TABLE OF CONTENTS- SECTION IX

SECTION IX - OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

9.1 General
9.2 Design Criteria
9.2.1 Channel Discharge Manning's Equation
9.2.2 Channel Cross Sections
9.3 Channel Drop
9.4 Baffle Chutes
9.5 Structural Aesthetics
9.6 Computation Format
9.7 Channel Lining Design
9.7.1 Unlined Channels
9.7.2 Temporary Linings
9.7.3 Grass Linings
9.7.4 Rock Riprap
9.8 Design of Granular Filter Blanket
9.9 Concrete
9.10 Other Lining Options

TABLES:
Computation of Composite Roughness Coefficient for
Excavated and Natural Channels Table 9.1
Classification of Vegetel Covers as to Degree of
Retardance Table 9.2
Permissible Velocities for Channels Lined with Grass Table 9.3

FIGURES:
Uniform Flow for Trapezoidal Channels Figure 9.1
Ditch Design Form Figure 9.2
Flow Velocity for Unlined Channels (Bare Soil} Figure 9.3
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow -
Unlined Channels (Bare Soil} Figure 9.4
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Fiber Glass Roving
(Single and Double Layer) Figure 9.5
Flow Velocity for Channels - Fiber Glass Tacked Roving
With Asphalt (Single Layer) Figure 9.6
Flow Velocity for Channels Lined with Fiber Glass Roving
Tacked with Asphalt (Double Layer) Figure 9.7
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Jute Mesh Figure 9.8
Flow Velocity for Channels - Jute Mesh Figure 9.9
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Excelsior Mat Figure 9.10
Flow Velocity for Channels - Excelsior Mat Figure 9.11
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Erosionet Figure 9.12
Flow Velocity for Channels - Erosionet Figure 9.13
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Bermuda Grass Figure 9.14
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Grass Mixture Figure 9.15
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Common Lespedeza Figure 9.16
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance A Figure 9.17
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance B Figure 9.18
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance C Figure 9.19
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance D Figure 9.20
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance E Figure 9.21
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Rock Riprap Figure 9.22
Flow Velocity for Channels - Rock Riprap Figures 9.23 & 9.24
Channel Charts Figures 9.25 - 9.36
Gabion Drop Structure Construction Detail Figure 9.37
SECTION IX - OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

9.1 GENERAL

Open channels for use in the major drainage system have significant advantage
in regard to cost, capacity, multiple use for recreational and aesthetic purposes,
and potential for detention storage. Disadvantages include right-of-way needs
and maintenance costs. Careful planning and design are needed to minimize
the disadvantages, and to increase the benefits.

Open channels may be used in lieu of storm sewers to convey storm runoff
where:

(1) Sufficient right-of-way is available;

(2) Sufficient cover for storm sewers is not available;

.(3) To maintain compatibility with existing or proposed developments; and

(4) Where economy of construction can be shown without long-term public

maintenance expenditures.

Intermittent alternating reaches of opened and closed systems should be

avoided. Closed systems are preferred due to the inherent hazard of
open channels in urban areas and the tendency for trash to collect in
open channels.

The ideal channel is a natural one carved by nature over a long period of
time. The benefits of such a channel are:

(1) Velocities are usually low, resulting in longer concentration times

and lower downstream peak flows.

(2) Channel storage tends to decrease peak flows.

(3) Maintenance needs are usually low because the channel is

somewhat stabilized.

(4) The channel provides a desirable green belt and recreational area
adding significant social benefits.

IX-1
 Generally speaking, the natural channel or the man-made channel which
most nearly conforms to the character of the natural channel is the most
efficient and the most desirable.

The City has adopted an ongoing ditch maintenance program that is

based upon comprehensive field inventories and analysis, and a system
of establishing priorities based upon flooding potentials.

In many areas facing urbanization, the runoff has been so minimal that
natural channels do not exist. However, a small trickle path nearly always
exists which provides an excellent basis for location and construction of
channels. Good land planning should reflect even these minimal trickle
channels to reduce development cost and minimize drainage problems.
In most cases, the prudent utilization of natural water routes in the
development of major drainage system will reduce the requirements for an
underground storm sewer system.

Channel stability is a well recognized problem in urban hydrology because

of the significant increases in low flows and peak storm runoff flows. A
natural channel must be studied to determine the measures needed to
avoid future bottom scour and bank cutting. Erosion control measures
can be used. This also helps reduce public cost and maintaining the
channel in the future.

Sufficient right-of-way or permanent easement should be provided

adjacent to open channels to allow entry of City maintenance vehicles.

9.2 DESIGN CRITERIA

Open channels shall be designed to the following criteria:

(1) Channel shall carry the 25 year storm minimum with free board specified
herein.

(2) Channel or adjacent public drainage easement, floodway, etc., shall be

capable of carrying the 100 year storm.

(3) When open channel flow velocity exceeds 5 fps, the channel shall be
paved to a point 1 foot above the design water surface or other forms of
stabilization shall be used.

9.2.1 CHANNEL DISCHARGE - MANNING'S EQUATION

Careful attention must be given to the design of drainage channels to

assure adequate capacity and minimum maintenance to overcome the
IX-2
results of vegetative growth, erosion, and silting. The hydraulic
characteristics of channels shall be determined by Manning's equation.

Q = 1.49 AR213 S 112

n

Q =Total discharge in CFS

n = Coefficient of roughness

A= Cross-sectional area of channel (square feet)

R = Hydrologic radius of channel (feet)

S = Slope of channel (feet per foot)

For a given channel condition of roughness, discharge and slope, there is

only one possible depth for maintaining a uniform flow. This depth is the
normal depth. When roughness, depth, and slope are known at a channel
section, there can only be one discharge for maintaining a uniform flow
through the section. This discharge is the normal discharge.

