Lesson 11: Introduction to Definite and Indefinite Articles in

Spanish

In the Spanish language, articles are used to specify whether a noun is definite (the) or
indefinite (a/an). Mastering the use of definite and indefinite articles is an important aspect
of Spanish grammar. This lesson will provide an overview of the definite and indefinite
articles in Spanish, with examples and English translations.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Identify the definite and indefinite articles in Spanish.
2. Understand the proper usage of definite and indefinite articles.
3. Apply the correct articles in Spanish sentences.
4. Translate Spanish sentences with articles to English.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

Definite Articles in Spanish (Artículos Definidos)

The definite articles in Spanish are:

● el (the, masculine singular)
● la (the, feminine singular)
● los (the, masculine plural)
● las (the, feminine plural)

Examples:
● el libro (the book)
● la mesa (the table)
● los perros (the dogs)
 ● las flores (the flowers)

Indefinite Articles in Spanish (Artículos Indefinidos)

The indefinite articles in Spanish are:

● un (a/an, masculine singular)
● una (a/an, feminine singular)
Examples:
● un perro (a dog)
● una manzana (an apple)

1. Encontré _____ moneda en _____ calle.

2. Ella tiene _____ gato y _____ perro como mascotas en _____ casa.

Here are some general rules for determining the gender of nouns in Spanish:

Masculine Nouns:
· Most nouns referring to male persons or animals are masculine, e.g., el
hombre (the man), el perro (the dog).
· Nouns ending in -o are typically masculine, e.g., el libro (the book), el árbol
(the tree).
· Many nouns referring to professions, nationalities, or languages are
masculine, e.g., el maestro (the teacher), el español (the Spanish).
Feminine Nouns:
· Most nouns referring to female persons or animals are feminine, e.g., la
mujer (the woman), la gata (the cat).
· Nouns ending in -a are typically feminine, e.g., la mesa (the table), la pluma
(the pen).
· Nouns ending in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, -dumbre, and -tumbre are
generally feminine, e.g., la educación (the education), la libertad (the freedom).
Exceptions:
· Some nouns have the same form for both masculine and feminine, e.g.,
el/la estudiante (the student), el/la presidente (the president).
· Some nouns have irregular gender, e.g., el día (the day, masculine), la mano
(the hand, feminine).

It's important to note that while these rules can be helpful, there are always exceptions, and
the gender of a noun must be memorized along with the noun itself. The best way to learn
the gender of nouns is to practice using them in context and with the appropriate definite
and indefinite articles.

Note that there are no indefinite articles for plural nouns in Spanish.

Practice Examples
1. El niño juega con un balón. (The boy is playing with a ball.)
2. Las niñas comen unas manzanas. (The girls are eating some apples.)
3. ¿Tienes un lápiz? (Do you have a pencil?)
4. Me gusta la música clásica. (I like the classical music.)
5. Ellos vieron unos pájaros en el parque. (They saw some birds in the park.)

Exercise 1. Fill-in-the-blank sentences using Spanish definite and indefinite articles:

1. _____ libro está en _____ mesa.
2. Tengo _____ manzana y _____ naranja en _____ refrigerador.
3. _____ perros juegan en _____ parque.
4. Veo _____ ave volando en _____ cielo.
5. ¿Puedes pasarme _____ pluma que está en _____ escritorio?
6. Me gusta escuchar _____ música clásica por _____ noche.
7. _____ estudiantes están en _____ aula aprendiendo _____ español.
8. Compré _____ nuevo vestido y _____ zapatos para _____ fiesta.
 9. _____ niños están jugando con _____ juguetes en _____ patio.
10. Quiero ir a _____ museo para ver _____ cuadros.
11. ¿Tienes _____ lápiz para prestarme?
12. Me gusta beber _____ café con _____ leche por _____ mañana.
13. _____ árboles en _____ jardín tienen _____ flores hermosas.
14. Encontré _____ moneda en _____ calle.
15. Ella tiene _____ gato y _____ perro como mascotas en _____ casa.

Exercise 2. Online quiz (Place the date and time you take the online quiz. After taking the
quiz, record your score in your achievement chart (write this way 10/10 if it is 10 items)
with the name of the lesson)

Q1. https://www.sporcle.com/games/Senorita_Mac/spanish-definite-and-
indefinite-articles
Q2. https://player.quizalize.com/quiz/94f968d2-067f-4e18-aa62-4ccdc7f0f90c

Achievement Chart

Surname____________, Name___________, Fola1,

Schedule_______________

Topic Score Date & Time Taken

Lesson
Lesson 12: Introduction to Subject Pronouns in Spanish

In the Spanish language, subject pronouns are used to indicate the person or thing
performing the action of a verb. Understanding the proper use of subject pronouns is crucial
for building correct and coherent Spanish sentences. This lesson will provide an overview of
the subject pronouns in Spanish, with examples and English translations.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Identify the different subject pronouns in Spanish.
2. Understand the function and usage of subject pronouns.
3. Apply the correct subject pronouns in Spanish sentences.
4. Translate Spanish sentences with subject pronouns to English.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

Subject Pronouns in Spanish (Pronombres Sujeto)

The subject pronouns in Spanish are:

● yo (I)
● tú/usted (you, informal/formal)
● él (he)
● ella (she)

● nosotros/nosotras (we, masculine/feminine)

● vosotros/vosotras (you, informal plural, masculine/feminine)
● ustedes (you, formal plural)
● ellos/ellas (they, masculine/feminine)
Examples:
● Yo hablo español. (I speak Spanish.)
● Tú estudias mucho. (You (informal) study a lot.)
● Usted es mi profesor. (You (formal) are my teacher.)
● Él juega al fútbol. (He plays soccer.)
● Ella canta muy bien. (She sings very well.)

● Nosotros vamos al parque. (We are going to the park.)

● Nosotras somos amigas. (We are friends.)
● Vosotros sois de España. (You (informal plural) are from Spain.)
● Vosotras bailáis en la fiesta. (You (informal plural, feminine) are dancing at the party.)
● Ustedes hablan inglés. (You (formal plural) speak English.)
● Ellos leen los libros. (They (masculine) read the books.)
● Ellas estudian en la universidad. (They (feminine) study at the university.)

Note that the subject pronouns tú/usted and vosotros/ustedes are used to address
different levels of formality, while nosotros/nosotras and ellos/ellas distinguish between
masculine and feminine.

Practice Examples: Translate in emglish

1. Yo vivo en Madrid.
2. ¿Tú tienes un perro?
3. Usted es muy amable.
4. Él juega al baloncesto.
5. Ella canta en un coro.
6. Nosotros vamos al cine.
7. Nosotras estudiamos español.
8. Vosotros sois de Barcelona.
9. Vosotras preparáis la cena.
10. Ustedes hablan francés.
 11. Ellos trabajan en una empresa.
12. Ellas leen revistas.

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

LET’S PRACTICE LA CONVERSACION

María: ¡Hola, Juan! ¿Cómo estás?

(Hello, Juan! How are you?)
Juan: ¡Hola, María! Yo estoy bien, ¿y tú?
(Hello, María! I am well, and you?)
María: Yo también estoy bien, gracias por preguntar.
(I am also well, thank you for asking.)
Juan: ¿Tú vas a la fiesta de Ana esta noche?
(Are you going to Ana's party tonight?)
María: Sí, yo voy a ir. ¿Tú también vas a ir?
(Yes, I am going to go. Are you also going?)
Juan: Sí, yo voy a ir con mis amigos. ¿Tus amigos van a ir?
(Yes, I am going with my friends. Are your friends going?)
María: Sí, mis amigas también van a ir a la fiesta.
(Yes, my friends are also going to the party.)
Juan: Genial, nosotros nos vamos a divertir mucho.
(Great, we are going to have a lot of fun.)
María: Sí, nosotros vamos a pasar una gran noche.
(Yes, we are going to have a great night.)
Juan: Bueno, te veo más tarde en la fiesta, ¡adiós!
(Well, I'll see you later at the party, goodbye!)
María: ¡Adiós, Juan! Nos vemos allí.
(Goodbye, Juan! See you there.)
Fill-in-the-blank quiz on Spanish personal pronouns with the English translations:
1. _________ vivo en Madrid. (I live in Madrid.)
2. ¿_________ tienes un perro? (Do you (informal) have a dog?)
3. _________ es muy amable. (You (formal) are very kind.)
4. _________ juega al baloncesto. (He plays basketball.)
5. _________ canta en un coro. (She sings in a choir.)
6. _________ vamos al cine. (We are going to the movies.)
7. _________ estudiamos español. (We (feminine) study Spanish.)
8. _________ sois de Barcelona. (You (informal plural) are from Barcelona.)
9. _________ preparáis la cena. (You (informal plural - feminine) prepare dinner.)
10. _________ hablan francés. (You (formal plural) speak French.)
11. _________ trabajan en una empresa. (They (masculine) work in a company.)
12. _________ leen revistas. (They (feminine) read magazines.)
13. _________ también va a ir a la fiesta. (You (informal) are also going to the party.)
14. _________ me voy a divertir mucho. (We are going to have a lot of fun.)
15. _________ os veo más tarde. (I'll see you (informal plural) later.)

