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PRECAST CONCRETE COLUMN RECTANGULAR EXAMPLE

PRECAST COLUMN DESIGN (EN 1992)

In accordance with EN1992-1-1:2004 incorporating Corrigendum January 2008 and the UK national annex
Tedds calculation version 1.4.02 -

Design summary - PASS

Description Unit Provided Required Utilisation Result
Moment capacity (y) kNm 213 120 0.56 PASS
Moment capacity (z) kNm 171 101 0.59 PASS
Biaxial bending 0.96 PASS
Design summary - lifting checks
Description Unit Provided Required Utilisation Result
Top reinf. (Pitching) mm2 982 189 0.192 PASS
Bottom reinf. (Pitching) mm2 982 189 0.192 PASS
Shear capacity (Lifting) kN 58.3 12.9 0.221 PASS

Column input details

Column geometry
Overall depth (perpendicular to y axis) h = 400 mm
Overall breadth (perpendicular to z axis) b = 300 mm
Stability in the z direction Braced
Stability in the y direction Braced
Concrete details
Concrete strength class C40/50
Partial safety factor for concrete (2.4.2.4(1)) C = 1.50
Coefficient cc (3.1.6(1)) cc = 0.85
Maximum aggregate size dg = 20 mm
Reinforcement details
Nominal cover to links cnom = 35 mm
Longitudinal bar diameter  = 25 mm
Link diameter v = 8 mm
Total number of longitudinal bars N=6
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No. of bars per face parallel to y axis Ny = 2

No. of bars per face parallel to z axis Nz = 3
Area of longitudinal reinforcement As = N    2 / 4 = 2945 mm2
Characteristic yield strength fyk = 500 N/mm2
Partial safety factor for reinft (2.4.2.4(1)) S = 1.15
Modulus of elasticity of reinft (3.2.7(4)) Es = 200 kN/mm2
Fire resistance details
Fire resistance period R = 60 min
Exposure to fire Exposed on more than one side
Ratio of fire design axial load to design resistance fi = 0.70

Axial load and bending moments from frame analysis

Design axial load NEd = 2000.0 kN
Moment about y axis at top Mtopy = 75.0 kNm
Moment about y axis at bottom Mbtmy = 75.0 kNm
Moment about z axis at top Mtopz = 50.0 kNm
Moment about z axis at bottom Mbtmz = 50.0 kNm
Column effective lengths
Effective length for buckling about y axis l0y = 3000 mm
Effective length for buckling about z axis l0z = 3000 mm

Calculated column properties

Concrete properties
Area of concrete Ac = h  b = 120000 mm2
Characteristic compression cylinder strength fck = 40 N/mm2
Design compressive strength (3.1.6(1)) fcd = cc  fck / C = 22.7 N/mm2
Mean value of cylinder strength (Table 3.1) fcm = fck + 8 MPa = 48.0 N/mm2
Secant modulus of elasticity (Table 3.1) Ecm = 22000 MPa  (fcm / 10 MPa)0.3 = 35.2 kN/mm2
Long-term effects on tensile strength cofficient ct = 1.0
Mean value of axial tensile strength fctm = 0.3 N/mm2  (fck/ 1 N/mm2)2/3 = 3.5 N/mm2
Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete fctk,0.05 = 0.7  fctm = 2.5 N/mm2
Design tensile strength fctd = ct  fctk,0.05 / C = 1.6 N/mm2
Ultimate strain – Table 3.1 cu2 =0.00350
Bending coeffincient k1 = 0.40 = 0.40
Bending coeffincient k2 = 1.00  (0.6 + 0.0014 / cu2) = 1.00
Bending coeffincient k3 = 0.40 = 0.40
Bending coeffincient k4 = 1.00  (0.6 + 0.0014 / cu2) = 1.00
Concrete strength limit in shear C50/60
Maximum cylinder strength in shear fck,lim = 50.0 N/mm2
Density of reinforced concrete conc = 2500 kg/m3