If the channel is uniform in resistance and gravity forces are in exact

balance, the water surface will be parallel to the bottom of the channel.
This is the condition of uniform flow.

Uniform flow is more often a theoretical abstraction than an actuality.

True uniform flow is difficult to find in the field or to obtain in the
laboratory. Channels are sometimes designed on this assumption that
they will carry uniform flow at the normal depth, but because of conditions
difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate and hence not taken into account,
the flow will actually have depths considerably different from uniform
depth. The Engineer must be aware of the fact that uniform flow
computation provides only an approximation of what will occur; however,
such computations are useful and necessary for planning.

The normal depth is computed so frequently in trapezoidal channels that it

is convenient to use nomographs for such types of cross sections to
eliminate the need for trial and error solutions, which are time-consuming.
A nomograph for uniform flow is given in Figure 9.1.

Open channel flow in urban drainage systems is usually nonuniform

because of bridge openings, curbs, and structures. This necessitates the
use of backwater computations for all final channel design work.

IX-3
 A water surface profile must be computed for all channels and shown on
all final drawings. Computation of the water surface profile should utilize
standard backwater methods or acceptable computer routines, taking into
consideration all losses due to the changes in velocity, drops, bridge
openings, and other obstructions.

Channels should have trapezoidal sections of adequate cross-sectional

areas to take care of uncertainties in runoff estimates, changes in channel
coefficients, channel obstructions, and silt accumulations.

Accurate determinations of the "n" value is critical in the analysis of the

hydraulic characteristics of a channel. The "n" value of each channel
reach should be based on experience and judgment with regard to the
individual channel characteristics. Table 9.1 gives a method of
determining the composite roughness coefficient based on actual channel
conditions.

Where practical, unlined channels should have sufficient gradient,

depending upon the type of soil, to provide velocities that will be self-
cleaning but will not be so great as to create erosion. Lined channels,
drop structures, check dams, or concrete spillways may be required to
control erosion that results from the high velocities of large volumes of
water. Unless approved otherwise by the City Engineer, channel
velocities in paved man-made channels shall not exceed ten (10) feet per
second.

Where velocities in excess of five (5) feet per second are encountered,
riprap, pavement, or other approved protective erosion shall be required.
As minimum protection to reduce erosion, all open channels slopes shall
be seeded or sodded as soon after grading as possible.

9.2.2 CHANNEL CROSS SECTIONS

The channel shape may be almost any type suitable to the location and to
the environmental conditions. Often the shape can be chosen to suit
open space and recreational needs to create additional benefits.

(1) Side Slope

Except in horizontal curves, the flatter the side slope, the better.
Normally, slopes shall be no steeper than 3 horizontal:1 vertical
(3:1 ), which is also the practical limit for mowing equipment, unless
approved in writing by City Engineer.

IX-4
 Rock or concrete lined channels or those that for other reasons do
not require slope maintenance may have slopes as steep as 1-1/2
horizontal:1 vertical (1.5:1 ), or rectangular vertical if walls are
structurally designed, unless approved in writing by City Engineer.

(2) Depth

Deep channels are difficult to maintain and can be hazardous.

Constructed channels should, therefore, be as shallow as practical,
and they shall not exceed 4 feet unless approved in writing by City
Engineer.

(3) Bottom Width

Channels with narrow bottoms are difficult to maintain and are

conducive to high velocities during high flows. It is desirable to
design open channels such that the bottom width is at least twice
the depth unless approved in writing by City Engineer.

(4) Bend Radius

Twenty-five (25) feet or ten (10) times the bottom width, whichever
is larger, is the minimum bend radius required for open channels.

(5) Trickle Channels

The low flows, and sometimes base flows, from urban areas must
be given specific attention. If erosion of the bottom of the channel
appears to be a problem, low flows shall be carried in a paved
trickle channel which has a capacity of 5.0 percent of the design
peak flow. Care must be taken to ensure that low flows enter the
trickle channel without the attendant problem of the flow paralleling
the trickle channel. Concrete trickle channels are required when
channel slope is less than 1%.

(6) Freeboard

For channels with flow at high velocities, surface roughness, wave

action, air bulking, and splash and spray are quite erosive along the
top of the flow. Freeboard height should be chosen to provide a
suitable safety margin. The height of freeboard should be a
minimum of 1-foot for velocities up to 8 FPS and 2' for velocities
over 8 FPS or provide an additional capacity of approximately one-
third of the design flow. For deep flows with high velocities, one
may use the formula:
IX-5
 113
Freeboard (in feet)= 1.0 + 0.025 VD , where

V = Velocity of flow

D = Depth of flow

For the freeboard of a channel on a sharp curve, extra height must

be added to the outside bank or wall in the amount:

H =V 2 (T + B)
2gR

H= Additional height on outside edge of channel (feet)

V= Velocity of flow in channel (feet per sec.)

T= Width of flow at water surface (feet)

B= Bottom width of channel (feet)

R= Centerline radius of turn (feet)

2
g= Acceleration of gravity (32.2 feet per sec. )

If R is equal or greater than 3 x B, additional freeboard is not

required.

(7) Connections

Connections at the junction of two or more open channels shall be

smooth. Pipe and box culvert or sewers entering an open channel
will not be permitted to project into the normal channel section, nor
will they be permitted to enter an open channel at an angle which
would direct flow from the culvert or sewer upstream in the channel.

9.3 CHANNEL DROP

The use of channel drops permits adjustment of channel gradients which are too
steep for the design conditions. In urban drainage work, it is often desirable to
use several low head drops in lieu of a few higher drops.

The use of sloped drops will generally result in lower installation cost. Sloped
drops can easily be designed to fit the channel topography.

IX-6
 Sloped drops shall have roughened faces and. shall be no steeper than 2:1.
They shall be adequately protected from scour, and shall not cause an upstream
water surface drop which will result in high velocities upstream. Side cutting just
downstream from the drop is a common problem which must be protected
against.