Online quiz (Place the date and time you take the online quiz. After taking the quiz,
record your score in your achievement chart (write this way 10/10 if it is 10 items) with
the name of the lesson)

Q1. https://www.sporcle.com/games/profebob/spanish-pronouns
Q2. https://studyspanish.com/grammar/test/subpro.htm
Lesson 13: Spanish Adjectives
In this lesson, we will explore the fundamental aspects of Spanish adjectives. Adjectives are
words that describe or modify nouns, providing important details about their characteristics,
qualities, or states. Understanding the usage and placement of Spanish adjectives is crucial
for effective communication and comprehension in the language.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Understand the definition and role of adjectives in the Spanish language.
2. Learn the agreement rules for adjectives in terms of gender (masculine/feminine)
and number (singular/plural).
3. Explore the placement of adjectives in Spanish sentences and the differences
compared to English.
4. Recognize common Spanish adjectives and their English translations.
5. Practice using Spanish adjectives correctly in sentence construction.
6. Develop the ability to describe nouns and situations using appropriate Spanish
adjectives.
7. Gain confidence in applying Spanish adjectives in various conversational and written
contexts.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

Common Spanish Adjectives

Here is a comprehensive list of commonly used Spanish adjectives, along with their English
translations:
 Spanish Adjective English Translation

Aburrido(a) Boring

Acogedor(a) Cozy

Agradable Pleasant

Alto(a) Tall

Antiguo(a) Old

Ardiente Passionate

Atractivo(a) Attractive

Básico(a) Basic

Bello(a) Beautiful

Brillante Bright

Brusco(a) Abrupt

Callado(a) Quiet

Cálido(a) Warm

Caro(a) Expensive

Cómodo(a) Comfortable
Delicioso(a) Delicious

Diferente Different

Difícil Difficult

Divertido(a) Fun

Duro(a) Hard

Elegante Elegant

Enfermo(a) Sick

Enorme Enormous

Espantoso(a) Frightening

Espeso(a) Thick

Estricto(a) Strict

Excelente Excellent

Familiar Familiar

Fantástico(a) Fantastic

Feliz Happy

Feo(a) Ugly

Fértil Fertile
Flaco(a) Thin

Formal Formal

Frágil Fragile

Fresco(a) Fresh

Frío(a) Cold

Fuerte Strong

Grandioso(a) Magnificent

Grueso(a) Thick

Hermoso(a) Beautiful

Horrible Horrible

Húmedo(a) Damp

Importante Important

Impresionante Impressive

Interesante Interesting

Inteligente Intelligent

Joven Young

Lento(a) Slow
Limpio(a) Clean

Lindo(a) Pretty

Listo(a) Ready

Loco(a) Crazy

Lujoso(a) Luxurious

Malo(a) Bad

Mañana Morning

Maravilloso(a) Wonderful

Moderno(a) Modern

Mucho(a) Much

Necesario(a) Necessary

Nuevo(a) New

Obvio(a) Obvious

Oscuro(a) Dark

Pacífico(a) Peaceful

Pesado(a) Heavy

Pobre Poor
Precioso(a) Precious

Rápido(a) Fast

Rico(a) Rich

Romántico(a) Romantic

Sabroso(a) Tasty

Sano(a) Healthy

Seguro(a) Safe

Sencillo(a) Simple

Silencioso(a) Quiet

Simpático(a) Friendly

Soberbio(a) Magnificent

Suave Soft

Sucio(a) Dirty

Tímido(a) Shy

Tranquilo(a) Calm

Triste Sad

Único(a) Unique
 Útil Useful

Valioso(a) Valuable

Verde Green

Viejo(a) Old

Violento(a) Violent

Vivo(a) Lively

This extensive list covers a wide range of adjectives that can be used to describe people,
places, things, and more. As you explore this list, pay attention to the different types of
adjectives, such as descriptive, possessive, and demonstrative, and how they can be applied
in various contexts.

Here are the 10 sentences using common Spanish adjectives in a simple format:

1. El hotel es elegante y lujoso.

(The hotel is elegant and luxurious.)
2. Mis amigos son simpáticos y divertidos.
(My friends are friendly and fun.)
3. La comida tradicional es deliciosa y sabrosa.
(The traditional food is delicious and tasty.)
4. El vestido es hermoso y único.
(The dress is beautiful and unique.)
5. El parque infantil tiene juegos seguros y cómodos.
(The playground has safe and comfortable equipment.)
 6. El examen fue difícil y agotador.
(The exam was difficult and exhausting.)
7. La casa antigua es cálida y acogedora.
(The old house is warm and cozy.)
8. Mi abuela es sabia y pacífica.
(My grandmother is wise and peaceful.)
9. El pastel de chocolate tiene un sabor delicioso y cremoso.
(The chocolate cake has a delicious and creamy flavor.)
10. El clima en la playa es fresco y agradable.
(The weather at the beach is fresh and pleasant.)

Video Lessons on Adjectives

· https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipVHejUNM_I&t=142s
· https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zHMkwIYauw&t=305s

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

Here is the conversation with the adjectives underlined:

Juan: Hola, María. ¿Cómo estás hoy?

(Hello, María. How are you today?)
María: Hola, Juan. Estoy muy bien, ¡gracias! El día está hermoso y soleado.
(Hello, Juan. I'm very well, thank you! The day is beautiful and sunny.)
Juan: Me alegro de escuchar eso. ¿Tienes planes interesantes para hoy?
(I'm glad to hear that. Do you have any interesting plans for today?)
María: Sí, voy a ir a una nueva cafetería que dicen que tiene un ambiente acogedor y un
menú delicioso.
(Yes, I'm going to a new café that they say has a cozy atmosphere and a delicious menu.)
Juan: ¡Suena genial! Espero que lo disfrutes. Que tengas un día maravilloso.
(That sounds great! I hope you enjoy it. Have a wonderful day.)
María: Muchas gracias, Juan. Igualmente, que tengas un día excelente.
(Thank you, Juan. You too, have an excellent day.)
Juan: ¡Adiós!
(Goodbye!)
María: ¡Adiós!
(Goodbye!)

Here is the 10 fill in the blank quiz on Spanish adjectives:

1. El hotel tiene una decoración ___________ y agradable.

a) cómoda b) lujoso c) moderno d) antiguas
2. Mis amigos son personas muy ___________ y generosos.
a) alegres b) amables c) inteligente d) tímidos
3. La comida tradicional de este restaurante es deliciosa y _____________.
a) sabrosas b) aburrido c) costosos d) desagradables
4. Ese vestido es tan hermosa y ___________, me encanta.
a) elegantes b) informal c) sencilla d) grandes
5. El nuevo parque infantil tiene juegos divertidos y ____________ para los niños.
a) aburridas b) peligrosos c) sencillas d) seguros
6. Ese examen fue sumamente difícil y ____________ para los estudiantes.
a) fáciles b) interesante c) corta d) estresantes
7. La casa antigua tiene una atmósfera ____________ y acogedora.
a) frías b) moderna c) ruidosos d) tranquilo
8. Mi abuela es una mujer sabia y ____________ que da buenos consejos.
a) jóvenes b) paciente c) enojados d) tímidas
9. Ese pastel de chocolate tiene un sabor ____________ y delicioso.
a) amargas b) salado c) dulces d) ácidas
10. El clima en la playa es cálido y ____________ durante todo el verano.
a) nubladas b) ventosos c) frías d) soleado
Lesson 14: Spanish Possessive Adjectives:

In this lesson, we will explore the Spanish possessive adjectives, which are used to indicate
ownership or possession. Possessive adjectives in Spanish must agree in gender and number
with the noun they modify, and they are an essential component of expressing relationships
and belonging in the language.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Understand the different forms of Spanish possessive adjectives and how they agree
with nouns.
2. Identify the possessive adjectives that correspond to the different subject pronouns
in Spanish.
3. Use possessive adjectives correctly in simple Spanish sentences to express ownership
and possession.
4. Recognize and differentiate between the formal and informal forms of the possessive
adjective "your" (su vs. tus).
5. Apply your knowledge of possessive adjectives to more complex sentence structures
and scenarios.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

Throughout the lesson, we will provide examples and practice exercises to help you become
comfortable and confident in using Spanish possessive adjectives in your communication.

