MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

MODUL PEMBELAJARAN :
> How to start and End Conversation in English
> Greetings
> Introducing yourself and other people
>Asking for Directions

DOSEN PENGAMPU : MUHAMMAD SODIK.M,Pd

( KELOMPOK IV )
DISUSUN OLEH :
NO NAMA NIM
1 Didi Kurniawan -
2 Septia Nur Anisa 232711010315
3 Mentari Amanda Wahyuni 232712010132
4 Ela Nurmaidah 232712010141
5 Nur Azizah A. 232711010313
6 Aji Suherman 232711040100
7 Novi Sulistiawati 232711040094

Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dab Keguruan

Universitas Islam An-Nur Jl. Pesantren No.01.Sidoharjo,Kec.Jati Agung,Kabupaten
Lampung Selatan,Lampung 3536

Foreword
Peace be upon you, and Allah's mercy and blessings

Praise and thanks are always expressed to Allah SWT, who until now has given the blessings of health, so that the
writer can complete the paper assignment without being hampered by significant problems. The author also thanks
his parents, lecturers and college friends who helped. Time limitations were one of the difficulties in writing this
paper. However, thanks to their support, what was fought for was finally completed on time. As a student, the
author realizes that there are still many shortcomings in writing this paper. Therefore, the author personally
apologizes for any errors that may exist in the contents of the paper.

The author hopes that the contents of the paper entitled "Cleanliness is Part of Faith" can be useful for readers.
Please understand if there is an explanation that is difficult to understand. For this reason, the author expects
criticism and suggestions, so that the author can improve it in the future. Thank you for your interest in reading the
author's paper.

Lampung, 11 Februari 2024

Writer

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1. How to start and End Conversation in English..............................4

CHAPTER 2. Greetings........................................................................................8

CHAPTER 3. Introducing yourself and other people........................................10

CHAPTER 4. Asking for Directions.................................................................12

 1. How to Start and End a Conversation in English
a. How to start a conversation in English

Do you have difficulty speaking English? Sometimes the hardest part is simply starting a
conversation. Learn these expressions for starting a conversation in English in any situation –
formal or informal, at work, school, or other contexts! And stay tuned for the next lesson, which
will be on how to continue the conversation.

Starting a conversation with a friend:

With friends, you can use informal English expressions like these:

 What’s up?
 How’s it going?

The correct answer to “What’s up?” is “Not much.” You can then add a detail about what’s
happening in your life at the moment. If someone says “How’s it going?” you can answer
“Good” or “Not so good” and then say why.

Starting a conversation with a colleague:

In the office, you use slightly more formal English, such as these common expressions:

 Hi, John. How are you doing?

 How’s your day going?
 We’re sure having a busy/slow day today.
 Have you heard the news about _____ _?
 (on Friday): Have you got any plans for the weekend?
 (on Monday): How was your weekend?

You can talk about projects you’re working on, or about hobbies you have outside work. Current
national and international news is also a good topic of conversation.

Starting a conversation with a friend who you haven’t seen in a long time:

Here are some common expressions to start a conversation with someone you see after a long
separation:

 Hi Paula! How have you been?

 Long time no see!
  So, what have you been up to lately?
 How’s your family?
 Are you still working at ABC Company?

In this case, you can ask about news in your friend’s work, study, family, and hobbies. The
friend will probably ask you about recent developments in your own life, too.

Starting a conversation at a party or wedding:

 I don’t think we’ve met – I’m Shayna.

 Are you from New York?
 So, how do you know Mary?
 Have you tried the chocolate cake? It’s delicious!

If you’re at a party or wedding, you can start a conversation by asking how the person knows
the host of the party (or the people getting married). You can also comment about the food and
drinks, or about the music.

Starting a conversation at a conference or work event:

 I don’t think we’ve met – I’m Shayna.

 So, where are you from?
 What did you think of the speaker?
 That was an excellent workshop – I learned a lot. How about you?

The expression “I don’t think we’ve met” can be used in professional situations too. You can
ask about the person’s job, what company they are from, and their opinions about the conference
events.

Starting a conversation with someone you have just been introduced to:

 Nice to meet you!

 How do you two know each other?
 So, what do you do for a living? (= what is your job?)
 What are you studying?
 How long have you been (a journalist / doing yoga / interested in music)?
 How did you get into it?