The length of the drop (L) will depend upon the hydraulic characteristics of the
channel and drop. For a Q of 30 cubic feet per second/feet, L would be about 15
feet, that is, about 1/2 of the Q value. The L should not be Jess than 10 feet,
even for low Q values. In addition, follow-up riprapping will often be necessary at
most drops to more fully protect the banks and channel bottom. The criteria
given is minimal, based on the philosophy that it's Jess costly to initially under
protect with riprap, and to place additional protection after erosional tendencies
are determined in the field. Project approvals are to be based on provisions for
such follow-up construction.

9.4 BAFFLE CHUTES

Baffle chutes are used to dissipate the energy in the flow at a larger drop. They
require no tailwater to be effective. They are useful where the water surface
upstream is held at a higher elevation to provide head for filling a side storage
pond during peak flows.

Baffle chutes are used in channels where water is to be lowered from one level
to another. The baffle piers prevent undue acceleration of the flow as it passes
down the chute. Since the flow velocities entering the downstream channel are
low, no stilling basin is needed. The chute, on a 2:1 slope or flatter, may be
designed to discharge up to 60 CFS per foot of width, and the drop may be as
high as structurally feasible. The lower end of the chute is constructed to below
stream bed level and backfilled as necessary. Degradation of the streambed
does not, therefore, adversely affect the performance of the structure. In urban
drainage design, the lower end should be protected from the scouring action.

The baffled apron shall be designed for the full discharge design flow. Baffle
chutes shall be designed using acceptable methods such as those presented by
A.J. Perterka, Engineering Monograph No. 25, "Hydraulic Design of Stilling
Basins and Energy Dissipators", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Reclamation.

9.5 STRUCTURAL AESTHETICS

The use of hydrologic structures in the urban environment requires an approach

not encountered elsewhere in the design of such structures. The appearance of

IX-7
 these structures is very important. The treatment of the exterior should not be
considered of minor importance. Appearance must be an integral part of the
design.

Parks. It must be remembered that structures are often the only above-ground
indication of the underground works involved in an expensive project.
Furthermore, parks and green belts may later be developed in the area in which
the structure will play a dominant environmental role.
Play Areas: An additional consideration is that the drainage structures offer
excellent opportunities for neighborhood children to play. It is almost impossible
to make drainage works inaccessible to children, and therefore, what is
constructed should be made as safe as is reasonably possible. Safety hazards
should be minimized and vertical drops protected with decorative fencing or rails.

Concrete Surface Treatment: The use of textured concrete presents a pleasing

appearance and removes form marks. Exposed aggregate concrete is also
attractive but may require special control of aggregate used in the concrete.

Rails and Fences: The use of rails and fences along concrete walls provides a
pleasing topping to an otherwise stark wall, and also gives a degree of protection
against someone inadvertently falling over the wall.

9.6 COMPUTATION FORMAT

Figure 9.2 is to be used for open channel design. Computer generated

computations and output are accepted and subject to review by City Engineer.

The steps to follow in an open channel design are:

1. List all the design data (i.e., location, area, runoff coefficients, typical
section, slope, etc.).

2. Determine the initial time of concentration (T0 ).

3. Estimate travel time (Td) through study reach and add to initial time of
concentration to obtain time of concentration (T 0 ) at lower end of study
reach.

4. Determine the discharge for the design storm using Tc·

5. Enter the discharge and slope in the appropriate channel design chart
with the discharge in the slope to find the velocity and depth of flow.

IX-8
 6. Check the estimated travel time against the calculated velocity using
Manning's equation.

A. If the estimated travel time is comparable to the calculated travel

time (±.1.0 min.) proceed to Step 7.

B. If the estimated travel time does not check with the calculated
travel time, repeat Steps 3-6 until an agreement is reached.

7. If excessive velocities or water depths are determined, select another

typical section, revise channel grade, or revise lining and repeat Steps 3-
7.

8. Similar calculations are to be made to determine operational

characteristics - freeboard, velocity, etc.

9.7 CHANNEL LINING DESIGN

9.7.1 UNLINED CHANNELS

The design charts for unlined channels (bare soils) are based on tests on
10 different classes of soils, ranging from cohesive clays to noncohesive
sands and gravels. These are Figures 9.3 and 9.4. Generally, sandy,
noncohesive soils tend to be very erodible, the large grained gravel clay-
silt mixtures are erosion resistant, and the mixtures of sand, clay, and
colloids are moderately erodible.

9.7.2 TEMPORARY LININGS

Temporary linings are flexible coverings used to protect a channel until

permanent vegetation can be established using seeding. For the most
part, the materials used are biodegradable. Listed below are some of the
temporary linings that can be used, which are established in the charts
for this section. Among the factors which should be known in order to
use these are hydraulic radius, soil condition, and channel slope. When
one or all of these factors are known, then a flow velocity or maximum
flow depth can be determined from these charts.

1. *Fiber Glass Roving

2. *Jute Matting
3. *Wood Fiber

* Refer to the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department's

Standard Specifications for material descriptions and construction
methods.
IX-9
9.7.3 GRASS LININGS

Several different types of vegetative covers are listed and grouped

according to degree of retardance in Table 9.2. This Table can be used in
conjunction with seeding specification in the Arkansas Highway and
Transportation Department's Standard Specifications. Figures 9.14
through 9.21 determine flow velocities or maximum flow depths given
such factors as channel slope, hydraulic radius, and/or soil types. Table
9.3 is relatively good source to check permissible velocities for different
types of grass linings in channels.

9.7.4 ROCK RIPRAP

The resistance of random riprap to displacement by moving water

depends upon:

1. Weight, size, shape, and composition of the individual stones.

2. The gradation of the stone.

3. The depth of water over the stone blanket.

4. The steepness and stability of the protected slope and angle of

repose of riprap.

