DM Section 9
DM Section 9
9.1 General
9.2 Design Criteria
9.2.1 Channel Discharge Manning's Equation
9.2.2 Channel Cross Sections
9.3 Channel Drop
9.4 Baffle Chutes
9.5 Structural Aesthetics
9.6 Computation Format
9.7 Channel Lining Design
9.7.1 Unlined Channels
9.7.2 Temporary Linings
9.7.3 Grass Linings
9.7.4 Rock Riprap
9.8 Design of Granular Filter Blanket
9.9 Concrete
9.10 Other Lining Options
TABLES:
Computation of Composite Roughness Coefficient for
Excavated and Natural Channels Table 9.1
Classification of Vegetel Covers as to Degree of
Retardance Table 9.2
Permissible Velocities for Channels Lined with Grass Table 9.3
FIGURES:
Uniform Flow for Trapezoidal Channels Figure 9.1
Ditch Design Form Figure 9.2
Flow Velocity for Unlined Channels (Bare Soil} Figure 9.3
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow -
Unlined Channels (Bare Soil} Figure 9.4
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Fiber Glass Roving
(Single and Double Layer) Figure 9.5
Flow Velocity for Channels - Fiber Glass Tacked Roving
With Asphalt (Single Layer) Figure 9.6
Flow Velocity for Channels Lined with Fiber Glass Roving
Tacked with Asphalt (Double Layer) Figure 9.7
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Jute Mesh Figure 9.8
Flow Velocity for Channels - Jute Mesh Figure 9.9
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Excelsior Mat Figure 9.10
Flow Velocity for Channels - Excelsior Mat Figure 9.11
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Erosionet Figure 9.12
Flow Velocity for Channels - Erosionet Figure 9.13
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Bermuda Grass Figure 9.14
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Grass Mixture Figure 9.15
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Common Lespedeza Figure 9.16
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance A Figure 9.17
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance B Figure 9.18
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance C Figure 9.19
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance D Figure 9.20
Flow Velocity for Channels - Vegetation of Retardance E Figure 9.21
Maximum Permissible Depth of Flow - Rock Riprap Figure 9.22
Flow Velocity for Channels - Rock Riprap Figures 9.23 & 9.24
Channel Charts Figures 9.25 - 9.36
Gabion Drop Structure Construction Detail Figure 9.37
SECTION IX - OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
9.1 GENERAL
Open channels for use in the major drainage system have significant advantage
in regard to cost, capacity, multiple use for recreational and aesthetic purposes,
and potential for detention storage. Disadvantages include right-of-way needs
and maintenance costs. Careful planning and design are needed to minimize
the disadvantages, and to increase the benefits.
Open channels may be used in lieu of storm sewers to convey storm runoff
where:
The ideal channel is a natural one carved by nature over a long period of
time. The benefits of such a channel are:
(4) The channel provides a desirable green belt and recreational area
adding significant social benefits.
IX-1
Generally speaking, the natural channel or the man-made channel which
most nearly conforms to the character of the natural channel is the most
efficient and the most desirable.
In many areas facing urbanization, the runoff has been so minimal that
natural channels do not exist. However, a small trickle path nearly always
exists which provides an excellent basis for location and construction of
channels. Good land planning should reflect even these minimal trickle
channels to reduce development cost and minimize drainage problems.
In most cases, the prudent utilization of natural water routes in the
development of major drainage system will reduce the requirements for an
underground storm sewer system.
(1) Channel shall carry the 25 year storm minimum with free board specified
herein.
(3) When open channel flow velocity exceeds 5 fps, the channel shall be
paved to a point 1 foot above the design water surface or other forms of
stabilization shall be used.
n = Coefficient of roughness
IX-3
A water surface profile must be computed for all channels and shown on
all final drawings. Computation of the water surface profile should utilize
standard backwater methods or acceptable computer routines, taking into
consideration all losses due to the changes in velocity, drops, bridge
openings, and other obstructions.
Where velocities in excess of five (5) feet per second are encountered,
riprap, pavement, or other approved protective erosion shall be required.
As minimum protection to reduce erosion, all open channels slopes shall
be seeded or sodded as soon after grading as possible.
The channel shape may be almost any type suitable to the location and to
the environmental conditions. Often the shape can be chosen to suit
open space and recreational needs to create additional benefits.
Except in horizontal curves, the flatter the side slope, the better.
Normally, slopes shall be no steeper than 3 horizontal:1 vertical
(3:1 ), which is also the practical limit for mowing equipment, unless
approved in writing by City Engineer.
IX-4
Rock or concrete lined channels or those that for other reasons do
not require slope maintenance may have slopes as steep as 1-1/2
horizontal:1 vertical (1.5:1 ), or rectangular vertical if walls are
structurally designed, unless approved in writing by City Engineer.
(2) Depth
Twenty-five (25) feet or ten (10) times the bottom width, whichever
is larger, is the minimum bend radius required for open channels.
The low flows, and sometimes base flows, from urban areas must
be given specific attention. If erosion of the bottom of the channel
appears to be a problem, low flows shall be carried in a paved
trickle channel which has a capacity of 5.0 percent of the design
peak flow. Care must be taken to ensure that low flows enter the
trickle channel without the attendant problem of the flow paralleling
the trickle channel. Concrete trickle channels are required when
channel slope is less than 1%.
(6) Freeboard
V = Velocity of flow
D = Depth of flow
H =V 2 (T + B)
2gR
(7) Connections
The use of channel drops permits adjustment of channel gradients which are too
steep for the design conditions. In urban drainage work, it is often desirable to
use several low head drops in lieu of a few higher drops.
The use of sloped drops will generally result in lower installation cost. Sloped
drops can easily be designed to fit the channel topography.
