Câu 1: Compare and contrast the political systems of the United States and the United Kingdom,

examining their structures, powers, and electoral processes.

=>
The political systems of the United States and the United Kingdom, while both rooted in democratic
principles, display significant differences and similarities in their structures, powers, and electoral
processes. This comparative analysis will explore these aspects, highlighting the distinctive features and
commonalities between these two influential nations.
Similarities: - Both have a separation of power: Power is divided into 3 branches:
+ Executive – enforces laws
+ Legislative – Makes laws
+ Judicial – interprets laws.
- Free and fair election: Citizens vote for their representatives who make policy decisions.
- Both have bicameral legislature and independent judiciaries.
• Differences:
- Structures:
Differences:
- Structures:
Criteria The USA The UK
Type of A federal republic with a presidental system A Constitutional Mornachy with a
government parliarmentary system
Executive The President serves as both the head of state The Monarch (head of state, ceremonial
and the head of government. The cabinet role) and the Prime Minister (head of
including 26 members ( vice president and government), who is the leader of the
ministers – appointed by president and majority party in the House of
confirm by senate). Commons.
Legislative Congress consisting of the Senate (100 Congress consisting of the House of
members, two from each state) and the House Commons (elected members 650
of Representatives (435 members, mems) and the House of Lords
apportioned by population). (appointed and hereditary members –
784 mems).
Independent judiciary, with the Supreme Independent judiciary headed by the
Court as the highest court of appeal, but Supreme Court, which interprets the
Parliament can, in theory, override ( bác constitutionality of laws.
bỏ)court decisions.
US (House of Representatives) UK (House of Commons)
Structure - Composed of 435 members. - Composed of 650 members.
- Members are elected for two-year terms. - Members are elected for five-year terms
unless an earlier election is called.
- In our political system, each state has a
certain number of representatives in - Each member of Congress represents a
Congress. The number of representatives a specific area called an electoral district
state depends on the population of that state. or constituency (khu vực bầu cử) . Each
States with more people will have more of these areas has almost the same
 representatives, while states with fewer number of people. This means that no
people will have fewer representatives area has too many or too few people
compared to other areas.
Powers - The House is the first place to - The primary legislative body, with the
propose/initiate the taxes and government power to make and pass laws.
income (revenue bills)
- Controls government expenditure and
- Impeaches federal officials: The House taxation.
can start the process to accuse high-level
- Check and supervise the governmen
government officials, including the
by questioning and debating.
President, if they break the law or do
something very wrong.
- Elects the President in case of an
electoral college tie: If no candidate gets
enough votes from the Electoral College in a
Presidential election, the House will choose
the President from the top candidates.
Electoral - Members are elected through a plurality - Members are elected through a first-
Process voting system in single-member districts. past-the-post system in single-member
constituencies.
United States (Senate) United Kingdom (House of Lords)

Structure - Composed of 100 members. - Composed of life peers, bishops, and

hereditary peers, with the total number
- Senators serve six-year terms, with one-
fluctuating.
third of the seats up for election every two
years. - Life peers are appointed, bishops are
part of the Anglican clergy, and a limited
- Each state is represented by two senators,
number of hereditary peers remain.
regardless of population.
- Members are not elected and serve for
- Senators are elected by a direct popular
life. (- Members are appointed rather than
vote in each state.
elected.)
Powers - Confirms presidential appointments (e.g., - Reviews and revises bills (hiểu như là
judges, cabinet members). tờ chi tiêu) passed by the House of
Commons.
- Ratifies treaties./ Agrees to international
agreements. - Cannot permanently block legislation
but can delay and suggest amendments.(
- Conducts impeachment trials./ Holds trials
sự sửa đổi)
if an important government person is
accused of doing something wrong. - Provides expertise and scrutiny on
legislative matters.
- Has significant legislative power, similar to
the House of Representatives.
 - Does not have the same legislative
initiation power as the House of
Commons.
POWER
UK:
- The winning party in general election=> rules the country. The leader of this party is the
Prime Minister, supported by Cabinets directs the government policy and decision-making.
-HOL: review+ suggest admentmends, but they can’t stop decisions completely.
US:
- The winning party in the presidental election have a lot of power, including the appointment of
Cabinet members, federal judges, and other key officials. The President also has a considerable
influence on legislative processes, though this is balanced by the powers of Congress and the judiciary. .
The senate’s role như ghi bên trên rùi.
Electoral Processes
United Kingdom
The UK’s electoral process for the House of Commons involves several steps:
1. Calling an Election: The Prime Minister requests the Monarch to dissolve Parliament, triggering
a general election.
2. Campaigning: Political parties and candidates campaign across the country.
3. Voting: Held on a Thursday, voters cast their ballots at local polling stations in single-member
constituencies.
4. First-Past-The-Post: The candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins.
5. Forming a Government: The party with a majority of MPs forms the government, and its leader
becomes Prime Minister.
United States
The US presidential election process is more complex:
1. Primaries and Caucuses: States hold primary elections or caucuses to select party nominees.
2. Nominating Conventions: Parties hold conventions to formally nominate their presidential
candidates.
3. General Election Campaign: Candidates campaign nationwide.
4. Election Day: Held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, voters cast their
ballots.
5. Electoral College: Electors cast their votes in December, and Congress counts these votes in
January.
6. Inauguration: The President is inaugurated on January 20th.
In conclusion, while the political systems of the United Kingdom and the United States share some
foundational democratic elements and structural similarities, their distinct forms of government,
distribution of powers, and electoral processes reflect their unique historical and cultural contexts. These
differences shape the way each country governs and interacts with its citizens and the world.

