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• The Periodic Table is a way of classifying the elements.
• Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic
number (number of protons). Lithium has 3 protons,
beryllium has 4, boron has 5, and so on.
• When arranged by proton number, the elements show
periodicity: elements with similar properties appear at
regular intervals.
The similar elements are arranged in columns.
• Vertical columns of elements with similar properties are
called groups.
• Horizontal rows are called periods.
• The heavy zig-zag line separates metals from non-metals,
with the non-metals to the right (except for hydrogen).

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More about the groups
 The group number = the number of outer-shell electrons
in the atoms, except
for He, in Group 0/VIII/18; transition elements
 Outer-shell electrons - valence electrons.
Very important - indicate how an element behaves.
 All the elements in a group have similar reactions, because
they have the same number of valence electrons.
 The atoms of the Group VIII elements have a very stable
arrangement of electrons in their outer shells. This makes
them unreactive. Groups with special names
Group I: the alkali metals
Group II: the alkaline earth metals
Group VII: the halogens
Group VIII: the noble gases
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More about the Periods

 The period number = the number of electron shells in the

atoms.

Hydrogen
 Find hydrogen in the table.
Why it sits alone?
As the smallest atom of all, its properties are distinctive
and unique. It does not fit easily into the trends shown in
any one group.

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More about the Periods
The metals and non-metals
 Look again at the table. Where are metals and non-metals?
Metals are to the left of the zig-zag line.
More metals than non-metals - over 80% of elements are metals.
Metals and non-metals have very different properties.

The transition elements

 In the block in the middle of the Periodic Table

► A world-famous
structure, made from
iron. Find iron in the
Periodic Table.
Which block is it in?
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The elements can be grouped into three broad
classes based on their general properties.
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids
Across the period, the properties of elements
become less metallic and more nonmetallic.

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About 80 % of the elements are metals.
Properties of Metals
• Good conductors of heat and electric current.
• Have a high luster - reflect light
• Solids at room temperature (except Hg)
• Many metals are ductile (can be drawn into wires)
• Most metals are malleable (they can be
hammered into thin sheets without breaking)

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In the upper-right corner of the periodic table.
There is a greater variation in physical properties
among nonmetal than among metals.
Properties of Nonmetals
• Most are gases at room temperature. S and P are
solids, Bromine is a liquid.
• Nonmetals tend to have properties that are opposite to
those of metals.
• In general, nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and
electric current. Solid nonmetals tend to be brittle.

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Most of the elements that border zig-zag line are
metalloids.
Properties of Metalloids
• Generally has properties that are similar to
metals and nonmetals.
• Under some conditions they behave like a
metal. Under other conditions they behave like
a nonmetal.

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Think of two reasons why ...and three reasons
metals are used to make why they are used for
drums... saucepans.

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All Group I-VIII elements – representative groups

Group I/1A/1 elements - alkali metals.

Group II/2A/2 elements - alkaline earth metals.

Groups 3-12 are called transition elements.

The nonmetals of Group VII/7A/17 - halogens.

Group VIII/0/8A/18 elements - Noble Gases

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 Group 0 or Group 8A / VIII / 18
 Full outer shell of - 8 e in the outer shell (He 2)
 Stable / chemically inactive
 Never lose or gain electrons
 Never combine with other atoms
 Exist as single atom in nature

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 Workbook P 147-148 Q1 Q2(egi)
P 161-162 Q1,2,3
 Due Tomorrow

 Prepare colored pens or colored pencils (at

least three colors, like red, blue, black)
tomorrow

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Ions – Charged particles made from an atom, or group
of atoms, by the loss or gain of electrons.

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• For metal ions, the positive charge is the same as the
group number.
• For non-metal ions, the negative charge is 8 minus the
group number.

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The atomic radius is one half of
Distance between nuclei
the distance between the nuclei
of two atoms of the same
element when the atoms are
joined.

Atomic Radius

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In general, atomic size increases from top to bottom
within a group and decreases from left to right across
a period.

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Positive ions are always smaller than the atoms
from which they form.
Negative ions are always larger than the atoms
from which they form.

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atomic and ionic
radii increase from
top to bottom
within a group.
atomic and ionic
radii decrease as
you move to the
right in a period.

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 Worksheet – Part 4 periodic trend
 Read P 265-272
 Due 2024-9-30

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What are they?
 The alkali metals are in Group I in the
Periodic Table: lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium, caesium and francium. Only the
first three of these are safe to keep in the
school lab. The rest are violently reactive.
Their physical properties
 The alkali metals are NOT typical metals.
 Like all metals, they are good conductors of
heat and electricity.
 But they are softer than most other metals.
You can cut them with a knife.
 They are ‘lighter’ than most other metals –
they have low density. So they float on
water – while reacting with it. ▲ A piece of sodium, cut
 They have low melting and boiling points, with a knife.
compared with most metals.

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The trends in their physical properties
 Like any group, the alkali metals are all a little different.
Metal This metal is silvery and.. Density in g / cm3 Melts at /0C

lithium, Li soft 0.53 181

sodium, Na a little softer 0.97 98

potassium, K softer still 0.86 Density 63 Melting

Softness
increases point
increases
decreases
rubidium, Rb even softer 1.53 39

caesium, Cs the softest 1.88 29

 So there is an overall increase or decrease for each property, as you

go down the table. This kind of pattern is called a trend.

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A non-metal group
 Group VII is a group of non-metal elements. It
includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
These are usually called the halogens. They all:
 form coloured gases. Fluorine is a pale yellow gas and chlorine is a
green gas. Bromine forms a red vapour, and iodine a purple vapour.
 are poisonous.
 form diatomic molecules (containing two atoms). E.g., Cl2.
Trends in their physical properties
 As usual, the group shows trends in physical properties. Look at these:
Halogen At room temperature the element is … Boiling point /0C
fluorine, F2 a yellow gas -188

chlorine, Cl2 a green gas -35

Boiling
Colour gets Density point
bromine, Br2 a red liquid deeper increases 59 increases

iodine, I2 a black solid 184

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 Workbook P 150 Q4
P 151 Q7
P 154-156 Q11 abcdef
 Read P 57-59, 75-76, 79-80
 Due Wednesday, Oct 9

Test – Atoms & Periodic table, Oct 10

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