10 Electronics What I Need to Know

Quarter 2–Module 1
Binary Numbers This module provides varied activities that will help you describe the concepts of
binary numbers and logic gates involved in digital circuits.

and Logic Gates At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. identify the place value for each bit in a binary number;
2. convert binary numbers to decimal numbers;
3. differentiate the seven logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,
XOR, and XNOR in terms of its symbol, logic expression and truth table; and
4. appreciate the importance of utilizing AND gates in home alarm system.

What I Know

Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for
each question.

1. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 1111?

A. 15 B. 30 C. 45 D. 60

2. What is the binary equivalent of decimal 23?

A. 11011 B. 10101 C. 10111 D. 11101

3. How many bits does the binary 1000100 has?

A. 5 B. 7 C. 9 D. 12

4. What is the range of decimal values you can write in 8 bits?

A. 0 to 8 B. 0 to 255 C. 0 to 63 D. 0 to 256

5. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output and are based on
Boolean algebra. Which of the following does the logical OR operate?
A. Addition B. Multiplication C. Subtraction D. Division

6. What does it mean when output to a logical inverter is low?

A. The single input is low C. Both of the two inputs are low
B. The single input is high D. Both of the two inputs are high

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 14. What is the logic expression of the logic diagram shown below?
7. If the output of an OR gate is low, what is its input?
A. Any input is high
B. One input is high and the others are low
C. One input is low and the others are high
D. All inputs are low

8. When will the output become high with AND gate having three inputs, A, B,
C?
A. A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 A. (A＋B) + C = D C. A ＋ ( B.C ) = D
B. A = 0, B = 0, C = 0
C. A = 1, B = 1, C = 1 B. ( A.B ) ＋ ( C＋D) = D D. (A . B) ＋ C = D
D. A = 1, B = 0, C = 1
15. What is common between an OR gate and an XOR gate?
9. When does the output of a NOR gate = 0? A. Both have only two inputs
A. Only when all inputs = 1 B. Both generate a 1 output if either input is a 1.
B. Only when all inputs = 0 C. Both have inputs of 1s or 0s, in that case, the output is a 0.
C. Whenever a 0 is present at an input D. Both have the same logic symbols.
D. Whenever a 1 is present at an input

10. What type of logic gate does the symbol below represent?

What’s In

In the previous lesson you were able to learn and describe the use of some
A. Exclusive NOR B. NOR C. OR D. Exclusive OR basic electronic components and how these function.
To keep abreast, answer the following before going through Module 1.
11. How many inputs of a four-input AND gate must be HIGH in order for the
output of the logic gate to go HIGH? Matching Type
A. Any one of the inputs. C. Any three of the inputs Directions: Match the statement in column A with the definition in column B.
B. Any two of the inputs. D. All four inputs. Write only the letter of your answer before each number.

12. What is the logic expression of a two-input OR gate?

A B
A. Y = A . B B. y = A＋B C. A= A D. Y = 2A . B

1. Essential for protecting the circuit A. Switch

13. What is the symbol used to represent the NOT circuit?
from excessive current. B. Transistor
2. Closes and opens when a knob C. Relay
or lever is moved or flipped D. Resistor
3. Acts as a gate for electronic signal E. Fuse
4. Allows the flow of electricity to flow to
a different path
5. Resists current flow

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 What’s New
Binary Numbers
When asked to list down the most “high-tech” devices that you have ever
And Logic Gates
seen or used, what will be the top five devices in your list? Will your list include a
laptop?..an iPad? Will it perhaps include a top-of-the line cellphones?
Common to all of these devices is a plastic board inside that holds a circuit What is It
that dictates the usefulness of the device. This device is most likely
electronics. Binary number systems and logic gates have both significant and
specific roles in the digital electronics. This module will discuss the basics of Binary is a number system having only two symbols, 0 and 1. It is
binary numbers and the fundamental operations of logic gates . sometimes called base 2 or radix 2. “ Ones ” is the digit to the left of the radix
Before we begin the lesson, figure out the words based on the pictures point. The next digit to the left is a “twos” digit; then the “fours” digit. Going
provided . Put the two words together and write these inside the box. farther to the left, the digits represent 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and so on, increasing
twice as much every time. To the right of the radix point, the value of each digit is
divide in two again and again, that is, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32,1/64 and so on.

Example: 1101000
A. A single binary digit (like "0" or "1") is called a "bit".
For example 1101000 is seven bits long.
In the decimal system there are ones, tens, hundreds, etc. While in the
binary there are ones, twos, fours, eigths, so on.

