Học bản chất, học một lần dùng cả đời

Reading: Week 1

I. Reading test

WRITING

SPEAKING

6.5

READING

LISTENING

60 phút – 40 câu hỏi

- Passage 1 (dễ nhất)  locate the information + paraphrase với nhau ntn
(synonyms)
- Passage 2 (khó hơn)  main ideas của đoạn văn (matching heading)
Within 30 phút
- Passage 3 (khó nhất)  everything (locate/paraphrase/nắm bắt ý chính/ quan
điểm trong bài agree/disagree với nhau)
Withing 30 phút (p3 + xem lại bài)
II. Reading skill
a. Goal (7.0+)
- 30/40: 7.0
- 33-34 câu: 7.5
b. Solution: Improve reading SKILL (S-M-L)
+ Syntax  phân tích ngữ pháp câu  hiểu ý chính của câu
Ex: Other inventions which are the wheel, agriculture,
sliced bread may have transformed our material
existence (vt+object), but the advent of language is
what made us human.

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 Identify (main) clauses in the sentence (cặp sub-fv)

 Identify parts of each clause and their relations
 Identify the logical relation between clauses  liên từ
Anh Fan is so handsome, BUT he is gay.

Sub – FV – modifiers, conjunction Sub – FV – modifiers

FANBOYS: Compound
Main sentence
Clause Other conjunctions: Complex
sentence

+ Main Idea(s)

A Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other
inventions - the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread - may have transformed our material
existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language,
all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved
depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have
embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over
nature itself.
B But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool
of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: ‘this
marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety
of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind,
allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot
penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’ This was how, in
1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles
distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the
magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of
praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet
critical incongruity. Language is mankind s greatest invention - except, of course, that it

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was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with
language, and it holds many of its secrets.
 Identify main idea(s) based on MAIN CLAUSES and LINKING DEVICES
- Conjunctions: but, and, yet, nor, so
- Adverbs: however, moreover, nevertheless, besides…
- This/that/these/those/such + N(s)  liên hệ đến 1 Noun đàng trước
Ex: NT is a famous supermodel in Vietnam. Although she she has been a model for
over 10 years, she has achieved no notable success throughout her career. Moreover,
she gave many shocking statements, like KCTTCDMAA, or even went to jail. This made
her considered famous for her scandals rather than her true talent.
A. How NT is loved in Vietnam
B. The destiny of NT in Vietnamese showbiz
C. A major reason, according to many, for NT’s fame
+ Logic
 Logical Relation between CLAUSES IN A SENTENCE
 Logical Relation between SENTENCES IN A PARAGRAPH
 Logical Relation between PARAGRAPHS IN A PASSAGE

A.Fan’s biography Paragraph 1 ………CHILDHOOD………..

of a Fan

Paragraph 2 University time of a Fan

Paragraph 3 Career in Hanoi

Paragraph 4 Big decision – Moved to SG

Paragraph 5 ………CURRENT…….. life

of a Fan

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7.0+

 READING SKILL: S-M-L + VOCAB

“Nếu bạn không biết nhiều từ vựng, thì bạn phải biết rất nhiều từ vựng”

III. How to approach an IELTS reading passage (Block reading)

The persistence and peril (DANGER) of misinformation

A and B
A,B giống giống nhao

A Fan likes cats and…

- Dogs
- Beer
- Beautiful girls

Brian Southwell looks at how human brains verify information and discusses some of
the challenges of battling widespread falsehoods.

Thành phần chính: main clause

Thành phần phụ: adj clause/ adv clause (because/although/while/when…)

Clause: Subject – Fv – Modifiers (adj/adv/prep phrase/adj clause)

Misinformation—both deliberately promoted and

accidentally shared—is perhaps an inevitable part of

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the world in which we live, but it is not a new problem. People likely have lied to one
another for roughly as long as verbal communication has existed. Deceiving others can
offer an apparent opportunity to gain strategic advantage, to motivate others to action,
or even to protect interpersonal bonds. Moreover, people inadvertently have been
sharing inaccurate information with one another for thousands of years.
 nói dối từ lâu rồi + nói dối để LÀM GÌ?