Imagine you have a friend, Nora, who introduces you to her friend Ryan. You can ask about
how they know each other, and about Ryan’s job. If Nora says Ryan is a student, you can ask
about his area of study and what year of college he’s in. If Nora introduces Ryan as a journalist,
or a friend from yoga class, or a musician, you can ask about how long he has done that activity,
or how he first got interested in it. His answer will then provide material to continue the
conversation.

Starting a conversation with someone you meet outside:

  Its a beautiful day, isn’t it?
 It looks like it’s going to rain/snow.
 Can you believe all this rain/snow we’ve been having?
 Sure is a hot/cold one today!
 Your dog is so cute! What’s his name?

If you’re in a park, on the street, etc., the most common way to start a conversation is by talking
about the weather.

Starting a conversation with a stranger in other situations:

The secret to starting a conversation with someone you don’t know is to make a comment
about the current social context. Here are a few examples of how to do this:

 At an art gallery: “That’s an interesting painting. What do you think of it?”

 At a bar: “This is a great song – I love Latin music. How about you?”
 At a sports game: “Wow, that was a great play! So, who’s your favorite player?”
 At a cafe: ”Boy, do I need a coffee!”
 At a concert or event: “What a great turnout! Have you ever been here before?”
 At a playground: “My kids are sure full of energy today!

As in the example of the cafe and playground, you don’t need to ask a direct question. You can
simply make a comment to the other person, and this is like an invitation for the other person to
comment, too. This can then begin a conversation.

b.How to End a Conversation in English

Keys for Ending a Conversation in English

1. SMILE!
Be friendly when ending the conversation, so the other person knows you enjoyed the
conversation – and doesn’t think you’re ending the conversation because you’re annoyed.

2. Make a positive comment, then say you need to go, or give a reason for ending the
conversation.

Ending an Informal

Conversation: Conversation 1:

“Hey, it was nice talking to you, but I’ve gotta run.”

“OK, no problem. Have a good one!”
“You too – bye!”

“I’ve gotta run” is an informal expression to say “I need to go.”

Conversation 2:

“Well, I’d love to keep chatting, but I have to head out – my yoga class starts in an hour.”
“Oh, enjoy your class!”
“Thanks! See you later.”

“head out” means “leave” or “go”

Conversation 3:

“Thanks for the book recommendations, I’ll definitely have to check them out. Anyway, I
actually need to go pick up my kids from school.”
“All right – take care!”

Notice how all three conversations use a “transitional” word like “Hey,” “Well,” or “Anyway”
to introduce the end of the conversation.

Ending a more formal conversation (at work):

Conversation 1:

“Okay, so I’ll call the distributors while you prepare the contract, and we’ll touch base next
week.”
“Sounds like a plan!”
“Great! Have a good afternoon.”
“Thanks, you too. Bye.”
“Bye.”

You can end a conversation at work by giving a summary of the conversation or the next actions
to take. This gives the other person a signal that you would like to end the conversation.

“Anyway, I should get back to

work.” “Yeah, me too. See you
later.”

“I should get back to work” is a good way to end a conversation with a co-worker that is not
related to work – for example, if you are chatting with your colleague about weekend plans or
other interests.

“Well, I know you’re busy, so I don’t want to keep

you.” “That’s OK. Nice talking to you.”

“I don’t want to keep you” is a way to say that you respect the other person’s time, so you won’t
continue the conversation for hours and hours. This also signals that the conversation is coming
to an end. It is often used during phone calls.

Different ways to say “goodbye” in English

Formal or informal:

 Bye / Bye-bye
 See you soon!
 See you later
 Take care
 Have a good one!
 Have a nice day!
 So long

Informal only:

 Take it easy
 Catch ya later / Check ya later
 Later!
 I’m off / I’m out
 Peace / Peace out

2. Greeting
There are different ways to greet people:

Greeting means welcoming someone with particular words or a particular action.

When meeting people formally for the first time, we greet by shaking hands and saying "How do
you do?" or "Pleased to meet you."

"How do you do?" isn't really a question, it just means "Hello".

When young people meet informally they sometimes greet and say "Give me five!" and slap their
hands together (high five).

Generally we do not greet by shaking hands with people we know well. We greet by just saying
'hi' or 'hello'

Here are some expressions you can use to greet people.

Greeting

 Hi, hello.
 Good
morning,
good
afternoon,
good
evening.
 How are
you?
 How are
you doing?
 How do you
do?

Responding to
greeting

 Hi, hello.
 Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening.
 I'm fine thank you (thanks)/Okey! Thank you (thanks)/Can't complain/Not bad.
 How about you?/And you?
 How do you do?