5. The stability and effectiveness of the filter blanket on which the

stone is placed.

6. The protection of toe and terminals of the stone blanket.

The size of stone needed to protect a streambank or highway

embankment from erosion by a current moving parallel to the
embankment is determined by the use of Figures 9.22, 9.23 and 9.24.

When rock riprap is used, the need for an underlying filter material must
be evaluated. The filter material may be either a granular blanket or
plastic filter cloth. All rip-rap shall include concrete slurry to increase
stability and minimize vegetative growth.

IX-10
9.8 DESIGN OF GRANULAR FILTER BLANKET

For a granular filter blanket, the following criteria should be met:

D1s filter <5<D1s filter< 40

Das base D1s base

and

Dso filter < 40

Dso base

In the above relationships, filter refers to the overlying material. The

relationships must hold between the filter blanket and base material and the
riprap and filter blanket.

9.9 CONCRETE

Concrete lined channels provide high capacities, but also have high outlet
velocities so erosion problems become evident and must be dealt with. Capacity
Figures 9.25 through 9.36 related velocity and discharge to the channel
geometry, slope and resistance. The Manning equation may be solved through
trial and error by using the trapezoidal channel charts. Maximum velocity of
concrete lined channel shall be 10 fps unless otherwise approved in writing by
City Engineer.

9.10 OTHER LINING OPTIONS

Other lining options shall be reviewed on a case by case basis and approved by
the City Engineer.

IX-11
 TABLE 9.1

COMPUTATION OF COMPOSITE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

FOR EXCAVATED AND NATURAL CHANNELS

n = (no + n1 + n2 + n3 + n4) m

CHANNEL
CONDITIONS VALUE

Material Involved Earth 0.020

no Rock cut 0.025
Final Gravel 0.024
Coarse Gravel 0.028

Degree of Smooth 0.000

Irregularity Minor 0.005
n1 Moderate 0.010
Severe 0.020

Variation of Channel Gradual 0.000

Cross Section Alternating
n2 Occasionally 0.005
Alternating
Frequently 0.010-0.015

Relative Effect Negliible 0.000

Of Obstructions Minor 0.010-0.015
n3 Appreciable 0.020-0.030
Severe 0.040-0.060

Vegetation Low 0.005-0.010

n4 Medium 0.010-0.025
High 0.025-0.050
Very High 0.050-0.100

Degree of Minor 1.000-1.200

Meandering Appreciable 1.200-1.500
m Severe 1.500

Roughness Coefficient For Lined Channels

Concrete Lined - n = 0.017

=
Rubble RipRap - n 0.022 Open Channel Hydraulics
Ven Te Chow, Ph.D.

COMPUTATION OF COMPOSITE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT

FOR EXCAVATED AND NATURAL CHANNELS

Table 9.1
 TABLE 9.2

CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETEL COVERS AS TO DEGREE OF RETARDANCE

Note: Covers classified have been tested in experimental channels.

Covers were green and generally uniform.

Retardance Cover Condition

A{ Weeping Jovegrass ..................... .

Yellow bluestem, Jschaemum ....... .
Excellent stand, tall, (average 30")
Excellent stand, tall, (average 36")

,.- Kudzu ...................................... . Very dense growth, uncut

Bermudagrass .......................... . Good Stand, tall (average 12")
Native grass mixture, (little
bluestem, blue grama, and other
Jong and short mid-west grasses) .. . Good Stand, unmowed
B Weeping Lovegrass .................... . Good stand, tall, (average 24")
Lespedeza sericea ..................... . Good stand, not woody, tall average 19")
Alfalfa ...................................... . Good stand, uncut (average 12")
Weeping lovegrass ..................... . Good stand, mowed, (average 18")
Kudzu ...................................... . Dense growth, uncut
'- Blue Grama ............................... . Good stand, uncut, (average 18")

,.-- Crabgrass ................................. . Fair Stand, uncut (10" to 48")

Bermudagrass .......................... . Good Stand, mowed (average 6")
Common Jespedeza .................... . Good Stand, uncut (average 6")
Grass legume mixture-summer
c (orchard grass, redtop, Italian
ryegrass, and common lespedeza) .. Good Stand, uncut (average 6" to 2')
Centipedegrass ........................ . Very dense cover (average 6")
'- Kentucky Bluegrass .................... . Good Stand, headed (6" to 12")

,.- Bermudagrass .......................... . Good stand, cut to 2.5" height

Common Jespedeza .................... . Excellent Stand, uncut (average 4"-6")
Buffalograss ............................. . Good Stand, cut to 3"-6"
D Grass legume mixture-fall, spring
(orchard grass, redtop, Italian
ryegrass, and common Jespedeza) .. Good Stand, uncut (4" to 5")
'- Lespedeza Sericea ..................... . After cutting to 2" height
Very good stand before cutting

Bermudagrass .......................... . Good Stand, cut to 1.5" height

E -[ Bermudagrass .......................... . Burned stubble

From: SCS "Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation".

CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETEL COVERS AS TO

DEGREE OF RETARDANCE

Table 9.2
 TABLE 9.3

PERMISSIBLE VELOCITIES FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH GRASS

Permissible Velocity, fps

Slope Range Erosion-Resistant Easily Eroded
Cover
% Soils Soils

0-5 5 5
Bermudagrass 5-10 5 5
>10 5 4

0-5 5 5
Buffalo Grass, Kentucky Bluegrass,
5-10 5 4
smooth brome, blue grama
>10 5 3

0-5 5 4
Grass Mixture 5-10 4 3
Do not use on slopes steeper than 10%

Lespedeza Sericea, weeping love 0-5 3.5 2.5

grass, ischaemum, yellow Do not use on slopes steeper than 5% except for side
bluestem, kudzu, alfalfa, crabgrass slopes in combination channel

Annuals -- used on mild slopes 0-5 3.5 2.5

or as temporary protection until Use on Slopes steeper than 5% not recommended
permanent covers are established,
common lespedeza, Sudan Grass

Remarks: The values apply to average, uniform stands of each type of cover. Use velocities
exceeding 5 fps only for paved channels.