Here is the full list of Spanish possessive adjectives:

yo - mi / mis
· Yo tengo mi libro. (I have my book.)
 · Yo tengo mis libros. (I have my books.)
tú - tu / tus
· Tú tienes tu amigo. (You [informal] have your friend.)
· Tú tienes tus amigas. (You [informal] have your friends.)
usted - su / sus
· Usted tiene su casa. (You [formal] have your house.)
· Usted tiene sus casas. (You [formal] have your houses.)
él - su / sus
· Él tiene su coche. (He has his car.)
· Él tiene sus casas. (He has his houses.)
ella - su / sus
· Ella tiene su coche. (She has her car.)
· Ella tiene sus casas. (She has her houses.)
nosotros - nuestro / nuestra / nuestros / nuestras
· Nosotros tenemos nuestro coche. (We have our car.)
· Nosotras tenemos nuestra familia. (We have our family.)
· Nosotros tenemos nuestros hijos. (We have our children.)
· Nosotras tenemos nuestras mascotas. (We have our pets.)
vosotros - vuestro / vuestra / vuestros / vuestras
· Vosotros tenéis vuestro proyecto. (You [plural] have your project.)
· Vosotras tenéis vuestra empresa. (You [plural] have your company.)
· Vosotros tenéis vuestros planes. (You [plural] have your plans.)
· Vosotras tenéis vuestras ideas. (You [plural] have your ideas.)
ellos - su / sus
· Ellos tienen su coche. (They [masculine] have their car.)
· Ellos tienen sus casas. (They [masculine] have their houses.)
ellas - su / sus
· Ellas tienen su coche. (They [feminine] have their car.)
· Ellas tienen sus casas. (They [feminine] have their houses.)
The possessive adjectives in Spanish must agree in gender and number with the noun they
modify.

Throughout the lesson, we will provide examples and practice exercises to help you become
comfortable and confident in using Spanish possessive adjectives in your communication.

Here are 10 example sentences using Spanish possessive adjectives:

1. Ella tiene su coche nuevo. (She has her new car.)

2. Ellos llevaron sus maletas al aeropuerto. (They took their suitcases to the airport.)
3. ¿Dónde está tu cuaderno? (Where is your notebook?)
4. Mis amigos y yo tenemos nuestros propios planes. (My friends and I have our own
plans.)
5. Usted olvida su paraguas en la oficina. (You (formal) forgot your umbrella at the
office.)
6. Vosotras lleváis vuestros uniformes al trabajo. (You (plural) wear your uniforms to
work.)
7. Él recibió su título universitario el mes pasado. (He received his university degree last
month.)
8. Ellas perdieron sus llaves en el parque. (They (f) lost their keys in the park.)
9. Nuestro equipo ganó su partido de hoy. (Our team won their game today.)
10. ¿Tienes tus entradas para el concierto? (Do you have your tickets for the concert?)

In these examples, you can see how the possessive adjectives (mi/mis, tu/tus, su/sus,
nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras, vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras) agree in gender
and number with the nouns they modify.

Here is a 10-item quiz on Spanish possessive adjectives:

1. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "ella" para un objeto femenino singular?

a) su b) sus c) sus casas
 2. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "nosotros" para un objeto femenino plural?
a) nuestro b) nuestra c) nuestras
3. ¿Cómo se dice "his/her/their" para un objeto masculino singular?
a) su b) sus c) vuestro
4. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "yo" para un objeto masculino plural?
a) mi b) mis c) nuestro
5. ¿Cómo se dice "your" (formal) para un objeto femenino plural?
a) tu b) tus c) sus
6. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "ellos" para un objeto femenino singular?
a) su b) sus c) vuestro
7. ¿Cómo se dice "our" para un objeto masculino singular?
a) mi b) nuestro c) vuestro
8. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "usted" para un objeto masculino plural?
a) su b) sus c) vuestros
9. ¿Cómo se dice "their" para un objeto femenino plural?
a) su b) sus c) vuestras
10. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "nosotros" para un objeto masculino plural?
a) nuestro b) nuestros c) vuestros

Here is a 10-item fill-in-the-blank quiz on Spanish possessive adjectives:

1. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "ella" para un objeto femenino singular? _____

2. ¿Cómo se dice "your" (informal) para un objeto masculino plural? _____
3. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "nosotros" para un objeto femenino plural? _____
4. ¿Cómo se dice "his/her/their" para un objeto masculino singular? _____
5. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "yo" para un objeto masculino plural? _____
6. ¿Cómo se dice "your" (formal) para un objeto femenino plural? _____
7. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "ellos" para un objeto femenino singular? _____
8. ¿Cómo se dice "our" para un objeto masculino singular? _____
9. ¿Cuál es el posesivo de "tú" para un objeto femenino plural? _____
10. ¿Cómo se dice "your" (plural) para un objeto masculino plural? _____
Learning Enhancement/ Extension
Conversación usando los adjetivos posesivos:

María: ¿Dónde están tus libros?

(Where are your books?)
Juan: Mis libros están en mi mochila.
(My books are in my backpack.)
María: ¿Y dónde está tu cuaderno?
(And where is your notebook?)
Juan: Mi cuaderno está sobre la mesa.
(My notebook is on the table.)
María: ¿Esos son sus lápices?
(Are those her pencils?)
Juan: No, esos no son sus lápices, son nuestros lápices.
(No, those are not her pencils, they are our pencils.)
María: ¿Y dónde están vuestras mochilas?
(And where are your (plural) backpacks?)
Juan: Nuestras mochilas están en el armario.
(Our backpacks are in the closet.)
María: Bien, entonces vamos a recoger todos nuestros materiales.
(Okay, then let's gather all our supplies.)
Juan: Sí, vamos a guardar todo en nuestras mochilas.
(Yes, let's put everything in our backpacks.)
Lesson 15: Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

In Lesson 15, we will explore the world of Spanish interrogative pronouns. These pronouns
are used to ask questions and gather information. By mastering interrogative pronouns, you
will be able to engage in more natural conversations, ask for clarification, and gather the
details you need to communicate effectively in Spanish.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Identify and understand the different types of Spanish interrogative pronouns
2. Use interrogative pronouns correctly in questions and sentences
3. Formulate questions using interrogative pronouns to gather information
4. Respond appropriately to questions asked with interrogative pronouns
5. Practice using interrogative pronouns in various conversational scenarios

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

With a solid grasp of Spanish interrogative pronouns, you will be equipped with the tools to
take your Spanish communication skills to the next level. Let's dive into the fascinating world
of interrogative pronouns and unlock the power of asking questions in Spanish!

Interrogative pronouns are essential in Spanish for asking questions and gathering
information. These pronouns include qué (what), cuál (which), quién (who), dónde (where),
cuándo (when), cómo (how), cuánto (how much), and por qué (why). Each pronoun serves a
specific purpose and is used in different contexts.

Types of Interrogative Pronouns

1. Qué (What)
 - Used to ask for definitions or explanations.
- Example:
- ¿Qué es eso? (What is that?)
- ¿Qué quieres? (What do you want?)

2. Cuál (Which)
- Used to choose between options or to specify.
- Example:
- ¿Cuál prefieres, el rojo o el azul? (Which do you prefer, the red or the blue?)
- ¿Cuál es tu libro favorito? (Which is your favorite book?)

3. Quién (Who)
- Used to inquire about people.
- Example:
- ¿Quién está en la puerta? (Who is at the door?)
- ¿Quiénes vienen a la fiesta? (Who is coming to the party?)

4. Dónde (Where)
- Used to ask about locations.
- Example:
- ¿Dónde vives? (Where do you live?)
- ¿Dónde está el baño? (Where is the bathroom?)

5. Cuándo (When)
- Used to inquire about time.
- Example:
- ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? (When is your birthday?)
- ¿Cuándo llegas? (When do you arrive?)

6. Cómo (How)
- Used to ask about manner or condition.
 - Example:
- ¿Cómo estás? (How are you?)
- ¿Cómo se hace esto? (How is this done?)

