tern expG

erlach
-

⽬的量 Ay 原⼦磁偶極 - lassical prediction

I is randomly
⼭ 了
Ay aniformly distributed
“

) P i 出 =
) L7 is

" g
d
N
grem[
- l 1> H

heat
oral spot
Ag ( ⼀價了 /Ht
an

let B )
B ( 2
=
。
x
,
ag
了
「
:
potential energy
BL
可 = 。 = -

MrBz ⼺ ”

F :
⼀

JU preliction
quamtum
-

與B
µ 吃
l
s p d

wich
o 1

indepenodeny
2

5 5 = 5821 × eVs
需要非均匀磁場 lz = m = 0 . 100
=
) ,

m = -
l l+ 1 -
…
l
zmt [
,
;
,

a =
⼀

2l +
1

ime Lal r devewn ) 7 2 lt 1

splittinf expected
⼀

=
ut =

價电⼦ s
Ag
: 5

] l 72 l + 1 =|= 7 =
m
= 0 =
=

八⼯

,
之 0
𠂊
Result

s
[
入亡
why ?
⼼

⽗
⼀
Ʃ ⼼
N

:
7 2 l+ 1 =
2

=
) l= i ! !
"

from electrom spin

:
7 pin is
an
augalar mementum

lecprom has an intfinsis

angolar momentum called spin

and denote as S =
三

is guamtired
⼀ h
it q
= ⼀

Ʃ )
。

The assaliated
magneTic momenf

a: gzm 5
the
g :
romagnetin
ratio

bymplified schemari ,
representution

So was measured and called theobservable

1H 7 unable to
* predict which of ehe
1ψ) ( 1111
,
"

Iㄛ 50

ouetput porls any particular aton

Ag
willcome
100 " "”
(
omt
501
-
]
Dirac notation ( braket notation )

1 .
1ψ 7 =
) imput

stale
2 |+ 7 =
) spim up
]
.

.
ntp -
f

. s d
s
pin
. or
1
.
s
sease
!

|H 7 =
| 3z =
β ] =|+☆ ] =|+ 2 >= 1 ↑>

1 -
) =| { z
=
-

☆ ] =| -

☆>=| -
E ) = 1 ↓ ]

ostalateIB
of nquanton mechanical
the slate
system ,
indudinf all the
intormations
normelizedkot
yer
can lknow abontif , isrepresunted
mathematically
by oa 1ψ3

ExpI .
( Sz { 红 )
,

Measure Ez taricein Guccession

1+ 7 50

点
軍
111
/

1ψ
71 ∵
z 10

P 凸
器
→ Z ㄛ 。
| 。
品

all aems outpat fron the

upper
StG
analyzerl
1s
+ )
al 0
d
owtpue
fom ehe
upper
SoG
analyzer 12 )

缺課 Exr 7 .
3 .
4
} piniSyslem
Szmeasurement

[ 1" )
,
17
] frem abasis

a
spin state as alket

b| b l
|ψ ) = alt 7 + -
)
,
a
,
ε

the bra
the
correspodinf dual vecer ,

( ψ 1 = ac + 1 + bc -

def :

the inner product of aket and a

bra

〈 Ibra ket ) ≡ < brallkel 3

for the Sz basis

orthofrality
≥
: ( 1+)
- : 0 = (+ 1 -

norma
liration : ( -
1 -
7 =
1 : 1+ 1 t )

inner product asprojection

b 1 ) pictmre :
1 ψ>= alt >+ -

1 ψ>= al +>+ b 1
( a 1 +>+ b | )
-
7

L+ 1 ψ 7 = <+ 1 -
>

:
a <+ 1 +>+ b (+ 1 -
)
b
以 (个“: , )

兴
z a

lilewise ,
( -
1 ψ) = b
 b1
(ψ 7 (t ) -
>
= a
+

7 + ( 1 ψ> 1 )
ψ 71
-

(+ 1
-
+
=

> ( ) 1ψ
1 + 7 [ + ψ>+
1 1 -

也
+ - ) i
( itx + 1 1 x
- 1

171
11* ++ ) c
*
-
12a - b
Cllt 7 -

+
+ 1 +>+ b
*
= a ( 2 -

1 +>

=
* id
a ( 共軛 ]
*
<ψ 1 ψ>=<ψ 1 f )

Poslalate I

a state vecer is anormaliredket ( / ψ 1 ψ>= 1 )