2/ Analyze the educational systems in America and Britain, comparing the structures, curriculum, and
challenges faced by each system.
Outline
United States United Kingdom

Structures - Levels of Education: Divided into - Levels of Education: Divided into early
elementary (grades K-5), middle (grades 6- years (ages 3-5), primary (ages 5-11),
8), high school (grades 9-12), and secondary (ages 11-16), and post-16
postsecondary (college/university). education (further education or sixth
form, and higher education at
- Governance: Education is primarily the
universities).
responsibility of state and local
governments, with federal oversight. - Governance: Centralized with
School districts are key administrative significant input from the Department for
units. Education. Local authorities manage
public education within regions.
- Types of Schools: Public schools (funded
by taxes), private schools (funded by tuition - Types of Schools: State schools
and private sources), and charter schools (government-funded), independent
(publicly funded but operate schools (privately funded), academies
independently). (publicly funded but with more
autonomy), and free schools (similar to
academies but newly established).
 Curriculum - Core Curriculum: Typically includes - National Curriculum: Prescribed by the
English, mathematics, science, social government for state schools, including
studies, and physical education. The English, mathematics, science, history,
curriculum varies by state due to geography, modern foreign languages, art
decentralized control. and design, music, and physical
education.
- Standardized Testing: Emphasis on
standardized testing such as SAT, ACT, and - Examinations: Students take
state-specific tests. The Common Core standardized exams at key stages, notably
Standards have been adopted by many GCSEs at age 16 and A-levels or
states to standardize learning goals. equivalent qualifications at age 18.
- Postsecondary Education: Offers a broad - Postsecondary Education: Universities
range of programs from vocational training typically offer more specialized degree
to advanced degrees. The liberal arts programs with less emphasis on general
education model emphasizes a well- education compared to the US. The
rounded education. system includes vocational and technical
education.

Challenges - Educational Inequality: Significant - Funding Cuts: Public schools have

disparities in funding and resources faced budget cuts, impacting resources,
between affluent and underprivileged areas, staffing, and the quality of education.
leading to unequal educational
- Educational Inequality: Similar to the
opportunities.
US, there are disparities between regions
- Standardized Testing: Criticism over the and socio-economic groups, affecting
emphasis on standardized testing, which access to high-quality education.
can narrow the curriculum and create high-
- Brexit Impact: Uncertainty around
stress environments for students and
funding, research collaboration, and
teachers.
mobility for students and staff due to
- College Affordability: Rising tuition costs Brexit has created additional challenges
and student debt are major issues, making for the higher education sector.
higher education less accessible for many.
*Similarities
- Both systems face significant challenges related to educational inequality and funding.
- Both countries have a mix of public and private educational institutions.
- Emphasis on standardized testing is present in both systems, though the specifics differ.
In conclusion, while the educational systems of the United States and the United Kingdom share
common goals of providing quality education, their approaches, structures, and the challenges they face
differ in several significant ways. Understanding these differences is crucial for policymakers,
educators, and stakeholders aiming to improve educational outcomes in their respective countries.