PERMISSIBLE VELOCITIES FOR CHANNEL

LINED WITH GRASS

Table 9.3
 o.o~

EXAMPLE
o.~ GIVEN FIND SOLUTION SIDE SLOPES
HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL
s = 0.003 d d/W = 0.086 l:I 2:1 3:1 4:1 !i;I G:I
Q = 1,000
0.03 0.02
n = 0.029 d = 40x0.085
W=40 = 3.44'
SS= 4:1

0.02
i:-100
0.03
100 t-90
90
00
BO
70 70 0.04
60
0.01
0.009
O.O!l
O.OOB
0.007
0.06

0.07
20

0.09
'iii' 0,10
,g!_
10 I
9
a b 20
w
a. 7
~
g :;;;
6 0
en
II
5
I=0
en m
II
4
$:

0.20
0.001 a" 10

OD009 9

0.0000 n
0.0007
7
0.0006
6 0.30
0.000!! I
0.9
a.a !!
0.0004 0.7
0.6 0.40
4
0.0003 O.!!

NOTE: Project horizontally from 1:1 scale

to obtain values for 2:1 thru 6:1
0.0002

0.60

0.70

UNIFORM FLOW FOR TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNELS

SOURCE: Texas Highway Department Figure 9.1

 DITCH DESIGN FROM

~ Location Area
Acres
c EAxC l:A x C T,
Min
T,
Min
I
IN/HR
Q
CFS
Typical
Section
So
f/f
n V. Cale
FUSec
Water
Depth
Lining
Depth
Type
Lining
Remarlts

0
-{
(")
I
0
m
(/)
Gl
.,,z
0
;;o
s:

"Tl
<15"
c:
rn
co

"' .
 8.0

CHANNEL SLOPE, So

0.05
0.025
6.0
0.01

5.0

r..i
Ql
-!!!
~
>
~ 4.0
0
_,0
w
>

3.0

2.0

v = 22.81 R0 '591 so•.2BB

1.0

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR UNLINED CHANNELS

(BARE SOIL)

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.3

 I I I I 1111 I I I I Il1 I 1I I I

II
- -

I I '<' "'.. · .· ;f;~,:;m;:(~.. .,. , f·~ * ~

--
0.2 § --

r-~--11--1,-t-H-++1--1-,+,1-1-1+,-1-r"'1~:'i:i-'i;~:.; ;*~·~~
212

~*-~f_H~ -" ~!f.'~f;l;}&;I~+~1, ,~l: ,. ~*+~rJ: .:.;t~&*~,i;T:_:,:; '\. {;r:ic-~:ar;-;.1+- ~-;--1~

;
01

: .• ••-•.••.
0
0,0003 0,0004 0,0006 0.0008 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.02 0.03
CHANNEL SLOPE, S0 (ft./ft.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (ctmax.) FOR

UNLINED CHANNELS (BARE SOIL)

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.4

 4.0 I I I I I I I

3.0

-
~
2.0 --
II
f--
f--

x
ro = 11 =
u
E 1.5 f--
f--
--
I -- -
f-
(J_
-
1.0
• LU
,o
$ 0.6
- -
0 f-- -
--'
LL
0.6
2
::::> 0.5
2
x
<{ 0.4
2
0.3
-
0.2 --
10.15
--
--
f--

o. 1 r1 I I I 1111 I I I I I I I I I I II
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.15

CHANNEL SLOPE, S0 (ft.if!.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH FIBER GLASS ROVING
(SINGLE AND DOUBLE LAYER)
SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.5
 1.485
v = R2/3 s 0 112
n
n = 0.035

~ 10
c..i
-

->
-
w
<J)

;S.
~ >--
-r--
:o
_0__, 8
'W
~>
(
c
-
-
L
~

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

FIBER GLASS ROVING TACKED WITH ASPHALT
SINGLE LAYER
SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.6
 ~

cj 0
.~
-5
">
.;.:
.....
;13
.o
,--' a
1W
.> <J'l-<J
I \)·
I

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

FIBER GLASS ROVING TACKED WITH ASPHALT
DOUBLE LAYER
SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.7
 2.00
I l I I I 11 I l I I I I l l L;
--
-
-
--
-
g 0.80
.x
. rn
: E
~

:r: 0.60
·I-
: BJ -
lO
:$
:o
:...J
-
<LL
i:2
• ::::>
::::;; -
:x
:<(
0.30
;:::;;
- -
0.20
-
.__
,__
--
- --
-
0.10
- I I I I I I I I I
0.006 0.008 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.15

CHANNEL SLOPE, S0 (ft./ft.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH JUTE MESH

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.8

 CHANNEL SLOPE, So

0.10

<.i
ID
~"'
,-., 4.0
• <):
.~

:>
~

=~
-0
-o
i: ....I
-w
~>
...
- 3.0

v =61.53R'·0"so0 ..31

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

JUTE MESH

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.9

5 .oor-,_-r--r--,l"l~l--.....,.1-,1-1,....,...1.,..I'""'Il...,.1"'"1-:-J-.,...-l-,-_.,......,..-,-...,._,_,..IJ--..-~~~11-l~~-

4.00t--t------+---+---+---+-~c---l--+-+-+-1--1----l--l

- -
3.oor--;------+---t---+---+--__,1---l--+-+-+-+--+---......J-__j.