Rectangular stress block factors

Depth factor (3.1.7(3)) sb = 0.8
Stress factor (3.1.7(3))  = 1.0

Strain limits
Compression strain limit (Table 3.1) cu3 = 0.00350
Pure compression strain limit (Table 3.1) c3 = 0.00175
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Design yield strength of reinforcement

Design yield strength (3.2.7(2)) fyd = fyk / S = 434.8 N/mm2

Check nominal cover for fire and bond requirements

Min. cover reqd for bond (to links) (4.4.1.2(3)) cmin,b = max(v,  - v) = 17 mm
Min axis distance for fire (EN1992-1-2 T 5.2a) afi = 46 mm
Allowance for deviations from min cover (4.4.1.3) cdev = 10 mm
Min allowable nominal cover cnom_min = max(afi -  / 2 - v, cmin,b + cdev) = 27.0 mm
PASS - the nominal cover is greater than the minimum required
Effective depths of bars for bending about y axis
Area per bar Abar =   2 / 4 = 491 mm2
Spacing of bars in faces parallel to z axis (c/c) sz = (h - 2  (cnom + v) - ) / (Nz - 1) = 145 mm
Layer 1 (in tension face) dy1 = h - cnom - v -  / 2 = 344 mm
Layer 2 dy2 = dy1 - sz = 200 mm
Layer 3 dy3 = dy2 - sz = 56 mm
2nd moment of area of reinft about y axis Isy = 2  Abar (Ny  (dy1 - h /2)2) = 4100 cm4

Radius of gyration of reinft about y axis isy = (Isy / As) = 118 mm

Effective depth about y axis (5.8.8.3(2)) dy = h / 2 + isy = 318 mm
Effective depths of bars for bending about z axis
Area of per bar Abar =   2 / 4 = 491 mm2
Spacing of bars in faces parallel to y axis (c/c) sy = (b - 2  (cnom + v) - ) / (Ny - 1) = 189 mm
Layer 1 (in tension face) dz1 = b - cnom - v -  / 2 = 245 mm
Layer 2 dz2 = dz1 - sy = 56 mm
Effective depth about z axis dz = dz1 = 245 mm
Column slenderness about y axis
Radius of gyration iy = h / (12) = 11.5 cm
Slenderness ratio (5.8.3.2(1)) y = l0y / iy = 26.0

Column slenderness about z axis

Radius of gyration iz = b / (12) = 8.7 cm
Slenderness ratio (5.8.3.2(1)) z = l0z / iz = 34.6