3/ DISCUSS THE CURRENT SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES IN BOTH VOUNTRIES (UK
AND USA)
  The current social and political issues in both the UK and the USA are quite significant and
impact the daily lives of their citizens. In the USA, social issues such as racism continue to be a
major concern. There is a notable income inequality between Native Americans and African
Americans. Additionally, the power abuse by some white police officers, who sometimes shoot
black individuals without clear reasons, leads to an unstable society and public backlash. Another
pressing issue is the housing crisis, caused by a real estate market bubble and an immigration
boom, making it hard for people to buy houses. This crisis contributes to a stagnant economy and
widens the gap between the rich and the poor. The immigration crisis is also a significant
problem, with loose immigration policies under President Biden's administration leading to an
influx of illegal immigrants. This situation burdens the government's budget and leads to social
separation and increased crime rates.
 In the UK, inflation is a critical social issue, driven by ineffective monetary policy, government
overspending, and Brexit. This has resulted in prohibitively expensive items, making daily life
difficult for many people and causing widespread dissatisfaction. The healthcare system in the
UK is also in crisis, with inequalities in access between indigenous citizens and immigrants.
Older people often cannot get necessary healthcare, and medical facilities are downgrading. The
blood scandal in UK between 1970 and the 1990s has Led to the death of more 3000 people
causing shocked across the country and world. About 30,000 NHS patients were given blood
transfer that contained Heptitis C or HIV leading to even more anger among society.
 Politically, the UK faces several challenges. Brexit, which officially occurred in January 2020,
has led to high inflation due to the loss of EU economic benefits, making life harder for many
and causing public anger. The push for Scottish independence by the Scottish National Party
(SNP) has also increased, with calls for another referendum following Brexit and dissatisfaction
with Westminster's policies. Furthermore, the UK has failed to meet its environmental promises,
with delays in plans to reduce CO2 emissions, leading to distrust globally.
 In the USA, political polarization is a significant issue, with deep divisions between Democrats
and Republicans affecting policymaking, governance, and public discourse. The low voting rate
among young people, who are often disinterested in voting due to the age of the candidates, is
another concern. High inflation is causing economic hurdles for citizens, contributing to an
economic crisis. The ongoing trade war with China, driven by various political and economic
reasons, has further complicated the situation, posing threats to the US's position as a global
leader.

Overall, both countries face complex and intertwined social and political issues that require
careful attention and resolution.

4/ COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE HALLOWEEN IN THE UK AND THE MID-AUTUMN

FESTIVAL IN VIETNAM.
 ➔
Traditional autumn celebrations around the world often reflect local customs, cultural heritage, and
agricultural practices, celebrating the harvest season in unique ways. Two such celebrations are
Halloween in the UK and the Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam. While both occur during the autumn
season and have certain similarities, they embody distinct traditions, symbols, and significance
reflective of their respective cultural heritages
Origins and Cultural Significance:
Halloween's origins are a blend of Celtic and Roman traditions. The Celts believed October 31st marked
the end of summer and the beginning of a new year. They celebrated Samhain, a festival where the veil
between the worlds of the living and the dead thinned. Romans, meanwhile, had a festival honoring
Pomona, the goddess of fruits and vegetables. Over time, these traditions merged, leading to
Halloween's spooky associations with ghosts and costumes.
In contrast, the Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam, also known as Tết Trung Thu, has roots in Chinese
mythology. The legend tells of a moon rabbit pounding magical elixirs for immortality. The festival
celebrates the harvest moon, signifying a time for family reunions and gratitude for a bountiful year.
Themes and Symbols:
Themes and symbols further differentiate the two festivals. Halloween is associated with spooky themes,
including ghosts, witches, monsters, and jack-o'-lanterns. In contrast, the Mid-Autumn Festival , Key
symbols are the full moon, lanterns (often in the shape of animals or characters from folk tales), and
mooncakes (round pastries filled with sweet fillings like lotus seed paste or red bean paste).
Activities:
Halloween Trung Thu
Activities include Families gather for feasts, admire the full moon, carry lanterns in processions,
costume parties, trick- and enjoy storytelling sessions featuring folktales about the moon.
or-treating (children
Key traditions of the Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam include carrying
going door-to-door for
colorful lanterns, enjoying mooncakes (sweet pastries filled with lotus seed
candy), visiting
paste or other fillings), and participating in lion dances and other cultural
haunted attractions,
performances.
and watching horror
movies. Children often participate in parades with lanterns, and families gather for
feasts and outdoor celebrations, including storytelling and traditional games.
Food:
Candy, especially in the form of sweets Mooncakes are the iconic food item of this festival, often
and chocolates, is a central part of exchanged as gifts between families and friends. Other
Halloween treats. Other foods may include traditional foods enjoyed during the Mid-Autumn Festival
caramel apples, popcorn balls, and themed include fruits, nuts, and tea.
snacks.
Commercialiazation
 In the UK, Halloween has become increasingly While there are commercial aspects to the Mid-
commercialized, with stores selling costumes, Autumn Festival, such as the sale of mooncakes
decorations, and themed merchandise. and lanterns, it's generally less commercialized
compared to Halloween in Western countries.
Many businesses and organizations host
Halloween-themed events and promotions to
attract customers.