- -
- -
- -
-
0.10._-_.___...l--Ll__._l_'--'-l-'-l__.l__.l__.l-LLl..Llw
ll--'------11_i__..LI--L_Jl:_l_..J..1-L.__L-L...L-JLL-Lll...LI...L-J
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.14
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft.if!.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH EXCELSIOR MAT

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.10

 CHANNEL SLOPE, So

0.01

<.i
-
•¢!
·~
~>
·-
Ill
Ul
4.0

.::>--
~1-
-0
::>Q
~.....
~w
c>
-
~
3.0

V =32.29R '- so
340 0 351
·

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

EXCELSIOR MAT

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.11

 I I I I I 11 I I I I >-
-
-
-
ifiUHf!fimfhfl!\ -
-
-
Wi]//1;,f]/!IJW!//!tf0. . .
-
~ 1.00 ~:j:""''! !?'+("7j!'i!::'.i!~i[:;.:.;.!!E~'f:""'
!!,""'!..;;=f!.""":!:i!M!!.'<.....
f:-t----t---t-----+------t----t--t--1--J----t-i
-$
80
;::!i:!!d!'j::!jJ:::ij ::;:;ij:::t!:,-....
-
-x
"'E o. HifHJ!!!f !f'!!f!Tififi:f!fjj!J:!iJ:iff!0._
~
ii'!!!=< =!:!!!!f!!!!!tf!Cl'i'!/!:: "'!!:!'!~I
0.60 ~=,,~~"""'~;=.,;.:.:..;,,~,;.:.:..:_,.J,./.

- -
00 -·J;=-·-.... ·····t"·· . "····=1 ............. ···'jf"· ..
o.
20
!-=---+---+-~(~~~,,
!.=:t0iffrw~~1i~H;1~81~fffJJt!Q --
-
- '<' =::::=:r::::::;::::::=!t::::=!::::::;::::: J:::::;;::::MfUl\.
·····4:::···.:::····· ...... ::··- .. ::··· ::·····==···1.:::····: -

0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

CHANNEL SLOPE, S 0 (ft.If!.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH EROSIONET

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.12

 CHANNEL SLOPE, So

cj

-
- ""'
!S.
>
4.0

:~
:()
;o
·_J
'UJ
~>
' 3.0

2.0

V =41.45R o.assSo0.4DD

O'--~~~~-'-~~~~~-"-~~~~~l--~~~~_J_~~~~~-'

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

EROSION ET

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.13

 ~Ill l 111 I I I
2.0
--..._ '-..... r--....
f-
,_
I-

I-
I-

5t~
1.
'

-..._ ~ ~·.,,
;S
~
,E 1.0 -1>..,.
I! ~ I ,,.,_
~ lLw 0. 8
..._
~ro
~~
,,./'~
.
~,y
w
0 0 '-.

~ ~ 0. 6
'
'
LL LL
~ 0. 5 Retardance D
' .......
'~
"
:;; 0.4
Average Height = 2.5 inches '
0. 3 I "'
I I I I 1111 I I I
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.) CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.)

I I I I 1111 I I I

1.5
,_
I-

s
1.5 ;S
~ ~ I-
I-

' ~

""'
,E 1.0
x ..... ,_
m
,E
:r
lL 0.8 - r--.... ~,.
.r,o
II I
:r ~ - ,_
"""
rt "9,,1',l
f-
[L
w ~
!'.... ~,. . '4,,,
~'~ .ro,.i' ~
0 0.6
5 0.6
LL
~ 0.5
0
-'
LL ..............
.......
. . . !'... ' .... r-.. ,
0.5 :;; 0.4
~
:;; Retardance C
0.4 Retardance E "-
Average Height= 8 inches 0.3
'- Average Height= 1.5 inches ....... -
0.3 '-
'-
Or burned stubble
I
' .,
,
-
-
1,11111111! I I I
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.) CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.)

NOTE: Use on slopes greater than 10% is not recommended.

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH BERMUDA GRASS.
GOOD STAND, CUT TO VARIOUS LENGTHS
SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.14
 I I 1 1 1111 I I I
: 2.0
.
-
="- r-.....
b-....
.
-
,_
,_
1.5 ,_ g
,_
~

"'~
I-
I-
,_
~
~;,~·~~ ,_ .•~E
I-
.E I-
r 1.0 ~ ~ ,_
li:
w
0
O.B
~

~' I......
- i'-.
~ ........ .... ...... ;;;
~ 0.6

~
::;;
0.5 II "'"
Retardance B
0.4
Uncut I
0.3
I I
I I I I I 111 t I I I
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 O.OB 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 a.OB 0.10
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.) CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.)

1 I I I 1111 I 1 I
2. a
Retardance B: Native-Grass Mixture
Little Bluestem, Blue-Grama, Other
E: 1. 5 ,_
Long and Short Midwest Grasses.
,_ Retardance C: Grass-Legume Mixture

~-
1l ,_ Summer-Orchard Grass, Redtop,
.E
I !--...
,_ Italian Ryegrass, Common Lespedeza
Retardance O: Grass-Legume Mixture
li: 1. a
,_ Fall, Spring - Orchard Grass, Redtop,
w·
0
a. B
I-
~ ~·· .troff II Italian Ryegrass, Common Lespedeza
£ro - !?~.!"Irr I
~"- I- '1161. •1Jr
K_so,r !.!_rl
,_
~ 0.6
~ ............
::;; 0.5
'......
........ .......
0.4
Retardance C
Uncut, Average Height= 6-8 inches
- '· 'i-.

