those for legislative
and judicial branches of government. It also offers details about various
industries, including agriculture and education.
Operating Web Class 12 Notes
Online Shopping and Bill payments
An online shopping application allows customers to make purchases of
goods over the Internet. The customer can go to a number of websites to
conduct online purchasing.
Benefits of Online Shopping
Online shopping is useful in many situations. Here, we discuss
some of the situations :

 The customer does not have enough time to visit a store and
purchase goods.
 The store where you will get what you need may be very far off.
 The money spent in travelling to the store, parking the car, etc., is
much more than overhead if any in online shopping.
 The product you may require is not available at your market.
 You want to send a product to your friend; you can do online
shopping and provide the receiver’s address. You save your time
and energy for delivery of the product to your friend’s house located
in a different city.
 You do not have time during the shopping hours. You can do online
shopping from your office, home, a friend’s place, anywhere, any
time. Thus there are no fixed shopping hours
 Online shopping also has bargain offers for the customer delight.
 Some online stores allow customers to rate their services and the
items.

Operating Web Class 12 Notes

Project Management – Web Based Application
Development
The process of generating web apps is included in web based application
development. A software that is kept on a distant server is known as a
web application. It is accessible online and supplied via a web browser
interface. A web application could be of various types, such as a game,
quiz, or calculator for bills.
A project is a task that is carried out to produce an original good, service,
or outcome. The following are some of a project’s essential qualities –

 A project has a beginning and an end. The extent of the project is

defined. It has boundaries.
 A project requires finite resources that are required to complete the
project.
 A project has a specific time frame. It has a definite beginning and
end dates.
 A project is complete when its end objectives are achieved. The
objective is specific and identifiable.

Project Essentials and Tips

Phases in a Web Application Project
Web-based application development can be broadly divided into four
phases. In the development
1) Requirements Definition Phase
2) Design Phase
3) Implementation Phase
4) Testing Phase
Requirement Definition Phase
In this phase we identify the problem statement for which the web
application is to be developed.
Feasibility : Is the project feasible?
(i) Check whether the project is technically feasible (is it possible to do
it?).
(ii) Check whether the project is economically feasible (is it profitable?).
(iii) If feasible, proceed further, otherwise there is no need to proceed with
the project.
Scope : The focus is on “what” the application must do. To define the
scope of the application,
(i) Compile a detailed list with a clear description of application features.
(ii) Establish the goals that the solution must achieve.
(iii) Recognizing the limitations that are placed on the project.
Operating Web Class 12 Notes
Design Phase
The focus is on “how” the application is to be designed. This consists of
design of –
A Map of the Web Application Site – A site map for a web application
comprises crucial details about the site’s structure, including the pages
and the connections between them.
Database – Design the application database.
(i) Identify the database tables that will be required in the application.
(ii) Decide the table structures: For each table we need to identity the
attributes of the tables, their data types, the size of the columns in the
tables, the relationship between tables.
Page Structure – Design the structure of page. Identify the main
sections of the page like header, main content and sidebar.
Implementation Phase
Create backend database, frontend and the connectivity between them.
Backend Database – Create the database and write SQL code defining
tables, attributes and relationships, as per the requirement of the
application.
Frontend – Identify the inputs that are required to be taken from the user
in the Front-End of the application. Decide the kind of buttons you will
provide to the user, to minimize the user’s typing effort, like, Radio
buttons, checkbox, list and combo box.
Data Connectivity – Establish the data connectivity between the Front-
End interface and Back-End Database.
Testing Phase
Test the front end and back end of the entire programme using various
example data sets. Find and fix any application bug you can.