SIMILARITIES
1. Cultural Origin: Both Halloween in the UK and the Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam have
roots in ancient traditions associated with harvest and seasonal change.
2. Activities: While both holidays involve festivities and cultural practices, Halloween in the UK
tends to focus more on spooky themes, costumes, and commercialized events, whereas the Mid-Autumn
Festival in Vietnam emphasizes family gatherings, cultural performances, and traditional rituals.
3. Commercialization: Halloween has become highly commercialized in the UK, with a focus on
consumer goods and themed entertainment, whereas the Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam retains a
stronger emphasis on cultural and familial traditions, although commercial aspects are also present,
particularly in urban areas.
4. Symbolism: Both holidays involve symbolism related to nature and seasonal cycles, but they
convey different cultural values and meanings. Halloween often emphasizes themes of fear, fantasy, and
escapism, while the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrates unity, gratitude, and harmony with the natural
world.
=> In summary, while Halloween in the UK and the Mid-Autumn Festival in Vietnam share some
similarities in their timing and cultural origins, they have distinct traditions, activities, and cultural
significance reflecting the unique historical and social contexts of each region.
CÂU 5:
The United States of America is a vast and diverse country in North America, consisting of 50 states and
Washington, D.C. It spans nearly 3.8 million square miles, making it the third-largest country by land area.
This extensive size and geographic variety offer both advantages and challenges.
The U.S. climate varies widely due to its size and geographic features. While generally temperate, it ranges
from the subtropical South to the continental North, with tropical climates in Hawaii and southern Florida,
polar climates in Alaska, and semiarid Great Plains. Coastal California has a Mediterranean climate, while
the Great Basin and Southwest are arid. This diversity means nearly every global climate type is represented
within the U.S.
Geographically, the U.S. is rich in natural resources. It has numerous rivers, lakes, and fertile soil. The
country is divided into four main regions: Northeast, Midwest, West, and South, each with unique
characteristics and resources. The Northeast is known for cities like Washington D.C., New York, and
Boston, and products like dairy and maple syrup. The Midwest, called the "breadbasket," has fertile plains
and a rural population. The West features rugged mountains like the Rockies, and the South is noted for
warm weather and susceptibility to hurricanes.
Economic opportunities abound in such a diverse country. The Midwest's fertile plains support robust
agriculture, while California's climate enables high-value crop production. Regions rich in minerals and
fossil fuels, like Texas and the Gulf Coast, drive energy and mining sectors. Coastal areas with major ports,
such as Los Angeles and New York, facilitate international trade, and technological hubs like Silicon Valley
benefit from strategic locations.
Tourism thrives on the U.S.'s geographic diversity. Coastal regions like Florida and Hawaii attract visitors
with beautiful beaches, while national parks such as Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon offer stunning
landscapes and outdoor activities. Mountain ranges like the Rockies provide excellent winter sports
opportunities. Urban areas with rich cultural and historical landmarks, such as New York City and
Washington D.C., draw tourists interested in arts and history.
The cultural landscape of the U.S. is deeply influenced by its geographic diversity. Diverse regions attract
various groups, creating a melting pot of traditions, cuisines, languages, and lifestyles. Coastal cities like
New York, Los Angeles, and Miami are particularly multicultural, enriching the cultural fabric of the country
with global influences.
However, living in such a large and diverse country has disadvantages. One major issue is economic
disparity. Urban centers like New York City and San Francisco have affluent professionals, while lower-
wage workers struggle. Rural areas, particularly in the South and Midwest, often face limited job
opportunities and economic challenges, contributing to a wide gap between rich and poor.
Natural disasters are another significant issue. Different regions face various natural disasters: coastal areas