Things to remember about greeting:

When you greet someone and say:

"How do you do?"

this isn't really a question, it just means "Hello"

 3. Introducing yourself and other people
Introducing yourself and others

There is a range of ways to introduce yourself and people.

Introducing yourself:

Here are expressions to introduce yourself:

 My name is ...
 I'm ....
 Nice to meet you; I'm ...
 Pleased to meet you; I'm ...
 Let me introduce myself; I'm ...
 I'd like to introduce myself; I'm ...

Introducing others:

Here are expressions to introduce others:

 Jack, please meet Nicolas.

 Jack, have you met Nicolas?
 I'd like you to meet Liza.
 I'd like to introduce you to Betty.
 Leila, this is Barbara. Barbara this is Leila.

Useful responses when introducing yourself or other people:

 Nice to meet you.

 Pleased to meet you.
 Happy to meet you.
 How do you do?

conversation:

Alex is talking to the new manager and his assistant. Notice how they introduce themselves:

Alex: Hi! My name is Alex Litterman, the new manager.

Hi! I'm William O'Brian. Nice to meet you, Mr Alex

William:
Litterman.
 John: William, please meet Mr Steve Lynch, my assistant

Jack: How do you do?

Nicolas: How do you do?

Intriducing my self:

I want to introduce my self............!!!

My name is Alan
maulana My family call
me Alan
I came from
Masohi I live at
Batas Kota
I am fourti years old,
I am hundred fourty cm tall
My mother's name is SELVI ISAAZ
My father's name is HERAD DEMO
My hobby is a soccer and play
station
Ok,….! think enough for my intruducing.
 4. Asking for Directions
10 Tips on How to Ask for Directions in English:

1. Use Greetings and Polite Expressions

Starting the conversation with a greeting is a must. If you want to receive a nice
explanation, begin by saying hello first.

Examples:

Hello! Good Afternoon!

Excuse me, could you help

me?

Hello! May I ask for some help? I need to get to the CN Tower

Tip: Finish with a “thank you” and “have a nice day”.

2. Modal Verbs Will Help You Express Yourself

Examples:

May I ask you how to get to the Eaton Centre?

Could you help me?

I would like to go to the Royal Museum.

3. Build Your Vocabulary

You should know the basic vocabulary that can be used when getting directions. It may be
useful to remember frequently visited places too!

Examples:
Places: High Park, Dundas Square, Queen Street, Union Station.

Vocabulary: Traffic lights, bank, post office, constructions, block.

4. Build Your Vocabulary

You should know the basic vocabulary that can be used when getting directions. It may be
useful to remember frequently visited places too!

Examples:
Places: High Park, Dundas Square, Queen Street, Union Station.

Vocabulary: Traffic lights, bank, post office, constructions, block.

It’s about two blocks from here.

Go along the street until you

reach the traffic lights.

You will see construction on the road.

That place is very close to Dundas

Square.

5. Know How to Ask a Question

Use the right words and adverbs! Try not to leave any information out, if you ask a specific
question there are more chances of getting a specific answer.

Examples:

How can we get to High Park?

Where is Chinatown? Where am I on this map?

Which subway line should I take to get to the Rogers Centre?

6. Get to Know the Transportation System

Sometimes, it can happen that you are still far

from your destination and you have to take the public transit. Which types of public
transportation are most commonly used in Canada? The three most common types are
streetcars, buses and the subway. You should also use specific verbs and prepositions
with them.

Examples:

Is it far? No, it isn’t very far. It will take you 10 minutes to walk there.

Well, it is quite far. You’d better take the streetcar.

Take the streetcar / take the bus / go by streetcar / go by bus

Take the streetcar number _ / take the bus number

___ Get on at__station/street/stop

Change at_____station/street/stop

Change to the yellow/green subway line

7. Familiarize Yourself with the Cardinal Points

In big cities, people often use cardinal points when explaining directions and
locations. The cardinal points are North, South, East and West.

Examples:

“At the foot of John Street, on the south side of Front Street, there’s a set of stairs that takes you
to the entrance of the CN Tower.”

8. Learn the Most Commonly Used Prepositions and Adverbs of Place

Some important prepositions to remember when getting or giving directions are:

 Between
 Left and Right
 Next to
 Straight Ahead

And the adverbs near, nearer, nearest and close, closer, closest will be very useful when you
need to find something fast.
Examples:

Go straight ahead, then turn right at the crossroads.