7. Cuánto / Cuánta (How much)

- Used to ask about quantity.
- Example:
- ¿Cuánto cuesta? (How much does it cost?)
- ¿Cuánta agua necesitas? (How much water do you need?)

8. Por qué (Why)

- Used to ask for reasons.
- Example:
- ¿Por qué llegaste tarde? (Why did you arrive late?)
- ¿Por qué estudias español? (Why do you study Spanish?)

Usage Rules

- Accents: All interrogative pronouns carry an accent mark to distinguish them from relative
pronouns. For example, qué (what) is different from que (that).

- Placement: Interrogative pronouns are typically placed at the beginning of a question. For
instance, in the question ¿Qué quieres?, qué initiates the inquiry.

- Direct vs. Indirect Questions: In direct questions, the interrogative pronoun is at the start,
while in indirect questions, it appears within the sentence. For example:
- Direct: ¿Dónde está él? (Where is he?)
- Indirect: No sé dónde está. (I don’t know where he is.)
To differentiate between the Spanish interrogative pronouns qué, cuál, and cómo, practical
exercises can focus on their specific uses and contexts. Below are explanations and
examples, along with exercises that can help solidify your understanding.
Understanding the Interrogative Pronouns

Qué (What)
- Usage: Used to ask for definitions, explanations, or to inquire about something in general.
- Examples:
- ¿Qué es esto? (What is this?)
- ¿Qué libro estás leyendo? (What book are you reading?)

Cuál (Which)
- Usage: Used to choose from a set of options or to specify something. It is not used directly
before a noun.
- Examples:
- ¿Cuál prefieres, el rojo o el azul? (Which do you prefer, the red or the blue?)
- ¿Cuál es tu dirección? (What is your address?)

Cómo (How)
- Usage: Used to inquire about the manner or condition of something.
- Examples:
- ¿Cómo estás? (How are you?)
- ¿Cómo se hace esto? (How is this done?)

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

Here’s a short conversation that demonstrates the use of Spanish interrogative pronouns
qué, cuál, cómo, dónde, and cuándo. The dialogue takes place between two friends, Ana and
Carlos, who are planning a weekend outing.

Here is a concise conversation demonstrating the use of Spanish interrogative pronouns qué,
cuál, cómo, dónde, cuándo, and cuánto:
Ana: ¡Hola, Carlos! ¿Qué planes tienes para este fin de semana?
(Hi, Carlos! What plans do you have for this weekend?)

Carlos: ¡Hola, Ana! No tengo nada decidido. ¿Cuál es tu idea?

(Hi, Ana! I don't have anything planned. What's your idea?)

Ana: Estaba pensando en ir a la playa. ¿Cómo te parece?

(I was thinking of going to the beach. How does that sound to you?)

Carlos: Me encanta la playa. ¿Dónde está la mejor playa cerca de aquí?

(I love the beach. Where is the best beach near here?)

Ana: Hay una playa hermosa a solo una hora de aquí. ¿Cuándo quieres ir?
(There's a beautiful beach just an hour away. When do you want to go?)

Carlos: ¿Qué tal si vamos el sábado por la mañana?

(How about we go on Saturday morning?)

Ana: Perfecto. ¿Cuánto tiempo planeas quedarte?

(Perfect. How long do you plan to stay?)

Carlos: Podemos quedarnos todo el día. ¡Va a ser divertido!

(We can stay all day. It's going to be fun!)

Key interrogative pronouns used:

- Qué: What
- Cuál: Which
- Cómo: How
- Dónde: Where
- Cuándo: When
- Cuánto: How much (used in the context of time)

This dialogue demonstrates how these interrogative pronouns can be used naturally in
everyday conversations to gather information, make plans, and express opinions.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks

Choose the correct interrogative pronoun (qué, cuál, cómo) to complete each sentence.

1. ______ es tu nombre? (What is your name?)

2. ______ de estos libros es tu favorito? (Which of these books is your favorite?)
3. ______ te sientes hoy? (How do you feel today?)
4. ______ es la capital de España? (What is the capital of Spain?)
5. ______ prefieres, café o té? (Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?)

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

Select the correct interrogative pronoun for each question.

1. ______ es tu comida favorita?

- a) Qué
- b) Cuál
- c) Cómo

2. ______ estás en la fiesta?

- a) Qué
- b) Cuál
- c) Cómo

3. ______ libro quieres leer?

- a) Qué
 - b) Cuál
- c) Cómo

Exercise 3: Create Your Own Questions

Formulate questions using each interrogative pronoun based on the prompts below.

1. Ask someone what their favorite movie is. (Use qué)

- ¿Qué película es tu favorita?

2. Ask someone which city they would like to visit. (Use cuál)
- ¿Cuál ciudad te gustaría visitar?

3. Ask someone how they learned Spanish. (Use cómo)

- ¿Cómo aprendiste español?

Exercise 4: Answer the Questions

Respond to the following questions using complete sentences.

1. ¿Qué te gusta hacer en tu tiempo libre?

- (What do you like to do in your free time?)
- Example answer: Me gusta leer y salir con amigos. (I like to read and go out with friends.)

2. ¿Cuál es tu color favorito?

- (Which is your favorite color?)
- Example answer: Mi color favorito es el azul. (My favorite color is blue.)

3. ¿Cómo es tu mejor amigo?

- (How is your best friend?)
- Example answer: Mi mejor amigo es divertido y amable. (My best friend is funny and kind.)
By practicing these exercises, you will gain a clearer understanding of how to use qué, cuál,
and cómo appropriately in various contexts.

Instructions: Choose the correct interrogative pronoun to complete each question.

1. ¿______ es tu nombre?
a) Cuál
b) Qué
c) Cómo

2. ¿______ quieres comer, pizza o pasta?

a) Cuándo
b) Qué
c) Cuál

3. ¿______ está la biblioteca?

a) Dónde
b) Cuándo
c) Cuánto

4. ¿______ es tu color favorito?

a) Cuál
b) Cuánto
c) Qué

5. ¿______ te sientes hoy?

a) Cómo
b) Dónde
c) Cuándo
Intermediate Level Quiz

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate interrogative pronoun.

1. ______ es la capital de España?

*(What is the capital of Spain?)*

2. ______ de tus amigos viene a la fiesta?

*(Which of your friends is coming to the party?)*

3. ______ vas a la tienda?

*(How are you going to the store?)*

4. ______ es tu libro favorito?

*(What is your favorite book?)*

5. ______ compraste esos zapatos?

*(How much did you buy those shoes for?)*

Advanced Level Quiz

**Instructions**: Answer the questions using complete sentences.

1. ¿______ es la razón por la que estudias español?

*(What is the reason you study Spanish?)*

2. ¿______ son los mejores restaurantes en tu ciudad?

*(Which are the best restaurants in your city?)*

3. ¿______ tiempo hace hoy?

*(How is the weather today?)*
4. ¿______ te gustaría viajar en el futuro?
*(Where would you like to travel in the future?)*

5. ¿______ fue la última película que viste?

*(What was the last movie you saw?)*

These quizzes are designed to progressively challenge learners' understanding of Spanish

interrogative pronouns, helping them to become more comfortable with asking and
answering questions in Spanish.

Citations:
[1] https://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/spanish_interrogative
[2] https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/spanish/spanish-i/asking-and-
answering-questions/quiz-interrogative-pronouns-question-words
[3] https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/spanish/spanish-
grammar/interrogative-pronouns-spanish/
[4] https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/spanish/spanish-i/asking-and-
answering-questions/interrogative-pronouns-question-words
[5] https://talkpal.ai/grammar_exercises/interrogative-pronouns-for-spanish-
grammar/
Lesson 16: The Verb Tener in Present Tense – to have

In Lesson 16, we will focus on the verb tener in the present tense, which translates to "to
have" in English. This verb is fundamental in Spanish as it is used not only to express
possession but also to convey age, obligations, and certain expressions. Understanding how
to conjugate and use tener effectively will enhance your ability to communicate in various
contexts, making it an essential part of your Spanish language toolkit.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Conjugate the verb tener in the present tense for all subject pronouns.
2. Use tener to express possession, age, and obligations in sentences.
3. Formulate questions and negative statements using the verb tener.
4. Apply tener in common expressions and idiomatic phrases.
5. Practice using tener in conversational scenarios to reinforce your understanding.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

This lesson aims to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the verb tener,
enabling you to use it confidently in everyday conversations.