<ψ 1 ψ 7
)
* *
=
( a c+ 1 + b )( a 1 +>+ bi -

=
*
a act 1 + ) + a
*b
( +1 - >+ b *ac - 1

+ 7+ b * bc -1 -
7

b* b
P
* ( a 1 + 1 b | = 1
: a a + =

{ tafe 了
lengem

P
P

=|<+ 1 ψ>| +
1 < -

1 f >
 exp (

tin ) |+ ) + 2i 1 -
)

normalize 1 fin ) ( < 414 ) 1 ) =

→ F 5 =

let 1ψ ) = ( / ψ in ) ψ) 5
— z
*
[ψ l = ( adinl ↓ 4
< oo
: 1? =
;
(
*
=
( zicl
1
c+ -
P

) 14 , =C +

<ψ ψ>=1 1

14 12
) ? =|
>
c
-

= ( (
* < -

2 ic - 1 ) (
( ( +>+ 2 i 1 -
> )

= (
*
( (l + 1) + 2 i (+ 1 -

) -

2 i ( -
1 +> -

4 (- -
> )

*
5
= ( (
11 + 1 ψ) P
^
= 51 c 1

vithont os
of gonerality hoose ㄛ
c =
后
" normalizatien comstarf
=
) (ψ ) =
∴|+ 7 +
的 1 -
)

Probabilityinterpretation of a state vector (Man .Born 1926 )

Stern Gerlarb
-

( ψ) = a |+>+ b 1 - )

→
⿒ Lψ 1 t ) =| c + / ψ> P
+

- 143 |^= 1
*
c
j
:
⼀ each the 1ψ )
曾⼼
100 term in state recor

ontains the information of the

probabitiay
measure to be in the
correspondinf bacis
分 tat
 that themeaurement yields t
a ,
the
probabiliy the result Sz
:

P: ) 3 =÷= ( (+ / ψ) R
z

S
the pobubiliy
, z
thatthe measurement yields resnt the
2

P 13 : =
IC 14 ) P
:
_

—
:

ct1
1
t ) and tlf ) ave refered to as
probabilieyamplitudes
Histrogram
→ ]i 5

”
:

1 ψ3 5

↑
z :

"
,

:
… “
0
1 o

P 4
= P . C +
∵
…
147 P ⼗坛
1? 1 c
-

Analysi , of Exp .
I ({ z ,
{ ) z

⼈ P

⼀阂
H7

20 : ;器哭 ” …

,
, ∵∵
↑ 蚵
:
。
”
“
)

t
1 in 7
: 1 +
)
,PirlktlinsIP
⼗ P p+ = k
= 1 c + 1 +>| = 0

|
⼆
Aralysi . of Eap
3 .( 9) ,

1H 7
i:
P
>
⼼ ×
, |凸

→↑∵
P!
,
↓ =
>
,
50
z I 1H 7 ㄛ
1
50 : …了 ⼈
-

。 Ʃ
1

for x ,
= ) | ) in >= / +

Pii :
1: 1
-

fin. T
:
(
s tromexp , bl . we dont krow a ' , state
)

Py = | 4
- 1 ÷ in
ψ |^
:

for x 2
= ) |ψ in >=| -
)

Pitfctitinsi
pi :
1 ×
( -

1 ψ in > P 三 =

糞
Since IH 7x and 1 -
7a not lonor
yet , howevey ve lan describe the
resuly based on the
probability interpretation

onstruct17and
) 1 - +

( 1t ) ,
1 7
-

] from a
complete Sz basis

|+ ) x
= a 1 +>+ b | - )

dtt
) a ,
b, c
,

| -
> x
=< ( +>+ d1 - )

Subjerl o p 哭
 Pii -
1! -
1
fini ↑
=
1 ± 1 + 7 P
*

洲 = a
*
(+ 1 + b c -
1

:
| a
*
(+ 1 + ) + b* ( - 1 +>^

=
| a 12 :
三

相位⾓不影響量測 ?

! 1 ψ>= ei 014 >

P

i =| c + 1 ψ> 1
:
| cteio
1 1 ψ) P

:
Peli
, 14 (+ )

= 1 K 114 , P lovevall pbaseinsignificane ) 總相信⾓⽆关

1 . 1ψ) =
Cio
.

(+ ) + eio1 - 3

0r
ei ( 1 + 7 teilo 31
0
)
-

.
-
3
=

beeveendifferent
"

thephase
relative omponents is
importarnf
相信⾓有作⽤相对

2 =≡ ( 1 ) + ex 1
|》 + -

| -
7x =
i
5
( |+ ) + eiB 1 -

>
)
Perform Eipl .
on
S . (% ,
久)
|
H 3

(H >
xita for bacis a

%∵器
}

T i⼀ 品 ∵
“

的 ,
×
⼀ 〈+ 1 +>x 1 =< = -

1 -

≥
…

」 ⼼
x嚣
00

50 : L+ 1 -7
≥
x = 0
=< - 1
t
×

L 41
X
= illtteiau )