Design bending moments

Frame analysis moments about y axis combined with moments due to imperfections (cl. 5.2 & 6.1(4))
Ecc. due to geometric imperfections (y axis) eiy = l0y /400 = 7.5 mm
Min end moment about y axis M01y = min(abs(Mtopy), abs(Mbtmy)) + eiy  NEd = 90.0 kNm
Max end moment about y axis M02y = max(abs(Mtopy), abs(Mbtmy)) + eiy  NEd = 90.0 kNm
Slenderness limit for buckling about y axis (cl. 5.8.3.1)
Factor A A = 0.7
Mechanical reinforcement ratio  = As  fyd / (Ac  fcd) = 0.471
Factor B B = (1 + 2  ) = 1.393
Moment ratio rmy = M01y / M02y = 1.000
Factor C Cy = 1.7 - rmy = 0.700
Relative normal force n = NEd / (Ac  fcd) = 0.735
Slenderness limit limy = 20  A  B  Cy / (n) = 15.9
y>=limy - Second order effects must be considered
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Frame analysis moments about z axis combined with moments due to imperfections (cl. 5.2 & 6.1(4))
Ecc. due to geometric imperfections (z axis) eiz = l0z /400 = 7.5 mm
Min end moment about z axis M01z = min(abs(Mtopz), abs(Mbtmz)) + eiz  NEd = 65.0 kNm
Max end moment about z axis M02z = max(abs(Mtopz), abs(Mbtmz)) + eiz  NEd = 65.0 kNm
Slenderness limit for buckling about y axis (cl. 5.8.3.1)
Factor A A = 0.7
Mechanical reinforcement ratio  = As  fyd / (Ac  fcd) = 0.471
Factor B B = (1 + 2  ) = 1.393
Moment ratio rmz = M01z / M02z = 1.000
Factor C Cz = 1.7 - rmz = 0.700
Relative normal force n = NEd / (Ac  fcd) = 0.735
Slenderness limit limz = 20  A  B  Cz / (n) = 15.9
z>=limz - Second order effects must be considered
Local second order bending moment about y axis (cl. 5.8.8.2 & 5.8.8.3)
Relative humidity of ambient environment RH = 50 %
Column perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 1400 mm
Age of concrete at loading t0 = 28 day
Parameter nu nu = 1 +  = 1.471
Approx value of n at max moment of resistance nbal = 0.4
Axial load correction factor Kr = min(1.0 , (nu - n) / (nu - nbal)) = 0.687
Reinforcement design strain yd = fyd / Es = 0.00217
Basic curvature curvebasic_y = yd / (0.45  dy) = 0.0000152 mm-1
Notional size of column h0 = 2  Ac / u = 171 mm
Factor 1 (Annex B.1(1)) 1 = (35 MPa / fcm)0.7 = 0.802
Factor 2 (Annex B.1(1)) 2 = (35 MPa / fcm)0.2 = 0.939
Relative humidity factor (Annex B.1(1)) RH = [1 + ((1 - RH / 100%) / (0.1 mm-1/3  (h0)1/3))  1]  2 = 1.616
Concrete strength factor (Annex B.1(1)) fcm = 16.8  (1 MPa)1/2 / (fcm) = 2.425
Concrete age factor (Annex B.1(1)) t0 = 1 / (0.1 + (t0 / 1 day)0.2) = 0.488
Notional creep coefficient (Annex B.1(1)) 0 = RH  fcm  t0 = 1.914
Final creep development factor (at t = ) c = 1.0
Final creep coefficient (Annex B.1(1))  = 0  c = 1.914
Ratio of SLS to ULS moments rMy = 0.80
Effective creep ratio efy =   rMy = 1.531
Factor  y = 0.35 + fck / 200 MPa - y / 150 = 0.377
Creep factor Ky = max(1.0 , 1 + y  efy) = 1.577
Modified curvature curvemod_y = Kr  Ky  curvebasic_y = 0.0000165 mm-1
Curvature distribution factor c = 10
Deflection e2y = curvemod_y  l0y2 / c = 14.8 mm
Nominal 2nd order moment M2y = NEd  e2y = 29.6 kNm

Design bending moment about y axis (cl. 5.8.8.2 & 6.1(4))

Equivalent moment from frame analysis M0ey = max(0.6  M02y + 0.4  M01y, 0.4  M02y) = 90.0 kNm
Design moment MEdy = max(M02y, M0ey + M2y, M01y + 0.5M2y, NEd  max(h/30, 20 mm))
MEdy = 119.6 kNm
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Local second order bending moment about z axis (cl. 5.8.8.2 & 5.8.8.3)
Basic curvature curvebasic_z = yd / (0.45  dz) = 0.0000198 mm-1
Ratio of SLS to ULS moments rMz = 0.80
Effective creep ratio (5.8.4(2)) efz =   rMz = 1.531
Factor  z = 0.35 + fck / 200 MPa - z / 150 = 0.319
Creep factor Kz = max(1.0 , 1 + z  efz) = 1.489
Modified curvature curvemod_z = Kr  Kz  curvebasic_z = 0.0000202 mm-1
Curvature distribution factor c = 10
Deflection e2z = curvemod_z  l0z2 / c = 18.2 mm
Nominal 2nd order moment M2z = NEd  e2z = 36.4 kNm

Design bending moment about z axis (cl. 5.8.8.2 & 6.1(4))

Equivalent moment from frame analysis M0ez = max(0.6  M02z + 0.4  M01z, 0.4  M02z) = 65.0 kNm
Design moment MEdz = max(M02z, M0ez + M2z, M01z + 0.5M2z, NEd  max(b/30, 20 mm))
MEdz = 101.4 kNm

Moment capacity about y axis with axial load (2000.0 kN)