like Florida and the Gulf Coast are prone to hurricanes; California deals with earthquakes and wildfires; the
Midwest experiences tornadoes; northern states endure harsh winters; and the Southwest faces droughts and
flash floods. These disasters require tailored management strategies.
Political polarization is also a challenge, with urban centers often embracing liberal ideologies, while rural
areas prioritize traditional values, leading to political tension.
In conclusion, the geographic diversity of the U.S. provides economic opportunities, a thriving tourism
industry, and a rich cultural landscape. However, it also presents challenges such as economic disparity,
natural disasters, and political polarization. Navigating these complexities is essential to appreciating the
unique benefits of each region.
Câu 6:
The British are known for their strong sense of individualism and conservatism, particularly when it
comes to maintaining traditions and symbols of British identity. This stubbornness manifests in various
aspects of everyday life, from driving habits to measurement systems. One clear example is the refusal
to switch from driving on the left side of the road to the right. Despite there being no intrinsic advantage
to driving on the left, the British see no reason to change merely to align with the majority of the world.
To them, being different is a source of pride and a good enough reason to maintain their unique
practices.
Developments at the European Union level that threaten to alter British customs often meet with
suspicion and hostility. Take the example of the double-decker bus, an iconic symbol of British culture.
Whenever an EU committee suggests standardizing the size and shape of these buses, British bus
builders warn of "the end of the double-decker bus as we know it." These warnings resonate with the
British public, who are always ready to defend their traditional symbols against external influences.
Another area where British stubbornness is evident is in the system of measurements. For years, the
British government has attempted to promote the metric system to align with the scales used almost
everywhere else in the world. However, their efforts have only seen limited success. While British
manufacturers are required to label their products in kilos and grams, the British people still shop using
pounds and ounces. Weather forecasts on television may use the Celsius scale, but most people continue
to think in Fahrenheit. Distances, amounts of liquid, and personal measurements are still commonly
expressed in imperial units, unlike in the rest of Europe.
Even when some attempts are made to voluntarily adopt European habits, they are often met with
resistance. A pub in Slough, west of London, tried selling beer in "swifts" (25cl) and "large" (50cl)
measures, smaller than the traditional British half-pint and pint. One might think the authorities would
welcome this effort to adopt European standards. Instead, the pub was fined and ordered to stop selling
beer in these "continental" measures because British laws mandate that draught beer be sold only in
pints and half-pints. This legal enforcement underscores the resistance to change and the emphasis on
maintaining British traditions.
Furthermore, the British government's actions also reflect this stubborn pride in being different. For
instance, they continue to put their clocks back at the end of summer on a different date from every
other country in Europe. Despite pressure from businesspeople to adopt Central European Time, the
British have resisted, preferring to remain an hour behind. Similarly, they start their financial year not at
the beginning of the calendar year, as other countries do, but at the beginning of April. This persistence
in doing things differently highlights their reluctance to conform to European norms and their desire to
maintain their unique identity.
In conclusion, the British stay stubbornly different, clinging to their traditions and customs with pride.
Whether it is driving on the left side of the road, using imperial measurements, or maintaining unique
timekeeping practices, the British see their distinctiveness as a positive attribute. Their conservatism and
individualism are deeply ingrained, making them resistant to change even in the face of external
pressures. This determination to remain different is a defining characteristic of British culture,
illustrating their enduring pride in their national identity.