B. 2 (Twos) Ones 1/2 (Halves)

2x2 (Fours) 1/(2x2)= 1/4

2x2x2(Eights) 1/(2x2x2)= 1/8

1001.101
Notes to the Teacher
This is 1x8＋0x4＋0x2＋1＋1x(1/2)+0x(1/4)+1x(1/8)
The activities in this module are arranged from simple to complex to help
= 9.625 in Decimal
the learner gradually master the desired learning competency. Give him/her the
needed support and guidance so that he/she will be able to perform the tasks to
prepare him/her later on in describing the concepts of binary numbers and logic
gates involved in digital circuits.

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 Logic gates perform logical functions and are fundamental building
blocks of digital integrated circuits. Most logic gates consist of two inputs and one The most simple logic circuit is the NOT gate. It performs the function
output and are based on Boolean algebra. It is a system of mathematical logic called inversion, and is referred to as an inverter. The function of the inverter is
using the numbers 0 and 1 with the operations AND (multiplication), OR to make the output state the opposite of the input state.
(addition), and NOT (negation). Binary numbers can be used to represent the re- Logic diagram Truth Table
sult of logical operations. The inputs and outputs to logic gates are either 1 or 0,
which stands for ON and OFF, high or low voltage, yes or no and true or false.
There are seven basic logic gates, these are AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND,
NOR and XNOR.
Logic expression: Y = A

. The AND gate forms an output of 1, only when all its inputs are 1s. If any of the
inputs are 0s, the output is 0. The AND gate presents the basic operation of A NAND gate forms from combined AND gate and inverter . It is called a
multiplication. NAND gate from the NOT AND function it performs.

Logic diagram Truth Table

Truth Table
Logic diagram

Logic expression: Y = A.B

Logic expression: Y = A.B

A NOR forms from the combined OR gate and inverter. Its is obtained from
its NOT-OR function. Similar to NAND gate, the NOR gate can also be used to
form an AND gate, an OR gate, or an inverter.

An OR gate gives a 1 output if any of its inputs are 1s. The output is a 0 if Logic diagram Truth Table
all the inputs are 0s. An OR gate presents the basic operation of addition

Truth Table
Logic diagram

Logic expression: Y= A＋B

Logic expression: Y = A＋B

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 What’s More

A less common but also important gate is called an XOR gate, short for
exclusive OR gate. An XOR gate has only two inputs, not like the OR gate, Independent Activity 1
which may have many inputs. The XOR is like the OR gate in that it generates
Directions: The following figures for each number represent the codes for 1 and
a 1 output if either input is a 1. The exclusive OR is different when both inputs
for 0. Find the equivalent binary numbers and convert to decimal
are 1s or 0s. In that case, the output is a 0.
numbers.

Logic diagram Truth Table

Logic expression: Y= A ＋ B

Another less common and still important gate is the XNOR gate
(exclusive NOR). It is the compliment of the XOR gate.

Logic diagram Truth Table

Logic expression: Y = A ＋ B

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Independent Assessment 1 B.
Direction: Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

1. The ____________number system contains two digits, 0 and 1.

2. Binary data are represented by binary digits called ____________.
3. The term bit is derived from ________________.
4. The place value of each higher digits position in a binary number is
increased by a power of ____________________.
5. The next digit to the left is a __________________ digit.

Independent Activity 2
Completion of truth table by analysis.
Directions: Complete the truth tables by writing 1 if the light bulb is ON , and 0 if
the light bulb is OFF. Then, answer the questions that follow.
C.
A.

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Questions:
1. What type of logic gates are formed in Tables A, B, and C?
2. When do the AND gates give a high (1) output?
3. When do the AND gates give a low (0) output?
4. When do the OR gates give a high (1) output?
5. When do the OR gates give a low (0) output?
6. When do the NOR gates give a high (1) output?
7. When do the NOR gates give a low (0) output?

Independent Assessment 2
A. Directions: Analyze the table below. Fill in the table with appropriate data
required by each type of logic gates. Independent Activity 3
Directions: Identify each of these logic gates by name, and complete their
INPUT OUTPUT
respective truth tables:
A B AND NAND OR NOR XOR XNOR
0 0 1.)____ 1 0 4.)____ 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 5.)____
1 0 0 2.)____ 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 3.)____ 0 0 1

B. Direction: Write the logic expressions of the following logic diagrams.

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Independent Assessment 3 What I Have Learned

TRUE OR FALSE - Lights On Lights Off Directions: Match Column A with the symbol in Column B, respective description
in Column C and with the logic expression in Column D. Number one is done for
Directions: Determine whether each statement is correct. Encircle the lighted
you.
bulb if the statement is true and the unlighted one if the statement is false.
A B C D

Answer
Logic
1. A NAND gate is a combination of NOR gate and AND gate. Logic gate Symbol Description Expression

1. I. A. I.
2. An exclusive OR ( XOR) gate produces a 1 output only if both AND gate VI ,D, II Combined AND Y = A＋B
inputs are different. gate and inverter

3.An AND gate produces a 1 output when all of its inputs are 0s. 2. II. B. II.
Combined OR Y = A.B
4. An AND gate performs the basic operation of addition. gate and inverter
OR gate ___,___,___

3. III. C. III.
5.A XOR gate performs the function called inversion.
Has only two Y=A
inputs
NOT gate ___,___,___
6. An OR gate produces a 1 output if any of the inputs are 1s.