)
l1 =

ilclteinc
☆ 1 + 7
π| iPc - 1 ) ☆ ( □+ eix 1 )
-

.
=
(+ 1 + e -
>
= 0

=Ʃ<+
y ei "
eixc teineinc - 1 +) + + 1 -

>+ c -
1 + )

=
011
iteineix =

ei
(x B )
eix eip chose
-

:
) =
-

| 27 =

, by anvention x : o

7
= eix : 1
,
eip = - 1
: ) 1 +) x
=÷1
1+ + … )

1 -

>×=≡ ( 1 +) -

1 -
> )

1+ ) =≡ ( ( + 7 .
+ 1 -
3x )
]
(
( 7 =≡ 1 + ) x - 1 7x
)
-

Matvix notalion ( Panli )

St representation
basis ket of S 0 as column vecbrs ,

|%) >=| (
9

1 +>= | -

+1 = 1 .0 )
( -1 ÷ 101 )
)
 The
cerrespending bras
oepesented by ow vectrs

general
*

for
*

bra (φ 1 = a [+1 + b c -
1
a

+ *
=
a 11 0
) + b (0 1 )
*

= (a
*
b ]

inner product
(ψ 1 f ) :
( a
*
b
*
) (% ) =
a a+
*
b* b =
1 a 1 + 1 bp

lontrart the y basi ket , use

Exp (32 .
,
by )
品

iY ⼀ ”
“
⼀
1
"

1⼼ ) n
… 2
⼀
⼀

“
⼀后 ∵
100 ⼀ Y

⼀
25

|: 三 =(台
*

符
b ( b* )
]
:
| y <+ 1 + ) 1+7
y
= a 1+ ) + 1- )
) :)
y
= a

| 7 ( 1 + 7+ d 1 >=
-

(d) ( c
*
d*)
| ↑ 三 年
=
7 |=
-

:
< y
:

P y 1 -7 :

P箭 :
| y (+ 1 + ) |::
: |
yctl | 三 + )

(% ) 1
* *
:
| (a b )

Py :
| y< -
1
)
Pi :

= |a
*
12 =| a ^ =Ʃ=| b | " =| cP 1
dp =

let a=
≡ eio .
b =
i eio .
c =
i eios d : eioy :

1
ty
=

π ( eix ) ,
α : θ- θ ,

1>
y
=
π ( ein ) , β= Ox
-
θ,
perform ( sy by
)
,

/ lHy ,
ty 3 formabnis
L+ 1 + 7
yl 1 7
1 y
-
=
-

时 y

[+ ) ( +
7
) -
=
0 = - 1

时 y y
* ⽤短陣重現
eip = -
lix

eix
: )1+
7
y

=☆ ( eia )
7
年
+ 1
=π l
)

7
y
=

illeia ]
(yperforn (9 . ,
Sy ) m live in the righe band role
-
system
( hoose λ= π
p |= i
)

:
|y ( + 1e )

Y 1 7y 占 ( di )+ = =
公 ()
=|≡ (. e
"x
) π(!) P
My =π ( ii | π
|
(i )
teiail
:

等合 ( 1 : )
式 zteixeea )
-

eixeix )
+

等⻔
: 11 t . 2

:
)
ilittosa :
Ʃ
“

x =± , n …
1
"
1 ,4 …
…

remarles ;
1 .
state vector have
omplex omponenls
ldulated byomplexsfure be real
2 .

pobabiliey must
beneral
quantum system
an observable A
yieldsquantizedmeasaremernt results dr for some

finiterarafeofn (
n
…
1
,
3
,
3
,
…

,
m )

1 the basis the resalts

.
Kets
correspendinf to arelan 7

三4"
- atutiy
“" 。
in

A Par =| ( arlfin 12
^ ☆ Pai
>
= 1
'
| am )
Paw lcanlfi > 1 :

sij { liwhenij
'
) Latlaj 7 :
Sij (
theriti ,

b ψ=
{

.
ailt >| lai )
omplefeness
<
P

( .Par Carlin
: )

Eip , an observable A has thre

possiblemeasuremenf res . lls a ,
d2
,
as

|ψ in
> =
2 |a , 7 -

31 ar ) + 4 i | a 37

the probability
) ofall possiablemeasurementresult of A

Mormalize
(et 1ψ) = ( 1 ψ in > = ilas
21 . - 31
[ 4 ' a
7
a > t

* *
L ψ 1 =
( <ψ in 1 = ( ( 2 ca 1 - 3

car 1 -
4 ica31 )

* 12
1 =
[ψ 1 ψ>= c ( )
4 + a + 16 … 291 c

: ) ( "
i "
: ) 1ψ 7

= a ψ in
)
 叱䕺䕏
iilcanbiii “
"

P ∵
a
cat "
=
2G

I ilimatil
.
] %iy
P

: “