0.3
I I I I I 111 I I I
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 o.oB 0.1 a
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH GRASS MIXTURES
GOOD STAND, UNCUT
SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.15
 2.0 2. o,_

-=
I I 11 1111 I I I= I I I I f
'::-
JI I I I
>-
I-
-- '--
'--

~ .....__ -- ....
I-
.........
I'- ...... ..... -- - ---
r-.... ~
~ 1.0
I-
t°ro . s 1.0 ....._ ..... -
i;j
I I' -·-....:.11o,,
..,.'17,tr(
/:f. I I ~: "'
,,,E 0. 8
' I I -~ <",.~
I o. 7
o,
-.....,~Oq~"'
~ ,E 0.8
:r: .... ,___ ........ ~~ .
ii:: i :: 0.7
~ 0.6
.................
'~ l!l 0.6 '-....!'~~~... I
........ ,......... ........

I "
s:g 0.5
§
IL
0.5
Retardance C
'-{.._ 'IL Retardance D
"'~ .........
,..............
~
_Good Stand, Uncut ...............
0.4
Average Height= 11 inches ·~:;;; Excellent Stand, Uncut
0.4 ~verage Height= 4.5 inches,
........
:;;;
- I II I - '<;;;
0.3 I 0.3
- - - -
0.2 I I I I I 111 I I I 0.2 I I I I I I II I I I
0.005 0.008 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.008 0.01
0.005 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0.006
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (ft./ft.) 0.006
CHANNEL SLOPE, S, (fl./ft.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH COMMON LESPEDEZA OF
VARIOUS LENGTHS
SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.16
 4

3 -
~

-
-
-

=
- / !
o.
6
} I 7 II I/ -{
0.5E-~-t---+--!--+">""+--,--+-/--+--+-/-+--!--/-f----f-l- /-'-l-----+--t--+-==li
o.4E---l--l--f--!--!-+.-L---b,;__--l-/-!-+-l+,--.~-+--t--!--::l_

~~ ~ I I ~=
0.31--~+--+-+-!-!---!---l--~/,i+-/--J-+---+---l---+---'-!~

,,; ' I , , , . . ./' / '"' I., .. ,., I .,.L "" ,,;

0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 8

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

VEGETATION OF RETARDANCE A

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.17

 !0,4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6
10F'Tir.,~,r.11rnT1111~rr,.~,rr,.~,,,~,,,u,,..,..,,~,-.,,...,.,.,.,.,.,,.....-,--rrT:;-,-r.-T7::rrrn:-rrr.-rTTrrr1 nlrrr:TTTT rrmm-rrro
1 1 1 1
1 ~I
9~~-;-~--j~-;---,.";---/r-t-:M--r~-r--i-~-r--;--,--t--~t-~---t~~t---:::J

8!--~-+~----!~-'--+--'--J..-!--+---hf---+~-!--.L-~-'+~-+-~i--~----l~~!----'=l

0 .2 l..ilJ..!.ilJLllll.lilllilll.l.llll:'UJ.'u..;1u.1J..l.1.!.llJ.L:.l.J.!.Ll.U'11.L.-1...._l._L..L-1.LL.L..L.l...LllLL!..LI..LU..LU..l.l.LlllllJllllJllJJ.lllJJ.lJ.W.U
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

VEGETATION OF RETARDANCE B

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.18

 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4, 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4
10 .,.-rri.-,,..,-,rrrTTTTTrrT7',,.,..,TTT~~TTT.,.,.,-rrn-,-,,-,-rrrr.,-r-T-.-....,...-.,..-,.-,-.,..,,-,,..,.-,-..,..,,,..,...,..,~,~.~
..~1~"~
9 1::-~-t--~-t--~~-+-r~-r-,~+,-''-f-,L+--7"-+~--,,,.c-~+,,_,.__~-t-~~1--~i--~--'3

8E-~-t-~-t-~~->'---f-1---l'\--,t~-l,.L-t--t-r'--~-,/--\-~~-t--r<'-'-f--~1-~--=i

u
-
Q)
rn

~
>
~
u
0 1.5
-'
w
>

0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1 2.5 3 4

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

VEGETATION OF RETARDANCE C

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.19

 . 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4
0.2
15~ ••I ' 'I ' ' '" I

~
9,_
t:
8 '-

c.i
Q)
..!!!
~
>
~
u
g
w 1--f----,~-t---,.__,_ _,,.__.__...c.+--+--+-+!--+---~-/---'-----\L---!!---~i"---~
> ...

0.6 b-----!---1--!--P.---_!_-..J,1--L_.JL..,l-!----/--!----!---!---l----l
E...
t:
0.5E:t:-----+----+--t---t---;---,1-1---+-..,,,_-+--+---+----+----;1----+----t

0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

VEGETATION OF RETARDANCE D

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.20

 0.15

'"'"
i-,--~~~ sc--h"---1"~---,,...;-~-..,..cf---r1r---+~"""""+--'-.~~~__,f--~~+-~-+~-=l

0
Ql
.!!!
;S
> III
~
0
0_,
w
>

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.9 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH

VEGETATION OF RETARDANCE .E

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.21

20.0 =1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I l l 1±
--
-
-
~
15.0
-
~~
-
--
~ ·'

-
-
-

--
-
-

L........

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.20

CHANNEL SLOPE, S0 (ft./ft.)

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEPTH OF FLOW (dmax.) FOR

CHANNELS LINED WITH ROCK RIPRAP

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.22

1sr-----t,--~~-;--~--+-~~--'-t-.,---~-+---.~~~~.:..:..;.«.;;;.;:;~
37.7
213
V =Dso116 R S0 1/2
116
n = 0.0395 Dso
14 f------

12

011a-~~_.J..~~~...L._~~___1!.__~~-L~~~_L_~~--'!__~~-1

0.0 0.2 OA 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH ROCK RIPRAP

SLOPES = 0.01 TO 0.10, 0 50 = 0.25' TO 1.50'

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.23

 18

16
~ ,.<fl

if>
/
'
14

I
8
12 -·

10 >---

g 8
-!'!
$ NOTE: IN ALL CHANNELS R = d CURVES PLOTTED
THROUGH R = dm~.
>
~
()
6
0
--'
w 37.7
>
V =~R
213 112
So

n =0.0395 D50 116

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

HYDRAULIC RADIUS, R (ft.)