Moment of resistance of concrete
By iteration:-
Position of neutral axis y = 285.0 mm
Concrete compression force (3.1.7(3)) Fyc =  fcd  min(sb  y , h)  b = 1550.4 kN
Moment of resistance MRdyc = Fyc  [h / 2 - (min(sb  y , h)) / 2] = 133.3 kNm

Moment of resistance of reinforcement

Strain in layer 1 y1 = cu3  (1 - dy1 / y) = -0.00073
Stress in layer 1 y1 = max(-1fyd, Es  y1) = -146.1 N/mm2
Force in layer 1 Fy1 = Ny  Abar  y1 = -143.5 kN
Moment of resistance of layer 1 MRdy1 = Fy1  (h / 2 - dy1) = 20.7 kNm
Strain in layer 2 y2 = cu3  (1 - dy2 / y) = 0.00104
Stress in layer 2 y2 = min(fyd, Es  y2) -   fcd = 186.1 N/mm2
Force in layer 2 Fy2 = 2  Abar  y2 = 182.7 kN
Moment of resistance of layer 2 MRdy2 = Fy2  (h / 2 - dy2) = 0.0 kNm
Strain in layer 3 y3 = cu3  (1 - dy3 / y) = 0.00282
Stress in layer 3 y3 = min(fyd, Es  y3) -   fcd = 412.1 N/mm2
Force in layer 3 Fy3 = Ny  Abar  y3 = 404.6 kN
Moment of resistance of layer 3 MRdy3 = Fy3  (h / 2 - dy3) = 58.5 kNm
Resultant concrete/steel force Fy = 1994.2 kN
PASS - This is within half of one percent of the applied axial load
Combined moment of resistance
Moment of resistance about y axis MRdy = 212.5 kNm
PASS - The moment capacity about the y axis exceeds the design bending moment

Moment capacity about z axis with axial load (2000.0 kN)

Moment of resistance of concrete
By iteration:-
Position of neutral axis z = 213.8 mm
Concrete compression force (3.1.7(3)) Fzc =  fcd  min(sb  z , b)  h = 1550.4 kN
Moment of resistance MRdzc = Fzc  [b / 2 - (min(sb  z , b)) / 2] = 100.0 kNm
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Moment of resistance of reinforcement

Strain in layer 1 z1 = cu3  (1 - dz1 / z) = -0.00050
Stress in layer 1 z1 = max(-1fyd, Es  z1) = -100.7 N/mm2
Force in layer 1 Fz1 = Nz  Abar  z1 = -148.3 kN
Moment of resistance of layer 1 MRdz1 = Fz1  (b / 2 - dz1) = 14.0 kNm
Strain in layer 2 z2 = cu3  (1 - dz2 / z) = 0.00259
Stress in layer 2 z2 = min(fyd, Es  z2) -   fcd = 412.1 N/mm2
Force in layer 2 Fz2 = Nz  Abar  z2 = 606.9 kN
Moment of resistance of layer 2 MRdz2 = Fz2  (b / 2 - dz2) = 57.4 kNm
Resultant concrete/steel force Fz = 2009.0 kN
PASS - This is within half of one percent of the applied axial load
Combined moment of resistance
Moment of resistance about z axis MRdz = 171.4 kNm
PASS - The moment capacity about the z axis exceeds the design bending moment

Biaxial bending
Determine if a biaxial bending check is required (5.8.9(3))
Ratio of column slenderness ratios ratio = max(y, z) / min(y, z) = 1.33
Eccentricity in direction of y axis ey = MEdz / NEd = 50.7 mm
Eccentricity in direction of z axis ez = MEdy / NEd = 59.8 mm
Equivalent depth heq = iy  (12) = 400 mm
Equivalent width beq = iz  (12) = 300 mm
Relative eccentricity in direction of y axis erel_y = ey / beq = 0.169
Relative eccentricity in direction of z axis erel_z = ez / heq = 0.150
Ratio of relative eccentricities ratioe = min(erel_y, erel_z) / max(erel_y, erel_z) = 0.885
ratioe > 0.2 - Biaxial bending check is required
Biaxial bending (5.8.9(4))
Design axial resistance of section NRd = (Ac  fcd) + (As  fyd) = 4000.5 kN
Ratio of applied to resistance axial loads ratioN = NEd / NRd = 0.500
Exponent a a = 1.33
Biaxial bending utilisation UF = (MEdy / MRdy)a + (MEdz / MRdz)a = 0.961
PASS - The biaxial bending capacity is adequate