The Verb Tener in Present Tense

The verb tener is one of the most commonly used verbs in Spanish, meaning "to have." It is
an irregular verb, which means it does not follow the standard conjugation patterns. In this
lesson, we will explore how to conjugate tener in the present tense, its uses, and provide
examples to illustrate its application.
Conjugation of Tener in Present Tense

Here is how tener is conjugated in the present tense:

Subject Pronoun | Conjugation

Yo | tengo
Tú | tienes
Él/Ella/Usted | tiene

Nosotros/Nosotras | tenemos
Vosotros/Vosotras | tenéis
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes | tienen

Uses of Tener

1. Expressing Possession:
- Example: Yo tengo un perro. (I have a dog.)
- Example: Ellos tienen una casa grande. (They have a big house.)

2. Indicating Age:
- In Spanish, age is expressed using tener instead of a form of "to be."
- Example: Yo tengo veinte años. (I am twenty years old.)
- Example: Mi hermana tiene quince años. (My sister is fifteen years old.)

3. Expressing Obligations:
- Example: Tú tienes que estudiar. (You have to study.)
- Example: Nosotros tenemos que ir al médico. (We have to go to the doctor.)

4. Common Expressions:
- Example: Tengo hambre. (I am hungry.)
 - Example: Ella tiene miedo. (She is afraid.)

Example Sentences

- Yo tengo una bicicleta nueva. (I have a new bicycle.)

- ¿Cuántos libros tienes? (How many books do you have?)
- Nosotros tenemos clase a las diez. (We have class at ten.)
- Ellos tienen que trabajar mañana. (They have to work tomorrow.)

Formulating Questions and Negatives

- Questions:
- ¿Tienes tiempo para hablar? (Do you have time to talk?)
- ¿Cuántos amigos tienes? (How many friends do you have?)

- Negatives:
- No tengo dinero. (I do not have money.)
- Él no tiene una computadora. (He does not have a computer.)

Conclusion

Understanding the verb tener in the present tense is crucial for effective communication in
Spanish. It allows you to express possession, age, obligations, and more. Practice using tener
in various contexts to become more comfortable with this essential verb.

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

Here's a short conversation between two friends, María and Juan, that demonstrates the use
of the verb tener in the present tense:

María: ¡Hola, Juan! ¿Qué tal? ¿Cómo estás?

(Hi, Juan! How are you?)

Juan: ¡Hola, María! Estoy bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?

(Hi, María! I'm well, thank you. And you?)

María: Muy bien. Oye, ¿cuántos años tienes?

(Very well. Hey, how old are you?)

Juan: Tengo veintidós años. ¿Y tú?

(I'm twenty-two years old. And you?)

María: Yo tengo veintiún años. Oye, ¿tienes planes para este fin de semana?
(I'm twenty-one years old. Hey, do you have plans for this weekend?)

Juan: Sí, tengo que trabajar el sábado, pero el domingo estoy libre. ¿Quieres hacer algo?
(Yes, I have to work on Saturday, but I'm free on Sunday. Do you want to do something?)

María: ¡Claro! Tengo ganas de ir al parque. ¿Tienes tiempo?

(Sure! I feel like going to the park. Do you have time?)

Juan: Sí, tengo tiempo. ¡Nos vemos el domingo entonces!

(Yes, I have time. See you on Sunday then!)

María: ¡Perfecto! Hasta luego.

(Perfect! See you later.)

Juan: ¡Adiós!
(Bye!)
This conversation demonstrates how to use tener to express age, obligations, and make
plans. By practicing with examples like this, you'll become more comfortable using tener in
your own conversations.

Conversación 2
María: ¡Hola, Juan! ¿Tienes tiempo para hablar?
(Hi, Juan! Do you have time to talk?)

Juan: ¡Hola, María! Sí, tengo un poco de tiempo. ¿Qué pasa?

(Hi, María! Yes, I have a little time. What’s up?)

María: Tengo una pregunta. ¿Tienes planes para el fin de semana?

(I have a question. Do you have plans for the weekend?)

Juan: No, no tengo planes. ¿Tienes alguna idea?

(No, I don’t have plans. Do you have any idea?)

María: Sí, tenemos la oportunidad de ir a la playa.

(Yes, we have the opportunity to go to the beach.)

Juan: ¡Eso suena genial! ¿Cuántos amigos tienen ganas de ir?

(That sounds great! How many friends want to go?)

María: Creo que tienen cinco amigos que quieren unirse.

(I think five friends want to join.)

Juan: Perfecto. Tengo que avisar a mis padres.

(Perfect. I have to let my parents know.)

María: ¡Genial! Entonces, tenemos que organizarlo.

(Great! Then we have to organize it.)
Key Uses of Tener

- Tienes: Do you have (question form)

- Tengo: I have
- Tenemos: We have
- Tienen: They have
- Cuántos: How many

This conversation illustrates the practical use of the verb tener in various contexts, including
asking about plans, expressing possession, and discussing group activities.

Here are different levels of quizzes on the verb tener in the present tense, designed to help
learners at various stages of their Spanish language journey.

Beginner Level Quiz

Instructions: Choose the correct conjugation of tener to complete each sentence.

1. Yo ______ un gato.
a) tienes
b) tiene
c) tengo

2. ¿______ tú un hermano?
a) Tienes
b) Tengo
c) Tiene

3. Nosotros ______ una casa grande.

a) tenéis
 b) tienen
c) tenemos

4. Ella ______ veinte años.

a) tengo
b) tienes
c) tiene

5. ¿______ Usted hambre?

a) Tienes
b) Tiene
c) Tengo

Intermediate Level Quiz

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of **tener**.

1. Yo ______ que estudiar para el examen.

*(I have to study for the exam.)*

2. ¿Cuántos años ______ tú?

*(How old are you?)*

3. Ellos ______ una fiesta este fin de semana.

*(They have a party this weekend.)*

4. ¿Qué ______ Usted en tu mochila?

*(What do you have in your backpack?)*

5. Nosotros ______ que ir al trabajo temprano.

*(We have to go to work early.)*
Advanced Level Quiz

**Instructions**: Rewrite the sentences using the negative form of **tener**.

1. Yo tengo mucho dinero.

*(I have a lot of money.)*

2. Ella tiene miedo de los perros.

*(She is afraid of dogs.)*

3. Vosotros tenéis que hacer la tarea.

*(You (plural) have to do the homework.)*

4. Usted tiene razón.

*(You are right.)*

5. Ellos tienen una cita con el médico.

*(They have an appointment with the doctor.)*

Citations:
[1] https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/spanish/spanish-
grammar/interrogative-pronouns-spanish/
[2] https://cards.algoreducation.com/en/content/YUTYGS6N/spanish-interrogative-
pronouns
[3] https://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/spanish_interrogative
[4] https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/spanish/spanish-i/asking-and-
answering-questions/quiz-interrogative-pronouns-question-words
[5] https://talkpal.ai/grammar_exercises/interrogative-pronouns-for-spanish-
grammar/
Lesson 17: The Verb Ir in Present Tense – to go

In Lesson 17, we will explore the verb ir, which means "to go" in Spanish. This verb is essential
for expressing movement and intentions, making it a fundamental part of everyday
conversation. Unlike many other verbs, ir is an irregular verb, meaning it does not follow the
standard conjugation patterns. Understanding how to conjugate and use ir in the present
tense will enable you to discuss future plans, directions, and activities effectively.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Conjugate the verb ir in the present tense for all subject pronouns.
2. Use ir to express movement to different places and future intentions.
3. Formulate questions and negative statements using the verb ir.
4. Apply ir in common expressions and phrases related to travel and plans.
5. Practice using ir in conversational scenarios to reinforce your understanding.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

This lesson aims to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the verb ir,
empowering you to use it confidently in various contexts and enhancing your overall Spanish
communication skills.

The Verb Ir in Present Tense

The verb ir means "to go" in Spanish and is one of the most important verbs in the language.
It is an irregular verb, which means it does not follow the typical conjugation patterns.
Understanding how to conjugate and use ir in the present tense is essential for expressing
movement, intentions, and future plans.

Conjugation of Ir in Present Tense

Here is how ir is conjugated in the present tense:

Subject Pronoun | Conjugation

Yo | voy
Tú | vas
Él/Ella/Usted | va
Nosotros/Nosotras | vamos
Vosotros/Vosotras | vais
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes | van

Uses of Ir

1. Expressing Movement:
- Example: Voy al parque. (I am going to the park.)
- Example: Ellos van a la tienda. (They are going to the store.)