FLOW VELOCITY FOR CHANNELS LINED WITH ROCK RIPRAP

SLOPES = 0.01 TO 0.05, 0 50 = 0.25' TO 1.50'

SOURCE: AHTD Figure 9.24

 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' . ,· ., •
I
' ' .,
~'J.. ; ":. '>,~ I I
0'/Z
t..µ. 'I" u I I I R nz
O'PI
~ \\ ;;o,"t~ ~ o·s-.,
II I I I
~
(J'fl - 0
0'91
"-.\. \~ \'\ 1\ i ":., II
o·z1
"• ' "" I '. \'\.. \. \ ;'\. \ \'
J....:.
I
:a
... (J" ;:.1

0'01

' '\.. . \'\ ' I ~

H
I" ' . "'""
00'6 ~
, T T\ :~..:., ~ (JO,!.
\
00 '"
' """'
oo:t."
OO",f.
~ \ !'-.\I. \I~ 'N'.I~ I ':., I

~ ~):... ~ ~\'~
00'?- " ' ,, ' 1.' .,.. 0
. . ";:t
~
oo·~-
' . ~ \
\
. 11~
\~ S~N
'\.; \ 1
j,i'.\, ; -:.-;;
~ .,.;. \..
Oo_.
""
I
cw..,
Od'7
' ~ "~ ~\
\ \ ~\ \ I ~t'. •\\• ~
'·~ ~ -.
o; N'i-- -
I
9.. I . .-.,.,. ,.
--',,_

--l ._. ~ I
i;:,
iff'I'

0<1'£'
~- "' ' '
--,- \........
\ . 1':\ .,
I\ t .... '
'd "'.;. ·.
,
i -1....::_'.,.,.
I
I -Ill.

oo·z
' , I
"\I I,'\.\\ ~ h",.~ii~ ' I
~.\ \i" 'L ""· A 1' "'J, ~· ----1.-""o
...... ~. 'l
"., "'"'
~
~
c;

' '"
I' j 1 >,,., oo·:r
00·1 ... "l<..1 0,.,
"I 1' \~:\I\ ,-1 ,_~1' ~ \' i -:.. 6
..." 0::1,,
1•K_I . \'' '• r~ ~
OS't 05·1
~ f"\ A
'\\ ~\ a;..
~::,,,- _]
'I "-.,/ .'\--;,,
., "-
(JZ t -
- .;.~- ~ :c .
''\..' '·' ':,
'\.~;":.' . ,_ OJ:'/

00 •r
'- "'"~"S1 ~d ,\,I'\:' ,:\.1 "', "\. ':.. "' ., 00·1

I.,,":, _ "' "'

01,·o
~
06"0
I\ · . R I \'; N. \ \. \'\.\. "\. ', ' "-
o~·a
r"
"1\1~ . . '"'- \ ,. !\.: \ i'--.\ 1 1'.\'\ 1 '~':.~ ., gs
-,~\
'\
' 0 <.,,
~
a
O.l.'0
\ \j
" "
OJ.'C1

o~·o o;-o

~\I\~'\' \
"u
.
.~

·~
~
l
'\ ~ I " \

\ " \ ~I
.,>,
or;·o l.z~, \{. kt\,\' I ~ <...
"''"
)t"O 1 ,...., r; r·o ~ ~

\l~\i· 1~~ ~ "1~ ~ '·\""- ~~·,,\ I'.... ~tot·•

I N:
"~ ~
07·0

.,..""
SETJ
OE'O 1....-
..,>

'
~'
\ h \
rr·o
,,, I ". II N \ "
\ I'. "' \
I
~

'
:i:;
~c::i oro
-.. L.__ fl I I !'
-s-"- I v '
\/'\.
I I I ...
I \lk
"
\\
"•\""\·' .I ' I \ \ 1'.·

I I '
' \' rz·o
oz·o
I
if\ I \"
\ 1
Jc\"" 1\ "\. . '\;,] ,\
I
'
..-o-:.-,\
..,,0 "I "' 1 \
. .1 ~\ ~I\\" ~\ \ .).\ . OZ"1

., l..,, I " I I\ I . .

'" ::::>
\ \~u I~\
r-., I fl"(}

\
"
),)
Z/"O "!

'
.
" .\
'>:'\ '
I
\
\ Tl
'"
I" 1·~ I\
"'
'" \\i\ \'....
,._ I\' .·.\ \
'
''· I.
'\.
\ .
,,\ I
"\. " ''
,,,,
01'0

J
01'0

I
>; ,, ' l~ \ \
' I "

"
I
PO'() II r<ro

I r--\ I\\~ \1\1 '-.,\ \ I ·I\ \' ... ~o·o

~
' '\ ~~ \~~ I\\~ \~. Ii'--
\\ \ \
\ ~. ~\\\ \
I 1

~'
i'- I\
t:

"'
'SCI ::I ~ - ~ ...., ~
I- I I', ~.
Kl
.J..J.f;xJ 73""... "I "I "' '

CHANNEL CHART
2:1b=3Ft.
Source: AHTD Figure 9.25
gz·s aJn61;:1 OJ_H'v' :aoJnOS
·l:l g = q ~:z
..Lt!VH8 13NNVH8

I:>
.'.)

0.05

o.cs
QIO
a.12
"'
<>i "
I:> .IS

_I
"' 0.2J

0.25
"'- 0..:0
Q:!S
0.40
0.45
a.:v
OED

4.CD
.co
5.CO
r.ro
8.CO
9.oa
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STEP-1

/{"' UPPER APRON

LOWER APRON

STEP-2

GABION DROP STRUCTURE

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
Figure 9.37