Please, where is the closest police station?

9. Use Imperative Sentences When Giving Instructions

And expect people to use them when explaining to you where to go.

Examples:

Go down this street!

Go straight and up the

stairs! Go down the

escalators!

10. Don’t Be Afraid of Using Landmarks

Every city in the world has its own landmarks. You can cut down on search time if you know
what the important landmarks are in the city or place you are visiting. For example, in London,
England, the main landmark is Big Ben.

Some landmarks in Toronto are the Eaton Centre, the CN Tower, and the Rogers Centre.
Examples:

The Aquarium is next to the CN

Tower! Go past the hospital and then

turn left.

After the supermarket, you will see the bus stop.

11. Know Where Your House or Residence is on a Map

Before you go on a trip, check first where your house is located on a map. Find it
and mark it! It is important to know where you live.

Learn to forgive yourself if you get a little lost. We all do that now and then, especially when
exploring a new city!

Asking for directions to go somewhere.

Where is the chemist?

Can you give me directions to the nearest bus stop?

How do you get to the train station?

Where can I find the nearest

bakery? How do I get to park?

Is there a supermarket near here?

Is there a sports shop around here?

Can you tell me how to get to library from here?

What’s the best way to get to the computer store from here?

What’s the quickest way to get to the music store from here?

What’s the easiest way to get to the nearest Mc donalds from

here?

Asking for and giving directions with examples

Excuse me sir. Is there a bank around here? Yes, there is one right across the
street next to Library.

Of course I will, just follow this

road until you come to the main
Can you give me directions to the petrol station? road. Turn right and
then continue for about 100
metres. You will see the petrol
station on the left.

Can you tell me how to get to the London bridge? Am sorry I cant help as am not
from around here.

Where’s the nearest bus station? It’s on the corner of Oxford

Street and Mayfair Lane. Next to
the train station.

How do you get to the mall? You have to go straight along

this road for about 200 metres.
Turn right when you see Apple
street. carry on straight ahead till
you see a Tesco supermarket. The
mall is opposite the supermarket.
Is there a bank near here? Yes, there is one in Orange Street.
Orange Street is the third road on
your right.

Excuse me sir. Could you please tell me where I can find Yes, there is one next to the
the nearest chemist? Bakery. Go back the way you
came. Turn right after you go
past the bank and there is one on
your left next to the hospital.

Asking for and giving directions vocabulary

It is on the left

It is on the

right It is

straight on

opposite

near

next to

between

at the end of Oxford street

on the corner of James

road at the end of Stanley

Street Behind the Petrol

station

in front of the Mall

just around the corner from here

Landmarks you can use when giving directions

When giving directions you will often use landmarks as a way of giving directions.
Example

Excuse me sir. Is there a bank around here? Yes, there is one right across the street next
to Library.

traffic lights

crossroads

level crossing

signpost

T-junction

dead end.

underpass

flyover

motorway bridge
railway bridge

dual carriageway

pedestrian crossing

zebra crossing.

Conversation - Taking Directions Over the Telephone

Doug: Hello, this is Doug.

Susan: Hi Doug. This is Susan.

Doug: Hi Susan. How are you?

Susan: I'm fine. I have a question. Do you have a moment?

Doug: Certainly, how can I help you?

Susan: I'm driving to the conference center later today. Could you give me directions?

Doug: Sure. Are you leaving from home?

Susan: Yes.

Doug: OK, take a left onto Bethany street and drive to the freeway entrance. Take the freeway
toward Portland.
Susan: How far is it to the conference center from my home?

Doug: It's about 20 miles. Continue on the freeway to exit 23. Take the exit and turn right onto
Broadway at the stop light.
Susan: Let me repeat that quickly. Take the freeway to exit 23 and turn right onto Broadway.

Doug: That's right. Continue on Broadway for about two miles and then turn left onto 16th
avenue.
Susan: OK.

Doug: On 16th avenue, take the second right into the conference center.
Susan: Oh that's easy.

Doug: Yes, it's very easy to get to.

Susan: How long does it take to get there?
Doug: If there's no traffic, about 25 minutes. In heavy traffic, it takes about 45 minutes.
Susan: I'm leaving at ten in the morning, so the traffic shouldn't be so bad.

Doug: Yes, that's right. Can I help you with anything else?
Susan: No that's it. Thanks for your help.

Doug: OK. Enjoy the conference.

Susan: Thanks Doug. Bye. Doug: Bye.