Factory lifting check

Concrete details at lifting

Lifting check concrete strength class C20/25,
Characteristic compressive cylinder strength fck_lift = 20 N/mm2
Design compressive strength fcd_lift = cc  fck_lift / C = 11.3 N/mm2
Mean value of cylinder strength (Table 3.1) fcm_lift = fck_lift + 8 N/mm2 = 28.0 N/mm2
Mean value of axial tensile strength fctm_lift = 0.3 N/mm2  (fck_lift/ 1 N/mm2)2/3 = 2.2 N/mm2
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Precast element details

Total length of column Lelement = 6000 mm
Distance between lifting points Llift = 3600 mm
Lifting load coefficient lifting = 1.50
Permanent load factor G = 1.35
Formwork adhesion force qformwork = 2.0 kN/m2
Self weight of precast element wself_precast = b  h  conc  gacc + qformwork  b = 3.5 kN/m

Lifting check (positive moment)

Design bending moment M = G  lifting  (wself_precast  Llift2 /8 - wself_precast  ((Lelement - Llift) / 2)2 /
2) = 6.5 kNm
Effective depth of tension reinforcement d = 344 mm
Redistribution ratio  = 1.000
K = M / (b  d2  fck_lift) = 0.009
K' = (2    cc / C)  (1 - sb  ( - k1) / (2  k2))  (sb  ( - k1) / (2 
k2)) = 0.207
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm z = min(0.5  d  (1 + (1 - 2  K / (  cc / C))0.5), 0.95  d) = 327 mm
Depth of neutral axis x = 2  (d - z) / sb = 43 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required As,pos = M / (fyd  z) = 45 mm2
Tension reinforcement provided 2  25 
Area of tension reinforcement provided As,prov = 982 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N As,min = max(0.26  fctm_lift / fyk, 0.0013)  b  d = 134 mm2
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1(3) As,max = 0.04  b  h = 4800 mm2
Required area of reinforcement As,req = 134 mm2
As,req / As,prov = 0.14
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than the minimum area required

Lifting check (negative moment)

Design bending moment M = G  lifting  wself_precast  ((Lelement - Llift) / 2)2 / 2 = 5.2 kNm
Effective depth of tension reinforcement d = 344 mm
Redistribution ratio  = 1.000
K = M / (b  d2  fck_lift) = 0.007
K' = (2    cc / C)  (1 - sb  ( - k1) / (2  k2))  (sb  ( - k1) / (2 
k2)) = 0.207
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm z = min(0.5  d  (1 + (1 - 2  K / (  cc / C))0.5), 0.95  d) = 327 mm
Depth of neutral axis x = 2  (d - z) / sb = 43 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required As,neg = M / (fyd  z) = 36 mm2
Tension reinforcement provided 2  25 
Area of tension reinforcement provided As,prov = 982 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N As,min = max(0.26  fctm_lift / fyk, 0.0013)  b  d = 134 mm2
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1(3) As,max = 0.04  b  h = 4800 mm2
Required area of reinforcement As,req = 134 mm2
As,req / As,prov = 0.14
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than the minimum area required
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Lifting check (Shear)

Design shear force at critical shear plane VEd = G  lifting  wself_precast  max(Llift / 2, (Lelement - Llift) / 2) = 12.9 kN
CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.12
Tension reinforcement Asl = Ny    2 / 4 = 982 mm2
Depth of tension reinforcement dv = dy1 = 344 mm
kshear = min(1 + (200 mm / dv)0.5, 2) = 1.762
Width of the cross section in tensile area bw = b = 300 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement radio l = min(Asl / (bw  dv), 0.02) = 0.00950
vmin = 0.035 N0.5/mm  kshear3/2  fck_lift1/2 = 0.37 N/mm2
Design shear resistance – exp. 6.2 a & b VRd,c = max(CRd,c  kshear  (100 N2/mm4  l  fck_lift)1/3, vmin)  bw  dv
VRd,c = 58.3 kN
VEd / VRd,c = 0.22
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force