==================================
7/ Present the background of England in UK in terms of geography, history and education.
=>
England, situated in the heart of the United Kingdom, boasts a rich tapestry of geography, history, and
education, shaping its identity as a dynamic and influential nation. Spanning from the lush landscapes of
the South to the rugged terrains of the North, England's geographical diversity mirrors its vibrant history
and educational landscape.
Geographically, England is the largest country within the UK, located in the southern part of the island
of Great Britain. It is bordered by Scotland to the north, Wales to the west, the North Sea to the east, the
English Channel to the south, and the Irish Sea to the northwest. England’s geography includes diverse
landscapes, from the rolling hills of the Cotswolds to the flatlands of East Anglia and the mountainous
Lake District.
England's history is a saga of conquests, cultural exchanges, and social transformations. From ancient
sites like Stonehenge to the Roman occupation, England evolved through Anglo-Saxon kingdoms,
Norman conquest, and medieval feudalism. The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 marked a pivotal
moment, laying the groundwork for parliamentary democracy. The Tudor and Stuart periods witnessed
religious reformations, civil unrest, and the rise of constitutional monarchy. The Industrial Revolution
propelled England into a global powerhouse, shaping its modern identity as a multicultural society with
enduring global influence.
Education: The education system in England is characterized by a structured curriculum set by the
Department for Education. Compulsory education spans from ages 5 to 18, with primary education (ages
5-11) and secondary education (ages 11-18). Key examinations include the GCSEs at age 16 and A-
levels at age 18. Higher education is offered by renowned institutions such as the University of Oxford,
the University of Cambridge, and numerous other universities across the country.
In conclusion, England's geographical diversity, rich history, and diverse education system converge to
shape its identity as a dynamic and influential nation. From the picturesque landscapes of the South to
the industrial heritage of the Midlands and the rugged beauty of the North, England's past, present, and
future are intertwined with its landscapes, culture, and commitment to education.
8/ PRESENT THE BACKGROUND OF SCOTLAND IN UK IN TERMS OF GEOGRAPHY,
HISTORY AND EDUCATION
Scotland, a vibrant region nestled within the United Kingdom, is a land steeped in history, defined by its
geographical diversity, and celebrated for its educational ethos. From the rugged Highlands to the fertile
Lowlands, Scotland’s landscape tells a story of resilience and adaptation.
- Geography: Scotland occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a border with
England to the south and surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, the North Sea to the
northeast, and the Irish Sea to the south. Scotland is known for its mountainous regions, particularly the
Scottish Highlands, as well as its picturesque lochs (lakes) and extensive coastline.
- History:
+ Early History: Scotland's history includes ancient Celtic tribes, the influence of the Roman Empire,
and the subsequent emergence of various Pictish and Gaelic kingdoms. The Kingdom of Scotland was
established in the early Middle Ages.
+ Medieval and Early Modern Periods: The medieval period saw conflicts with England, such as the
Wars of Scottish Independence in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, led by figures like William
Wallace and Robert the Bruce. The Union of the Crowns in 1603 and the Acts of Union in 1707 unified
Scotland and England under a single parliament.
+ Modern Era: Scotland played a significant role in the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution.
The 20th century saw the rise of Scottish nationalism and the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in
1999, providing Scotland with devolved powers and greater autonomy.
- Education: Scotland's education system is distinct within the UK, with a long tradition of valuing
education. The curriculum is set by the Scottish Government and includes the Curriculum for
Excellence, which covers ages 3 to 18. Key qualifications include National 5s, Highers, and Advanced
Highers. Scotland has a prestigious higher education sector, with universities like the University of
Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, and University of St Andrews.
In conclusion, Scotland’s geographical diversity, storied history, and commitment to education are
integral to its identity as a nation. From the rugged Highlands to the bustling cities, Scotland’s rich
tapestry of culture and heritage continues to captivate and inspire. As Scotland embraces the future
while honoring its past, it remains a beacon of hope and resilience in an ever-changing world.
9/ PRESENT THE BACKGROUND OF WALES IN UK IN TERMS OF GEOGRAPHY,
HISTORY AND EDUCATION