2. Indicating Future Plans:

- Example: Mañana vamos a ir al cine. (Tomorrow we are going to go to the movies.)
- Example: ¿Vas a estudiar esta noche? (Are you going to study tonight?)

3. Giving Directions:
- Example: ¿Dónde está el banco? Vas a la derecha. (Where is the bank? You go to the right.)
- Example: Para llegar a mi casa, vas todo recto. (To get to my house, you go straight ahead.)

Example Sentences
- Yo voy a la escuela todos los días. (I go to school every day.)
- ¿Adónde vas este fin de semana? (Where are you going this weekend?)
- Nosotros vamos a comer en un restaurante. (We are going to eat at a restaurant.)
- Ella va a visitar a su abuela. (She is going to visit her grandmother.)

Formulating Questions and Negatives

- Questions:
- ¿Vas a la fiesta? (Are you going to the party?)
- ¿Adónde van ellos? (Where are they going?)

- Negatives:
- No voy a la playa. (I am not going to the beach.)
- Ellos no van a trabajar hoy. (They are not going to work today.)

Conclusion

Mastering the verb ir in the present tense is crucial for effective communication in Spanish.
It allows you to express where you are going, your future plans, and to provide directions.
Practice using ir in various contexts to enhance your fluency and confidence in
conversations.

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

Here's a short conversation between two friends, Ana and Carlos, that demonstrates the use
of the verb ir in the present tense:

Ana: ¡Hola, Carlos! ¿Vas a la fiesta mañana?

(Hi, Carlos! Are you going to the party tomorrow?)

Carlos: Sí, voy a ir. ¿Y tú?

(Yes, I am going to go. And you?)

Ana: No, no voy a ir. Tengo que estudiar.

(No, I am not going to go. I have to study.)

Carlos: Está bien. ¿Adónde vas después de estudiar?

(That’s okay. Where are you going after studying?)

Ana: Voy a la biblioteca.

(I am going to the library.)

Carlos: Perfecto. Nos vemos luego.

(Perfect. See you later.)

Ana: ¡Hasta luego!

(See you later!)

This conversation illustrates how to use the verb ir to talk about future plans and
destinations.

Conversación 2
Ana: ¡Hola, Carlos! ¿Adónde vas esta tarde?
(Hi, Carlos! Where are you going this afternoon?)

Carlos: Hola, Ana. Voy al gimnasio. ¿Quieres venir conmigo?

(Hello, Ana. I'm going to the gym. Do you want to come with me?)

Ana: Me encantaría, pero tengo que estudiar para un examen.

(I'd love to, but I have to study for an exam.)

Carlos: Está bien. ¿Vas a ir a la fiesta de María el sábado?

(Okay. Are you going to go to María's party on Saturday?)

Ana: Sí, voy a ir. ¿Vas tú también?

(Yes, I'm going to go. Are you going too?)

Carlos: Claro, vamos a ir juntos.

(Of course, we're going to go together.)

Ana: Perfecto. ¿Adónde vamos después de la fiesta?

(Perfect. Where are we going after the party?)

Carlos: Vamos a ir a cenar a un nuevo restaurante.

(We're going to go have dinner at a new restaurant.)

Ana: ¡Suena genial! Voy a estar lista a las ocho.

(Sounds great! I'm going to be ready at eight.)

Carlos: Bien. Voy a pasar por ti.

(Good. I'm going to pick you up.)

Key Uses of Ir

- Vas: You are going

- Voy: I am going
- Vamos: We are going
- Van: They are going
- Adónde: Where
- Quieres: Do you want
- Tengo: I have
This conversation illustrates the practical use of the verb ir in various contexts, including
asking about plans, expressing future intentions, and making arrangements.

Here are different levels of quizzes on the verb ir in the present tense, designed to help
learners at various stages of their Spanish language journey.

Beginner Level Quiz

Instructions: Choose the correct conjugation of ir to complete each sentence.

1. Yo ______ al cine.
a) vas
b) voy
c) va

2. ¿______ tú a la fiesta esta noche?

a) Vas
b) Voy
c) Va

3. Ella ______ a la tienda.

a) vamos
b) va
c) tienen

4. Nosotros ______ a comer en un restaurante.

a) van
b) vamos
c) vais

5. Ellos ______ a la playa el sábado.

 a) voy
b) van
c) vas

Intermediate Level Quiz

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ir.

1. Mañana, yo ______ a visitar a mis abuelos.

*(Tomorrow, I am going to visit my grandparents.)*

2. ¿______ ustedes al parque este fin de semana?

*(Are you all going to the park this weekend?)*

3. Ella ______ a estudiar para el examen.

*(She is going to study for the exam.)*

4. Nosotros ______ a comprar comida para la fiesta.

*(We are going to buy food for the party.)*

5. ¿Adónde ______ tú después de clase?

*(Where are you going after class?)*

Advanced Level Quiz

Instructions: Rewrite the sentences using the negative form of **ir**.

1. Yo voy a la biblioteca.
*(I am going to the library.)*

2. Ellos van a la fiesta.

 *(They are going to the party.)*

3. Tú vas a trabajar mañana.

*(You are going to work tomorrow.)*

4. Nosotros vamos a ver una película.

*(We are going to watch a movie.)*

5. Ella va a comprar un coche nuevo.

*(She is going to buy a new car.)*

Citations:
[1] https://cards.algoreducation.com/en/content/YUTYGS6N/spanish-interrogative-
pronouns
[2] https://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/spanish_interrogative
[3] https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/spanish/spanish-
grammar/interrogative-pronouns-spanish/
[4] https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/spanish/spanish-i/asking-and-
answering-questions/quiz-interrogative-pronouns-question-words
[5] https://thetranslationcompany.com/languages/spanish-translation/ultimate-
guide/pronouns/interrogative-pronouns.htm
Lesson 18: Three types of Infinitive verbs in Spanish
In Spanish, infinitive verbs represent the most basic form of a verb, functioning similarly to
the English infinitive form that precedes the verb "to." Infinitives in Spanish are categorized
into three main types based on their endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. Each category has distinct
characteristics and conjugation patterns. Understanding these types is crucial for
mastering verb conjugation and sentence structure in Spanish.

Objectives
The objectives of studying the three types of infinitive verbs in Spanish are to:
1. Identify the three categories of infinitives: -ar, -er, and -ir.
2. Understand the usage and conjugation rules associated with each type.
3. Apply knowledge of infinitives in constructing sentences and expressing actions.

Lessons on the Three Types of Infinitive Verbs

1. -ar Infinitives
• Definition: These verbs end with "-ar" and constitute the largest group of Spanish
infinitives.
• Examples:
• hablar (to speak)
• cantar (to sing)
• comprar (to buy)
• Conjugation Pattern:
• To conjugate, remove the "-ar" ending to find the stem
(e.g., habl- from hablar) and add appropriate endings based on the subject
and tense.
2. -er Infinitives
• Definition: These verbs end with "-er" and are the second-largest group.
• Examples:
• comer (to eat)
• beber (to drink)
 • leer (to read)
• Conjugation Pattern:
• Similar to -ar verbs, remove the "-er" ending to find the stem
(e.g., com- from comer) and apply specific endings for conjugation.
3. -ir Infinitives
• Definition: These verbs end with "-ir" and are the smallest group among the three.
• Examples:
• vivir (to live)
• escribir (to write)
• abrir (to open)
• Conjugation Pattern:
• Remove the "-ir" ending to find the stem (e.g., viv- from vivir) and use
appropriate endings for conjugation.
Summary of Infinitive Groups

Infinitive Type Ending Examples

-ar -ar hablar, cantar

-er -er comer, beber

-ir -ir vivir, escribir

Understanding these three types of infinitive verbs is essential for effective communication
in Spanish, as they serve as the foundation for verb conjugation across various tenses and
subjects.
List of some Spanish infinitive regular verbs

Regular -ar Infinitive Verbs

1. hablar - to speak
2. cantar - to sing
3. bailar - to dance
4. comprar - to buy
5. estudiar - to study
6. trabajar - to work
7. jugar - to play
8. mirar - to look/watch
9. escuchar - to listen
10. preparar - to prepare
11. viajar - to travel
12. cocinar - to cook
13. usar - to use
14. limpiar - to clean
15. enseñar - to teach

Regular -er Infinitive Verbs

1. comer - to eat
2. beber - to drink
3. leer - to read
4. aprender - to learn
5. vender - to sell
6. romper - to break
7. correr - to run
8. temer - to fear
 9. comprender - to understand
10. asistir - to attend
11. prometer - to promise
12. mover - to move
13. ofrecer - to offer
14. leer - to read
15. sorprender - to surprise

Regular -ir Infinitive Verbs

1. vivir - to live
2. escribir - to write
3. abrir - to open
4. decidir - to decide
5. recibir - to receive
6. subir - to go up/ascend
7. permitir - to allow/permit
8. asistir - to attend (Note: also appears in the er category)
9. existir - to exist
10. construir - to build
11. describir - to describe
12. interrumpir - to interrupt
13. repetir - to repeat
14. aplaudir - to applaud
15. dividir - to divide
These lists provide a solid foundation for understanding and using regular infinitive verbs
in Spanish!