4. IV. D. IV.
7. An OR gate performs the basic operation of division.
An output of
logic 1 is
NAND obtained only Y= A＋B
8. A NAND gate produces 1 output when any of the inputs are gate when both
___,___,___
0s. inputs are logic
1
9. A NOR gate is a combination of an OR gate and an inverter.

10. A NOR gate produces a 1 output only when both inputs are
1s.

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 5. V E V
Assessment
NOR The equivalent logic Y= A ＋ B
gate circuit.
___,___,__
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer
6. VI F VI for each question.

An output of logic 1 Y=A＋ B

will be obtained 1. What is the binary equivalent of decimal 21?
XOR ___,___,__ A. 11011 B. 10101 C. 10111 D. 11101
when either inputs
gate
are logic 1 or both
inputs are logic 1. 2. How many bits does the binary 10001 has?
Otherwise, the A. 5 B. 7 C. 9 D. 12
output is logic 0.
3. What is the decimal equivalent of binary 1001?
A. 8 B. 9 C. 10 D. 12
7. VII G VII
Changing a logic 0 Y = A.B 4. What is the range of decimal values you can write in 8 bits?
input to a logic 1 A. 0 to 256 B. 0 to 8 C. 0 to 63 D. 0 to 255
XNOR ___,___,__
output
gate
5. What type of logic gate does the symbol below represent?

What I Can Do

The figure below shows AND gates that is used in a home alarm system.
A. Exclusive OR B. Exclusive NOR C. OR D.NOR
6. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output and are based on Boolean
algebra .Which of following does the logical OR operate ?
A. Multiplication B. Subtraction C. Addition D. Division

7. What does it mean when output to a logical inverter is low ?

A. Both of the two inputs are low C. The single input is high
B. Both of the two inputs are high D. The single input is low

8. What is the logic expression of the logic diagram shown below?

Directions: Read the paragraph below and fill in the blanks with words necessary for each
functions of AND gates and the importance of home alarm system.

AND gates play an important role in the security of our homes. The _______ circuits
are placed on the doors and windows of houses. If there is an intrusion anywhere in the
house, the sensor signals a ______ in one of the inputs of the________ gate . If the A. ( A.B ) ＋ ( C＋D) = D C. (A＋B) + C = D
system is armed, the circuit sends a ____ to the other input. Finally, if the AND gate has
B. ( A.B ) ＋ ( C＋D) = D D. (A . B) ＋ C = D
an output of 1 (high), the ________ circuit sounds an audible alarm.

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9. When will the output become high with AND gate having three inputs, A, B,
C? Additional Activities
A. A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
B. A = 1, B = 0, C = 1
C. A = 1, B = 1, C = 0 Juan’s Secret Message
D. A = 0, B = 0, C = 0 Juan is trapped in the fifth floor of a department store. It’s Christmas time and
he wants to get home with his presents. What can he do? He has tried calling aloud
10. If the output of OR gate is low , what is its input? to be heard by anyone to help him. But there is no one around. He looked across
A. One input is high and the others are low the street where he could see some computer persons still working away late at
B. One input is low and the others are high night. How could he attract attention? Juan looked around to see what he could
C. All inputs are low use. Then he had a brilliant idea. He could use the Christmas lights hanging on the
D. Any input is high ceiling of the store to send the people in the street a message. He got all the lights
he could use and plugged them in so he could turn them ON and OFF. He used a
11. When does the output of a NOR gate = 0? simple binary code, which he knew the people in the street would surely
A. Whenever a 0 is present at an input understand.
B. Whenever a 1 is present at an input
C. Only when all inputs = 1 Find out Juan’s message using the binary code so he could get out of the fifth
D. Only when all inputs = 0 floor of the department store.

12. What is common between an OR gate and an XOR gate?

A. Both generate a 1 output if either input is a 1.
B. Both have inputs of 1s or 0s, in that case, the output is a 0.
C. Both have the same logic symbols.
D. Both have only two inputs

13. What is the logic expression of a two-input OR gate ?

A. Y = A . B B. Y = 2A C. A = A D. Y = A＋B

14. What is the symbol used to represent the NOT circuit?

15. How many inputs of a four-input AND gate must be HIGH in order for the
output of the logic gate to go HIGH?
A. All four inputs. C. Any two of the inputs. Answer: ______________________________
B. Any one of the inputs. D. Any three of the inputs.

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