However, we currently live in an era in which technology enables information to reach

large audiences distributed across the globe, and thus the potential for immediate and
widespread effects from misinformation now looms larger than in the past. Yet the
means to correct misinformation might, over time, be found in those same patterns of
mass communication and of the facilitated spread of information.

 the role of technology: ăn hại – lợi

This/that/these/those + N  N liên hệ với 1 N đàng trước

The main worry regarding misinformation is its potential to unduly influence attitudes
and behavior, leading people to think and act differently than they would (V) if they
were correctly informed, as suggested by the research teams of Stephan Lewandowsky
of the University of Bristol and Elizabeth Marsh of Duke University, among others. In
other words, we worry that misinformation might lead people to hold misperceptions
(or false beliefs) and that these misperceptions, especially when they occur among
large groups of people, may have detrimental, downstream consequences for health,
social harmony, and the political climate.
 peril of misinformation
At least three observations related to misinformation in the contemporary mass-media
environment warrant the attention of researchers, policy makers, and really everyone
who watches television, listens to the radio, or reads information online. First of all,
people who encounter misinformation tend to believe it, at least initially. Secondly,
electronic and print media often do not block many types of misinformation before it
appears in content available to large audiences. Thirdly, countering misinformation once
it has enjoyed wide exposure can be a resource-intensive effort.

 3 observations (hại)

Knowing what happens when people initially encounter misinformation holds

tremendous importance for estimating the potential for subsequent problems. Although

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it is fairly routine for individuals to come across information that is false, the question of
exactly how—and when—we mentally label information as true or false has garnered
philosophical debate.The dilemma is neatly summarized by a contrast between how
the 17th-century philosophers Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza described human
information engagement, with conflicting predictions that only recently have been
empirically tested in robust ways. Descartes argued that a person only accepts or
rejects information after considering its truth or falsehood; Spinoza argued that people
accept all encountered information (or misinformation) by default and then
subsequently verify or reject it through a separate cognitive process.In recent
decades, empirical evidence from the research teams of Erik Asp of the University of
Chicago and Daniel Gilbert at Harvard University, among others, has supported
Spinoza's account: people appear to encode all new information as if it were true, even
if only momentarily,and later tag the information as being either true or false, a pattern
that seems consistent with the observation that mental resources for skepticism
physically reside in a different part of the brain than the resources used in perceiving
and encoding.

Cognitive
Aware
Perceive
Trên đường đi lang thang, a Fan gặp HH Thùy Tiên. A thấy TT rất xinh, cute, dễ thương
(giác quan - PERCEIVE), sau đó về nhà, anh đem lòng thương nhớ TT và nảy sinh
snghi cua TT (TT thì giàu, nổi tiếng, xinh, còn mình thì nghèo, xấu, chả ai biết tới -
COGNITIVE), nhận thức (AWARENESS) là: mình ko có cửa để cua TT.

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What about our second observation that misinformation often can appear in electronic
or print media without being preemptively blocked? In support of this, one might
consider the nature of regulatory structures in the United States: regulatory agencies
here tend to focus on post hoc detection of broadcast information. Organizations such
as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offer considerable monitoring and
notification functions, but these roles typically do not involve preemptive censoring. The
FDA oversees direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising, for example, and has
developed mechanisms such as the 'Bad Ad' program, through which people can report
advertising in apparent violation or FDA guidelines on drug risks. Such programs,
although laudable and useful, do not keep false advertising off the airwaves. In addition,
even misinformation that is successfully corrected can continue to affect attitudes.
Pre- trước
Post-sau

This leads us to our third observation: a campaign to correct misinformation, even if

rhetorically compelling, requires resources and planning to accomplish necessary reach
and frequency. For corrective campaigns to be persuasive, audiences need to be able
to comprehend them,which requires either effort to frame messages in ways that are
accessible or effort to educate and sensitize audiences to the possibility of
misinformation. That some audiences might be unaware of the potential for
misinformation also suggests the utility of media literacy efforts as early as elementary
school.Even with journalists and scholars pointing to the phenomenon of 'fake news',
people do not distinguish between demonstrably false stories and those based in fact
when scanning and processing written information.

We live at a time when widespread misinformation is common. Yet at this time many
people also are passionately developing potential solutions and remedies. The journey
forward undoubtedly will be a long and arduous one.Future remedies will require not
only continued theoretical consideration but also the development and maintenance of
consistent monitoring tools—and a recognition among fellow members of society that
claims which find prominence in the media that are insufficiently based in scientific
consensus and social reality should be countered. Misinformation arises as a result of
human fallibility and human information needs. To overcome the worst effects of the
phenomenon, we will need coordinated efforts over time, rather than any singular one-
time panacea we could hope to offer.

Source: Cambridge IELTS 19

Questions 1-4: Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. What point does the writer make about misinformation in the first paragraph?
A Misinformation is a relatively recent phenomenon. FALSE

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B Some people find it easy to identify misinformation. NG

C Misinformation changes as it is passed from one person to another. NG
D There may be a number of reasons for the spread of misinformation.