Wales, nestled on the western side of central southern Great Britain, is a land of captivating landscapes,
rich history, and a thriving education system. Its geography, history, and education have shaped its
identity and contributed to its unique character.
- Geography: Wales is located to the west of England and is characterized by its rugged coastline,
mountainous national parks such as Snowdonia, and lush valleys. The country is bordered by the Irish
Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the southwest, and England to the east.
- History:
+ Early History: Wales has a rich history of Celtic culture and heritage. It was inhabited by Celtic
Britons before the Roman conquest in the 1st century AD. Post-Roman Wales saw the rise of several
Welsh kingdoms.
+ Medieval Period: The medieval period was marked by resistance to English conquest, most notably
by leaders like Owain Glyndŵr. Despite prolonged resistance, Wales was annexed by England through
the Laws in Wales Acts of 1535 and 1542 under King Henry VIII.
+ Modern Era: Wales experienced significant cultural and industrial changes during the Industrial
Revolution, particularly in coal mining and steel production. The 20th century saw the rise of Welsh
nationalism and the establishment of the Welsh Assembly in 1999, granting Wales devolved powers.
- Education: The Welsh education system is distinct, with a focus on preserving the Welsh language and
culture. The curriculum is set by the Welsh Government and includes both English-medium and Welsh-
medium schools. The Welsh Baccalaureate is a key qualification alongside traditional GCSEs and A-
levels. Higher education is provided by universities such as Cardiff University, Swansea University, and
Bangor University.
In conclusion, Wales stands as a land of rich heritage, stunning landscapes, and a robust education
system. Its geography, history, and education converge to shape a vibrant and dynamic nation, where the
past informs the present and lays the foundation for a promising future.
10. Present the background of Northern Ireland in UK in terms of geography, history and education.
- Geography: Northern Ireland is located in the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, bordered to the
south and west by the Republic of Ireland and to the northeast by the North Channel, which separates it
from Scotland. The region features diverse landscapes, including the Mourne Mountains, Lough Neagh
(the largest lake in the British Isles), and a rugged coastline along the Atlantic Ocean.
- History:
+ Early History: Scotland's history includes ancient Celtic tribes, the influence of the Roman Empire,
and the subsequent emergence of various Pictish and Gaelic kingdoms. The Kingdom of Scotland was
established in the early Middle Ages.
+ Medieval and Early Modern Periods: The medieval period saw conflicts with England, such as the
Wars of Scottish Independence in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, led by figures like William
Wallace and Robert the Bruce. The Union of the Crowns in 1603 and the Acts of Union in 1707 unified
Scotland and England under a single parliament.
+ Modern Era: Scotland played a significant role in the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution.
The 20th century saw the rise of Scottish nationalism and the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in
1999, providing Scotland with devolved powers and greater autonomy.
- Education: Scotland's education system is distinct within the UK, with a long tradition of valuing
education. The curriculum is set by the Scottish Government and includes the Curriculum for
Excellence, which covers ages 3 to 18. Key qualifications include National 5s, Highers, and Advanced
Highers. Scotland has a prestigious higher education sector, with universities like the University of
Edinburgh, University of Glasgow, and University of St Andrews.
11. Develop the idea of Privacy and Sex in Britain.
BÀI LÀM
In Britain, respect for privacy is a fundamental aspect of life. This respect extends beyond the
boundaries of one's home and includes the right to keep personal information private. Even with the
growing trend towards informality, it is still considered impolite to ask personal questions about
someone’s earnings, family, or sex life unless you know them very well. When people are introduced,
the conventional phrase "How do you do?" is not an actual question but a formality, with the expected
response being a simple repetition of "How do you do?"
This deep-seated respect for privacy is evident in various facets of British life, including attitudes
toward sex. While moral perspectives on sex have evolved over time, the habit of keeping sexual
matters private remains strong. British public life, much like American, holds high standards of behavior
for public figures. Scandals involving extra-marital affairs or other deviations from societal norms have
historically led to the downfall of many politicians. However, these scandals often stem from the
politicians' inability to separate their private lives from their public roles, especially when issues of
national security, legality, or hypocrisy are involved. When no such conflicts exist, private matters
typically do not harm a politician’s career. For example, in 1992, when a politician admitted to an affair
with his secretary, his popularity actually increased.
Britain’s modern attitude towards sex also reflects this balance of openness and privacy. In 1992, a
million explicit videos on topics such as safer sex and better relationships were sold in Britain. Although