Video lesson on infinitive verbs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDM9fG1r3XI&t=24s
Lesson 19: Present Tense of Regular -AR Verbs in Spanish

In this lesson, we will explore the present tense of regular -AR verbs in Spanish. The present
tense is one of the most fundamental and widely used verb tenses, allowing you to express
actions, states, and habits in the here and now. Understanding the conjugation of regular -
AR verbs is a crucial step in building a strong foundation in the Spanish language. Through
this lesson, you will learn the patterns and structures of these common verb forms, and
practice applying them in various contexts.

Desired Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Explain the basic structure and conjugation of regular -AR verbs in the present
tense.
2. Conjugate a variety of common -AR verbs correctly in the present tense.
3. Recognize and understand the present tense forms of -AR verbs in spoken and
written Spanish.
4. Construct simple sentences using present tense -AR verbs to describe everyday
actions and activities.
5. Identify and differentiate between the singular and plural forms of present tense -
AR verbs.
6. Apply your knowledge of present tense -AR verbs to engage in basic conversation
and communication in Spanish.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

Present Tense of Regular -AR Verbs

The present tense of regular -AR verbs in Spanish follows a consistent pattern. To conjugate
an -AR verb, you remove the infinitive ending (-AR) and add the appropriate present tense
ending.

For example, let's look at the verb "hablar" (to speak):

Singular:

Yo hablo
Tú hablas
Él/Ella/Usted habla

Plural:

Nosotros hablamos
Vosotros habláis
Ustedes hablan
Ellos/Ellas hablan

As you can see, the verb endings change depending on the subject pronoun, but the stem
of the verb (in this case, "habl-") remains the same.
Here are some more examples of regular -AR verbs in the present tense:

1. Estudiar (to study)

Singular:
Yo estudio
Tú estudias
Él/Ella/Usted estudia
Plural:
Nosotros estudiamos
Vosotros estudiais
Ustedes estudian
Ellos/Ellas estudian

2. Comprar (to buy)

Singular:

Yo compro
Tú compras
Él/Ella/Usted compra

Plural:

Nosotros compramos
Vosotros compráis
Ustedes compran
Ellos/Ellas compran

3. Bailar (to dance)

Singular:

Yo bailo
Tú bailas
Él/Ella/Usted baila

Plural:
Nosotros bailamos
Vosotros bailáis
Ustedes bailan
Ellos/Ellas bailan

Learning Content: Watch & Learn the Lesson on -AR Verbs Conjugation in Present Tense

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BGGL1Bxpww&t=21s
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmMz0dZ445o&t=82s

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

Read and learn this simple conversation in Spanish.

José Antonio: ¡Buenos días! ¿Hablas español? Good morning! Do you speak Spanish?
Luisa: ¡Hola! Sí, hablo un poco de español. Hi! Yes, I speak a little Spanish.
José Antonio: ¿Eres extranjera? ¿Are you a foreigner?
Luisa: Sí, soy de Colombia. Yes, I am from Colombia.
José Antonio: ¡Qué bien! ¿De qué ciudad de Colombia eres?
Great! Which city of Colombia are you from?
Luisa: Soy de Bogotá, pero vivo en Venezuela. Y tú ¿de dónde eres?
I am from Bogota, but I live in Venezuela. And you, where are you from?
José Antonio: Soy de aquí, de Cebú, Filipinas. I am from here, Cebu, Philippines.
Luisa: ¡Encantada de conocerte! Nice to meet you!
José Antonio: ¡El gusto es mío! The pleasure is mine!

Exercise: Conjugate the following regular -AR verbs in the present tense and place them
in the sentences.
1. (Yo) __________ español todos los días. (I speak Spanish every day.)
2. ¿(Tú) __________ la lección con atención? (Do you study the lesson carefully?)
3. Él/Ella/Usted siempre __________ frutas y verduras. (He/She/You always buy
fruits and vegetables.)
4. Nosotros __________ al parque los fines de semana. (We dance at the park on
weekends.)
5. ¿(Vosotros) __________ al gimnasio después del trabajo? (Do you all walk to the
gym after work?)
6. Ustedes __________ juntos en el mismo proyecto. (You all work together on the
same project.)
7. Ellos/Ellas __________ música clásica en casa. (They listen to classical music at
home.)
8. (Yo) __________ a mi familia con todo mi corazón. (I love my family with all my
heart.)
9. ¿(Tú) __________ a tus abuelos a menudo? (Do you visit your grandparents
often?)
10. Él/Ella/Usted siempre __________ los temas con claridad. (He/She/You
always explain the topics clearly.)
11. Nosotros __________ al equipo de fútbol cada semana. (We play the soccer team
every week.)
12. ¿(Vosotros) __________ después de un día largo de trabajo? (Do you all rest after
a long workday?)
13. Ustedes __________ la cena para la fiesta. (You all prepare dinner for the party.)
14. Ellos/Ellas __________ deliciosos platos españoles. (They cook delicious
Spanish dishes.)
15. (Yo) __________ la televisión por la noche. (I watch TV at night.)
16. ¿(Tú) __________ tu cuarto después de levantarte? (Do you clean your room
after getting up?)
17. Él/Ella/Usted __________ en un apartamento en el centro. (He/She/You
resides in an apartment downtown.)
 18. Nosotros __________ a los visitantes en la recepción. (We greet the visitors at
the reception.)
19. ¿(Vosotros) __________ un nuevo idioma este trimestre? (Do you all learn a new
language this semester?)
20. Ustedes __________ canciones tradicionales en la boda. (You all sing traditional
songs at the wedding.)

Exercise 2. Answer this online quiz (10 items)

https://studyspanish.com/verbs/random-quiz/justar
Lesson 20: Present Tense of -ER Verbs

In this lesson, we will focus on learning the present tense of verbs that end in -ER and -IR.
These verbs are very common in Spanish, and it is important to master their conjugation to
express ourselves fluently. In addition to learning the verb forms, we will also explore the
use of these tenses in different contexts.

Desired Learning Outcomes

1. Understand the structure and endings of -ER and -IR verbs in the present tense.
2. Be able to correctly conjugate -ER and -IR verbs in the present tense.
3. Learn key vocabulary related to -ER and -IR verbs.
4. Practice the use of -ER and -IR verbs in simple sentences and conversations.
5. Develop listening comprehension and oral expression skills through interactive
activities.
6. Apply the knowledge acquired in this lesson to everyday life situations.

By the end of this lesson, students will have a solid foundation to master the present tense
of -ER and -IR verbs, which will allow them to communicate more fluently in Spanish.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

How to form present tense with the -er regular verbs

To form the present tense with regular -ER verbs in Spanish, follow these steps:

I. Identifying Regular -ER Verbs

● Regular -ER verbs are verbs that end in the infinitive ending "-ER", such as comer (to
eat), beber (to drink), and leer (to read).
II. Present Tense Conjugation Pattern
● To conjugate a regular -ER verb in the present tense, follow these steps:
1. Take the infinitive form of the verb (e.g., comer, beber, leer)
2. Remove the "-ER" infinitive ending
3. Add the appropriate present tense personal endings

III. Personal Endings for Regular -ER Verbs

The personal endings for regular -ER verbs in the present tense are:

· yo -o
· tú -es
· él/ella/usted -e
· nosotros -emos
· vosotros -éis
· ellos/ellas/ustedes -en

IV. Examples of Conjugation

A. Comer (to eat)

- yo como
- tú comes
- él/ella/usted come
- nosotros comemos
- vosotros coméis
- ellos/ellas/ustedes comen

B. Beber (to drink)

- yo bebo
- tú bebes
- él/ella/usted bebe
- nosotros bebemos
- vosotros bebéis
- ellos/ellas/ustedes beben

C. Leer (to read)

- yo leo
- tú lees
- él/ella/usted lee
- nosotros leemos
- vosotros leéis
- ellos/ellas/ustedes leen

V. Practice Exercises
● Conjugate the following regular -ER verbs in the present tense:
1. Aprender (to learn)
2. Vender (to sell)
3. Creer (to believe)

Remember, the key to mastering the present tense of regular -ER verbs is to identify the
verb, remove the "-ER" ending, and add the appropriate personal endings. Consistent
practice will help solidify this conjugation pattern.