2. What does the writer say about the role of technology?

A It may at some point provide us with a solution to misinformation.
B It could fundamentally alter the way in which people regard information. NG
C It has changed the way in which organisations use misinformation. NG
D It has made it easier for people to check whether information is accurate. NG

3. What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph?

A comparing the different opinions people have of misinformation NG
B explaining how the effects of misinformation have changed over time NG
C outlining which issues connected with misinformation are significant today
D describing the attitude of policy makers towards misinformation in the media NG

4. What point does the writer make about regulation in the USA?
A The guidelines issued by the FDA need to be simplified.
B Regulation does not affect people's opinions of new prescription drugs.
C The USA has more regulatory bodies than most other countries.
D Regulation fails to prevent misinformation from appearing in the media.

Questions 5 - 10: Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A - J, below.
List of words
A. constant conflict B. additional evidence C. different locations
D. experimental subjects E. short period F. extreme
H. mental operation G. frequent exposure I. dubious reason
J. different ideas

What happens when people encounter misinformation?

Although people have 5 ___G____ to misinformation, there is debate about precisely

how and when we label something as true or untrue. The philosophers Descartes and
Spinoza had 6 __J_____ about how people engage with information. While Descartes
believed that people accept or reject information after considering whether it is true or
not, Spinoza argued that people accepted all information they encountered (and by
default misinformation) and did not verify or reject it until afterwards. Moreover, Spinoza
believed that a distinct 7 ___H____ is involved in these stages. Recent research has
provided 8 ___B____ for Spinoza's theory and it would appear that people accept all

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encountered information as if it were true, even if this is for an extremely 9 ___E___,

and do not label the information as true or false until later. This is consistent with the
fact that the resources for scepticism and the resources for perceiving and encoding are
in 10 ___C____ in the brain.

Questions 11 – 14: YES – NO – NOT GIVEN

11 Campaigns designed to correct misinformation will fail to achieve their purpose if
people are unable to understand them. YES
12 Attempts to teach elementary school students about misinformation have been
opposed. NG
13 It may be possible to overcome the problem of misinformation in a relatively short
period. NO
14 The need to keep up with new information is hugely exaggerated in today's world.
NG
Listening: Week 1

I. Overview (40 câu)

1. Part 1 – giao tiếp đời sống (điền từ)
2. Part 2 – đời sống  thuyết trình (trắc nghiệp/map)
3. Part 3 – học thuật  giao tiếp (2-3 ngừoi)
4. Part 4 – thuyết trình (khoa học)
II. Things to remember
1. Read questions carefully – Keywords
2. Pay attention to “Paraphrasing” + “Linking devices”
a. Paraphrasing
- Vocabulary: đáp nào chứa synonym thường sẽ là đáp án ĐÚNG

Ex:

The students found watching Romeo and Juliet in another language

A frustrating.
B demanding.
C moving.
Speaker:
A: How did you find watching it in translation?
B: Really interesting, I expected to find it more challenging, but I could follow the
story pretty well.

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A: I stopped worrying about no tbeing able to understand all the words and focused
on the actors’ expressions. The ending was pretty powerful.
B: Yes, that somehow intensified the emotion for me.
- Grammar

Ex1:

Question: The ………….. will be explained to you before you use the equipment.

Speaker: The trainer will then take you through the safety rules for using the
equipment in the fitness suite.

Ex2:

Question: A Fan is one of the most ……handsome…….. teachers in IELTS 1984.

Speaking: Among all IELTS teachers working for IELTS 1984, A Fan stands out as a
teacher who is really handsome.

b. Linking devices  vô cùng rất cực kỳ quan trọng

How much time for volunteering does the company allow per employee (THÌ)?
A eight hours per year
B one day per month
C 8 hours per month
Speaker: Now speaking of the amount of time for volunteering for each employee
that the company allows. Previously, it was 8 hours per year, but some complained
that this was way too little, so the amount was changed to one day per month last
year, and now it is two hours per week.

Section 2
Questions 11 – 16
Becoming a volunteer for ACE

1 Why does the speaker apologise about the seats?

A They are too small.
B There are not enough of them.
C Some of them are very close together.
Squashed: chen chúc chật chội

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2 What does the speaker say about the age of volunteers?

A The age of volunteers is less important than other factors.
B Young volunteers are less reliable than older ones.
C Most volunteers are about 60 years old.

3 What does the speaker say about training?

A It is continuous.
B It is conducted by a manager.
C It takes place online.

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO issues does the speaker ask the audience to consider before they apply to
be volunteers?
A their financial situation
B their level of commitment
C their work experience
D their ambition
E their availability
Critical: qtrong
Question 6 - 10:
What does the speaker suggest would be helpful for each of the following areas of
voluntary work?

6 Fundraising ______
7 Litter collection ______
8 Playmates ______
9 Story club ______
10 First aid ______

Helpful things volunteers might offer

A experience on stage
B original, new ideas
C parenting skills
D an understanding of food and diet
E retail experience
F a good memory

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G a good level of fitness Area of voluntary work

Imaginative = creative
Imaginary
Novel way: new way

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