On site pitching check

Precast element details

Total length of column Lelement = 6000 mm
Distance to the pitching point Lpitch = 1800 mm
Distance from pitching point to end of column Lend = 4200 mm
Lifting load coefficient pitching = 1.25
Permanent load factor G = 1.35
Self weight of precast element wself_precast = b  h  conc  gacc = 2.9 kN/m

Lifting check (positive moment)

Design bending moment (at 4286 mm) M = G  pitching  wself_precast  Lelement2 / (2  Lend)  (0.25  Lelement2/Lend
- Lpitch) = 7.3 kNm
Effective depth of tension reinforcement d = 344 mm
Redistribution ratio  = 1.000
K = M / (b  d2  fck) = 0.005
K' = (2    cc / C)  (1 - sb  ( - k1) / (2  k2))  (sb  ( - k1) / (2 
k2)) = 0.207
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm z = min(0.5  d  (1 + (1 - 2  K / (  cc / C))0.5), 0.95  d) = 327 mm
Depth of neutral axis x = 2  (d - z) / sb = 43 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required As,pos = M / (fyd  z) = 51 mm2
Tension reinforcement provided 2  25 
Area of tension reinforcement provided As,prov = 982 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N As,min = max(0.26  fctm / fyk, 0.0013)  b  d = 189 mm2
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1(3) As,max = 0.04  b  h = 4800 mm2
Required area of reinforcement As,req = 189 mm2
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Y 11/11/2024

As,req / As,prov = 0.19

PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than the minimum area required

Lifting check (negative moment)

Design bending moment M = G  pitching  wself_precast  Lpitch 2 / 2 = 8.0 kNm
Effective depth of tension reinforcement d = 344 mm
Redistribution ratio  = 1.000
K = M / (b  d2  fck) = 0.006
K' = (2    cc / C)  (1 - sb  ( - k1) / (2  k2))  (sb  ( - k1) / (2 
k2)) = 0.207
K' > K - No compression reinforcement is required
Lever arm z = min(0.5  d  (1 + (1 - 2  K / (  cc / C))0.5), 0.95  d) = 327 mm
Depth of neutral axis x = 2  (d - z) / sb = 43 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required As,neg = M / (fyd  z) = 57 mm2
Tension reinforcement provided 2  25 
Area of tension reinforcement provided As,prov = 982 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement - exp.9.1N As,min = max(0.26  fctm / fyk, 0.0013)  b  d = 189 mm2
Maximum area of reinforcement - cl.9.2.1(3) As,max = 0.04  b  h = 4800 mm2
Required area of reinforcement As,req = 189 mm2
As,req / As,prov = 0.19
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than the minimum area required

Lifting check (Shear)

Design shear force at critical shear plane VEd = G  pitching  wself_precast  max(Lpitch, abs(Lelement - 0.5 Lelement2 /
Lend),abs(Lend - (Lelement - 0.5 Lelement2 / Lend))) = 12.3 kN
CRd,c = 0.18 / C = 0.12
Tension reinforcement Asl = Ny    2 / 4 = 982 mm2
Depth of tension reinforcement dv = dy1 = 344 mm
kshear = min(1 + (200 mm / dv)0.5, 2) = 1.762
Width of the cross section in tensile area bw = b = 300 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement radio l = min(Asl / (bw  dv), 0.02) = 0.00950
vmin = 0.035 N0.5/mm  kshear3/2  fck1/2 = 0.52 N/mm2
Design shear resistance – exp. 6.2 a & b VRd,c = max(CRd,c  kshear  (100 N2/mm4  l  fck)1/3, vmin)  bw  dv
VRd,c = 73.5 kN
VEd / VRd,c = 0.17
PASS - Design shear resistance exceeds design shear force