Watch and Learn:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_qRlg4PyQk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1I_gaZ0_L2A

Sentences replaced with different regular -ER verbs in the present tense:
 1. Yo bebo un vaso de agua fresca. (I drink a glass of fresh water.)
2. Tú vendes tus productos en la feria. (You (informal) sell your products at the fair.)
3. Él comprende la lección de historia. (He understands the history lesson.)
4. Nosotros aprendemos nuevas palabras cada día. (We learn new words every day.)
5. Vosotros leéis los libros con mucha atención. (You (plural informal) read the books
with much attention.)
6. Ellas creen que el proyecto es un éxito. (They (female) believe that the project is a
success.)
7. Nosotros comemos una ensalada para el almuerzo. (We eat a salad for lunch.)
8. Ellos venden su coche usado. (They sell their used car.)

For each sentence, fill in the blank with the correct present tense conjugation of the -ER
verb provided in parentheses.

1. Tú __________ las instrucciones con cuidado. (leer)

2. Él __________ los platos después de comer. (ver)
3. Nosotros __________ el autobús a las 8am. (comer)
4. Vosotros __________ las flores en el jardín. (vender)
5. Ellas __________ que el examen fue muy difícil. (creer)
6. Usted __________ los libros de la biblioteca. (vender)
7. Tú __________ el teléfono cuando suena. (entender)
8. Nosotros __________ a nadar los domingos. (aprender)

Exercise 2. Online quiz (Place the date and time you take the online quiz. After taking the
quiz, record your score in your achievement chart (write this way 10/10 if it is 10 items)
with the name of the lesson)

Q1. https://www.sporcle.com/games/profebob/spanish-pronouns
Q2. https://studyspanish.com/grammar/test/subpro.htm
Lesson 21: Present Tense of -IR Verbs

Learn how to conjugate regular verbs in the present tense that end in 'ir'. The ending for the
regular 'ir' verbs change depending on the subject of the sentence. The verb form that ends
in -IR is called the infinitive. -IR is the infinitive ending. The verb without the -IR is called the
stem or radical. To conjugate an -IR verb, remove the infinitive ending and then add the
appropriate endings.

Desired Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. learn by heart the endings for –ir verbs to form Present tense;
2. remember the steps in making present tense with the –ir verbs; and
3. be able to use different subject pronouns to construct sentences in Present Tense.

Learning Content and Learning Tasks

Study and learn how to conjugate the –Ir Verbs in Spanish.

1. Verbs of the 3rd conjugation (-Ir)

Common –ir Verbs

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB ESCRIBIR (TO WRITE):

Personal Escribir English

Pronouns equivalent
Yo Escribo (I write)
Tú Escribes (you write)
 Usted./él/ella Escribe (you/he/she
writes)
Nosotros (as) Escribimo (we write)
s
Vosotros (as) Escribís (you guys write)
Ustedes /Ellos/ Escriben (you all/they
Ellas write)

SENTENCES WITH THE VERB COMER IN PRESEN TENSE:

1. Tú y yo escribimos a love letter. You and I write una carta de amor.

2. Él escribe una carta. He writes a letter.
3. Ellas no escriben cartas. They don't write letters.
4. Él nos escribe una carta. He writes us a letter.
5. Tú escribes un texto en este campo. You write a text in this field.
6. Mi amiga escribe un ensayo. My friend write an essay.
7. Los hombres escriben una petición. The men write a petition.
8. Yo escribo un libro. I write a book.
9. Ella escribe a una amiga She writes a friend.
10. Nosotros escribimos a mamá We are writing to mom.

The statements in the table above show the suffixes to put after the verbs to form the
present tense with -ir.

A. When using the personal pronoun Yo, we eliminate the suffix -ir from the verb and change
it with the suffix -o.
Example: vivir (to live) → Yo vivo en Cebu. (I live in Cebu.)

B. When using the personal pronoun Tu, we eliminate the suffix -ir from the verb and change
it with the suffix -es.
Example: discutir (to discuss) → Nunca discuto el dinero. (I never discuss money.)
C. When using the personal pronoun El/Ella/Ud., we eliminate the suffix -ir from the verb
and change it with the suffix -e.
Example: escribir (to write) →El príncipe escribe una carta. (The prince writes a letter.)

D. When using the personal pronoun Nosotros, we eliminate the suffix -ir from the verb and
change it with the suffix -imos.
Example: abrir (to open) → Abrimos las cajas. (We open the boxes.)

E. When using the personal pronoun Vosotros, we eliminate the suffix -ir from the verb and
change it with the suffix -ís.
Example: vivir (to live) → Vosotros vivis. (You live.)

F. When using the personal pronoun Ellos/Ellas/Uds., we eliminate the suffix -ir from the
verb and change it with the suffix -en.
Example: insistir (to insist) → Los padres insisten en tener una reunión la próxima semana.

(The parents insist on having a meeting next week.)

Thus to conjugate abrir, you would remove the infinitive ending to find the radical abr- and
then add the appropriate endings:

Singular Subject Abrir Translation

Yo abro I open
Tú abres You open
Él abre He opens
Ella abre She opens
Usted (Vd.) abre You open
Plural Subject
Nosotros abrimo We open
s
Vosotros abrís You open
Ellos abren They
open
 Ellas abren They
open
Ustedes (Vds.) abren You learn

To use these verbs in a sentence, we have to learn how to conjugate them (change the
endings). The verb meaning (to live) in Spanish is vivir. Take off the -ir ending: vivir - ir = viv
then add on one of the present tense endings: viv + (ending) --> vivo, vives, vive, vivimos,
vivís, viven. Let's look at some example sentences:

Examples:
1. Yo vivo en Singapur. I live in Singapore. (I am living in
Singapore.)
2. ¿Dónde vives? Where do you live?
3. ¿En qué ciudad vives? What city do you live in?
4. Mi hermana mayor vive en China. My older brother lives in China.
5. Mi prima vive en Malasia. My cousin (female) lives in Malaysia.

Watch and learn the conjugation of -ir Verbs in Spanish.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6xQoXKiW9g&t=39s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTB7MR2VZI8

Learning Enhancement/ Extension

Read and learn this simple conversation in Spanish.

¡Practiquemos!

Franco: Hola, me llamo Franco.

Hello, my name is Franc.
Alicia: Buenos días, soy Alicia.
 Good morning, I am Alicia.
Franco: ¿Eres francesa?
Are you French?
Alicia: Sí. ¿Eres francés?
Yes. Are you French?
Franco: No, yo no soy francés. Yo soy coreano.
No, I am not French. I am a corean.
Alicia: ¿Dónde vives?
Where do you live?

Franco: Vivo en Manila. Y tú ¿Dónde vives?

I live in Manila. How about you?
Alicia: Vivo en Cebu. ¿Vas a estudiar aquí en Cebu?
I live in Cebu. Are you going to study hear in Cebu?
Franco Sí, voy a estudiar inglés y filipino.
Yes, I’m going to study English and Filipino.

Learning Tasks
Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense. Write the answer after the personal
pronouns.

Singular Subject recibir decidir compartir

Yo
Tú
Él
Ella
Usted (Vd.)
Plural Subject
Nosotros
 Vosotros
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes (Vds.)

In this quiz the regular 'ir' verbs in brackets need to be changed into the correct form for
each sentence. Fill in all the blanks with the correct present tense form of the verb in
brackets.
1. Antonio ____________ (abrir) la puerta con cuidado.
2. Nosotros __________ (añadir) mas leche al café.
3. Tú nunca ___________ (asistir) a la conferencia.
4. Juana y Mario ___________ (imprimir) todo el ejercicio.
5. Cada día ___________ (ocurrir) una nueva noticia.
6. Vosotros ___________ (subir) rápidamente las escaleras.
7. Las alumnas ___________ (sufrir) de dolor de cabeza.
8. Mi mamá ____________ (unir) todos los ingredientes del pastel.
9. Yo ____________ (vivir) muy lejos de la escuela.
10. Tú ____________ (escribir) los mensajes muy despacio.

1. Toledo, C. ¡HABLEMOS ESPAÑOL! 2017

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6xQoXKiW9g&t=39s
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTB7MR2VZI8