IX-6
Sloped drops shall have roughened faces and. shall be no steeper than 2:1.
They shall be adequately protected from scour, and shall not cause an upstream
water surface drop which will result in high velocities upstream. Side cutting just
downstream from the drop is a common problem which must be protected
against.
The length of the drop (L) will depend upon the hydraulic characteristics of the
channel and drop. For a Q of 30 cubic feet per second/feet, L would be about 15
feet, that is, about 1/2 of the Q value. The L should not be Jess than 10 feet,
even for low Q values. In addition, follow-up riprapping will often be necessary at
most drops to more fully protect the banks and channel bottom. The criteria
given is minimal, based on the philosophy that it's Jess costly to initially under
protect with riprap, and to place additional protection after erosional tendencies
are determined in the field. Project approvals are to be based on provisions for
such follow-up construction.
Baffle chutes are used to dissipate the energy in the flow at a larger drop. They
require no tailwater to be effective. They are useful where the water surface
upstream is held at a higher elevation to provide head for filling a side storage
pond during peak flows.
Baffle chutes are used in channels where water is to be lowered from one level
to another. The baffle piers prevent undue acceleration of the flow as it passes
down the chute. Since the flow velocities entering the downstream channel are
low, no stilling basin is needed. The chute, on a 2:1 slope or flatter, may be
designed to discharge up to 60 CFS per foot of width, and the drop may be as
high as structurally feasible. The lower end of the chute is constructed to below
stream bed level and backfilled as necessary. Degradation of the streambed
does not, therefore, adversely affect the performance of the structure. In urban
drainage design, the lower end should be protected from the scouring action.
The baffled apron shall be designed for the full discharge design flow. Baffle
chutes shall be designed using acceptable methods such as those presented by
A.J. Perterka, Engineering Monograph No. 25, "Hydraulic Design of Stilling
Basins and Energy Dissipators", U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Reclamation.
IX-7
these structures is very important. The treatment of the exterior should not be
considered of minor importance. Appearance must be an integral part of the
design.
Parks. It must be remembered that structures are often the only above-ground
indication of the underground works involved in an expensive project.
Furthermore, parks and green belts may later be developed in the area in which
the structure will play a dominant environmental role.
Play Areas: An additional consideration is that the drainage structures offer
excellent opportunities for neighborhood children to play. It is almost impossible
to make drainage works inaccessible to children, and therefore, what is
constructed should be made as safe as is reasonably possible. Safety hazards
should be minimized and vertical drops protected with decorative fencing or rails.
Rails and Fences: The use of rails and fences along concrete walls provides a
pleasing topping to an otherwise stark wall, and also gives a degree of protection
against someone inadvertently falling over the wall.
1. List all the design data (i.e., location, area, runoff coefficients, typical
section, slope, etc.).
3. Estimate travel time (Td) through study reach and add to initial time of
concentration to obtain time of concentration (T 0 ) at lower end of study
reach.
5. Enter the discharge and slope in the appropriate channel design chart
with the discharge in the slope to find the velocity and depth of flow.
IX-8
6. Check the estimated travel time against the calculated velocity using
Manning's equation.
B. If the estimated travel time does not check with the calculated
travel time, repeat Steps 3-6 until an agreement is reached.
The design charts for unlined channels (bare soils) are based on tests on
10 different classes of soils, ranging from cohesive clays to noncohesive
sands and gravels. These are Figures 9.3 and 9.4. Generally, sandy,
noncohesive soils tend to be very erodible, the large grained gravel clay-
silt mixtures are erosion resistant, and the mixtures of sand, clay, and
colloids are moderately erodible.
When rock riprap is used, the need for an underlying filter material must
be evaluated. The filter material may be either a granular blanket or
plastic filter cloth. All rip-rap shall include concrete slurry to increase
stability and minimize vegetative growth.
IX-10
9.8 DESIGN OF GRANULAR FILTER BLANKET
and
9.9 CONCRETE
Concrete lined channels provide high capacities, but also have high outlet
velocities so erosion problems become evident and must be dealt with. Capacity
Figures 9.25 through 9.36 related velocity and discharge to the channel
geometry, slope and resistance. The Manning equation may be solved through
trial and error by using the trapezoidal channel charts. Maximum velocity of
concrete lined channel shall be 10 fps unless otherwise approved in writing by
City Engineer.
Other lining options shall be reviewed on a case by case basis and approved by
the City Engineer.
IX-11
TABLE 9.1
n = (no + n1 + n2 + n3 + n4) m
CHANNEL
CONDITIONS VALUE
Table 9.1
TABLE 9.2
From: SCS "Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation".
Table 9.2
TABLE 9.3
0-5 5 5
Bermudagrass 5-10 5 5
>10 5 4
0-5 5 5
Buffalo Grass, Kentucky Bluegrass,
5-10 5 4
smooth brome, blue grama
>10 5 3
0-5 5 4
Grass Mixture 5-10 4 3
Do not use on slopes steeper than 10%
Remarks: The values apply to average, uniform stands of each type of cover. Use velocities
exceeding 5 fps only for paved channels.
Table 9.3
o.o~
EXAMPLE
o.~ GIVEN FIND SOLUTION SIDE SLOPES
HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL
s = 0.003 d d/W = 0.086 l:I 2:1 3:1 4:1 !i;I G:I
Q = 1,000
0.03 0.02
n = 0.029 d = 40x0.085
W=40 = 3.44'
SS= 4:1
0.02
i:-100
0.03
100 t-90
90
00
BO
70 70 0.04
60
0.01
0.009
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Min
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Little Bluestem, Blue-Grama, Other
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STEP-1
LOWER APRON
STEP-2