there was some debate about their appropriateness, public opinion largely viewed these videos as
educational rather than pornographic. Most Britons supported their availability, indicating a positive and
open attitude towards sex. However, this openness is coupled with a sense of privacy; sex is no longer
considered "bad" but remains a private and somewhat embarrassing topic.
This embarrassment is particularly noticeable in the realm of sex education in schools. Despite the
recognized importance of sex education, especially in the context of AIDS awareness, many schools in
the early 1990s offered little to no instruction on the subject. The main reason for this lack of education
was the teachers' discomfort with discussing sex. Similarly, references to sex in popular entertainment
often come in the form of jokes and innuendos rather than straightforward discussions.
The official attitude towards prostitution in Britain also exemplifies this mix of tolerance and
embarrassment. Prostitution itself is not illegal, but public solicitation is against the law. This reflects a
societal acceptance of the existence of prostitution while maintaining a desire to keep such activities
private and out of public view.
In conclusion, the British approach to privacy and sex is characterized by a complex blend of openness
and discretion. While modern Britons may have progressive views on sexual matters, they continue to
regard such issues as deeply personal and private. This dual attitude influences various aspects of British
life, from political scandals to sex education and entertainment. Understanding this balance is key to
comprehending the broader British cultural landscape.
12. Develop the idea of superstitions in UK
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Superstitions have been a part of British culture for many years. They mix old stories, traditions, and
beliefs. Here, we look at some common superstitions in the UK, divided into four main areas: good and
bad luck objects, social interactions and language, fortune-telling practices, and collective rituals and
traditions.
Good and Bad Luck Objects
Lucky Objects
1. White Houses
o In the UK, white houses are often seen as lucky. The color white symbolizes purity and
positivity. Many traditional homes are painted white to bring good fortune and keep away
evil spirits.
2. Four-Leaf Clovers
o Finding a four-leaf clover is rare and is thought to bring good luck. Each leaf represents
faith, hope, love, and luck.
3. Ladybirds
o Ladybirds, or ladybugs, are believed to bring good luck. If a ladybird lands on you, it is
said to bring good fortune. However, killing a ladybird is thought to bring bad luck.
4. Horseshoes: Hanging a horseshoe above a doorway is thought to bring good luck and protect
against evil spirits. This superstition dates back to ancient times when horseshoes were made of
iron, believed to ward off witches and bring blessings.
Unlucky Objects and Actions
1. Seeing a Single Magpie
o Seeing a single magpie is considered unlucky. There is a rhyme that goes "One for sorrow,
two for joy..." To avoid bad luck, some people salute the magpie or say "Good morning,
Mr. Magpie."
2. Seeing a New Moon Through Glass
o Seeing a new moon through glass is thought to bring bad luck. It might be because glass
blocks the moon's power.
3. Spilling Salt
o Spilling salt is seen as unlucky. To counteract the bad luck, it is common to throw a pinch
of the spilled salt over your left shoulder.
Social Interactions and Language
Theatrical Superstitions
• "Macbeth"
o In theatres, saying "Macbeth" is considered very unlucky. Instead, actors call it "the
Scottish play." This superstition comes from the history of accidents and mishaps during
its productions.
Numerical Superstitions
• The Number 13
o The number 13 is widely considered unlucky in the UK. Buildings often skip the 13th
floor, naming it 14 or 12A instead. Many people avoid scheduling important events on
Friday the 13th because it is believed to bring bad luck.
Fortune-Telling Practices
Common Practices
1. Tea Leaf Reading
 o Also known as tasseography, tea leaf reading is a traditional method where the patterns of
tea leaves in a cup are interpreted to predict the future.
2. Horoscopes
o Many people in the UK follow horoscopes, which are often in newspapers and magazines.
These astrological forecasts give daily, weekly, or monthly predictions based on zodiac
signs.
3. Palm Reading
o Palm reading, or palmistry, is another popular practice. The lines and shapes on a person's
hand are studied to tell their future.
Collective Rituals and Traditions
Lucky Charms and Talismans
1. Schoolchildren and Exams
o It is common for schoolchildren to carry lucky charms, like a special pen or a small token,
to their exams. These charms are believed to bring good luck and help them do well in
their tests.
2. Actors and Sportsmen
o Many actors and athletes have personal talismans that they carry or rituals they perform
before a performance or game to ensure success and avoid bad luck.
Haunted Houses and Inns
• The UK has many haunted houses and inns, each with its own ghost stories. These tales keep the
tradition of supernatural beliefs alive, attracting both skeptics and believers.
Conclusion
Superstitions in the UK are a fascinating mix of old beliefs, cultural practices, and personal rituals. They
show how the country’s past still influences the present. Whether through lucky objects, careful
language, fortune-telling practices, or group traditions, these superstitions continue to affect the daily
lives of many people in the UK.