Application of Quasi Opposition Based Whale

Algorithm For LFC of Multi-area Deregulated Power

System Using Fractional Controller
Prabhat Kumar Vidyarthi Ashiwani Kumar Pulakraj Aryan
dept. of Electrical Engineering dept. of Electrical Engineering dept. of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Patna, National Institute of Technology, Patna, National Institute of Technology, Patna,
Patna-800005 India Patna-800005 India Patna-800005 India
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract— In this paper, novel Quasi Opposition based Whale Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) [14] and
Algorithm (QOWOA) is proposed for Automatic generation capacitor banks [15] have been employed to attain AGC.
control (AGC) for two area interconnected power system with
utilization of ultracapacitor. Both areas consist of thermal unit To optimize the controller gains various optimization algorithms
and Solar Field Unit. Non-Linearity such as Governor Dead Band have been used by various authors such as Particle Swarm
(GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) are employed in Optimization (PSO) [16], Genetic Algorithm (GA) [17], Fruit
both areas. A modified PIDN-FOPD controller is used. A Novel Fly Optimization (FFO) [18], Whale Optimization (WOA) [19],
QOWOA is proposed to optimize the gain parameters. System Harris Hawk Optimization (HHO) [20] to name a few.
dynamics are studied by applying step load change (SLP). To
validate superiority of proposed Algorithm dynamic response are
In this work, a novel quasi opposition based Whale algorithm
compared with PSO. Robustness of proposed controller is (QOWOA) is proposed to tune the gain parameters of a
compared with conventional PID controller. Distinct results fractional controller to achieve the AGC of two-area power
rebuild the effectiveness of proposed work. system under deregulation.

Keywords—Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Quasi II. SYSTEM INVESTIGATED

Opposition Based Whale (QOWOA), Particle Swarm Optimization To analyse the performance of proposed algorithm with
(PSO), Ultracapacitor (UC) fractional controller, two-area power system under deregulated
environment is considered. Both areas consist of a thermal and
I. INTRODUCTION solar field unit. Thermal unit of both the areas are equipped with
One of the important aspect in power system design is the load Governor Dead Band (GDB) and Generation Rate Constraint
frequency control (LFC). Due to load fluctuations, there is (GRC) which make the system realistic. The linearized block
always power mismatch between generation and utilization. diagram of the investigated system is shown in fig.1. The values
This results in frequency deviation and power swings in the tie- of various system parameters are taken from [15].
line. LFC is the mechanism to control these frequency
deviations by controlling the output power [1],[2]. An ultracapacitor is an energy storage like a regular capacitor,
not chemical battery. Ultracapacitor, also known as a super
Deregulation is the set of rules governing economic capacitor or electrochemical capacitor, is a device for storing
commitments between generation and distribution companies. It electrical energy which is growing rapidly in popularity.
aims to end one’s monopoly by offering open market. Power
companies have to compete with each other which ensures cost Applications of ultracapacitors
effective and quality supply to the consumers [3],[4]. • Electric or hybrid vehicles to provide a quick burst.
The secondary control for LFC is achieved by controlling the • Water proof or weather proof energy storage.
area control error (ACE). Several controllers have been utilized
for this purpose like I, PI, PID [5]. Some authors have used The performance benefits of ultracapacitors come in to play
fractional order controllers [6]. Use of derivative filters helped most effectively when a large spike in power consumption or a
in reducing the ripples [7]. Multi stage cascade controllers [8] large scale repeated charging cycle is required. The generalised
and two-degree of freedom controllers have also been designed DPM for two-area four unit power system is given by
[9]. Fuzzy controllers have been used in cascade with these ª cpf11 cpf12 cpf13 cpf14 º
traditional ones by several authors [10],[11]. «cpf cpf 22 cpf 23 cpf 24 »»
Effect of energy storage systems on LFC was illustrated by Ravi DPM = « 21
« cpf 31 cpf32 cpf33 cpf34 »
Shankar [12]. Incorporation of different mechanisms like « »
HVDC tie-line modelling [13], use of FACTS devices such as ¬cpf 41 cpf 42 cpf 43 cpf 44 ¼
Where cpf is called contract participation factor.

978-1-7281-7549-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE

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 STPP
1 1
B1 R1 R1 Ks1 1
1
× +
1+s.Ts1 1+s.Tgs1 1+s.Tts1 + Kpi f1
apf11 I/P1 -
+ Solar field Governor Turbine
+ + 1+s.Tpi
- + -
- PIDN-FOPD A1 THERMAL UNIT
+
apf12 A5 I/P1 Kuc1
1 1 1+s.Kr1.Tr1 du 1
+ 1+s.Tuc1
1+s.Tg1 1+s.Tt1 1+s.Tg1 dt s
+ UC
A2 + Governor Turbine Reheat
GRC1
+ GDB1
Area-1 A6 2*pi*T12
+
+ Ptie-actual s -
+ Pimp
Ptie-error + -a12
Solar field STPP
Pexp
-a12
Ks2 1 1 +
apf21 × +
1+s.Ts2 1+s.Tgs2 1+s.Trs2 Kp2
- f2
I/P1 1+s.Tp2
+ Governor Turbine +
+ -
- A3 +
PIDN-FOPD THERMAL UNIT
- +
apf22
A7 I/P1
1 1 Kuc2
1 1+s.Kr2.Tr2 du
+ dt s 1+s.Tuc2
+
1+s.Tg2 1+s.Tt2 1+s.Tr2
B2 UC
A4 + Governor Turbine Reheat GRC2
1 1 + GDB2
A8
R2 R2
Area-2

Fig. 1. Block diagram of investigated System.

GENCO1 GENCO2 DISCO3 DISCO4

DISCO1 DISCO2
GENCO3
GENCO4

Area-1
Area-2

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of investigated system

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 III. PROPOSED CONTROLLER
PIDN-FOPD Controller
A cascade combination of integral-order (IO) and FO
controllers called PID with filter and FO proportional derivative
(PIDN-FOPD) is proposed as Novel Controller in LFC.
Where n − 1 ≤ α ≤ n, n is an integer. The Laplace
Here R(s) is the input, basically an error signal e(t)=ACE and Transformation is given by:
U(s) is output from the controller. The block C(S) represents
the PIDN block and F(s) is the Fractional order PD block. The n −1
T/F of the block Ci(s) is given by: L{α Dtα f (t )} = sα F ( s) − ¦ s k α Dtα − k −1 f (t ) (3)
k =0 t =0

( K Pi + K Di Ni ) s 2 + ( K Ii + Ni ) s + K Ii N i
Ci( s) = (1) Thus it can be said that under zero initial condition assumptions
s( s + N i ) even dynamic system behavior can be described by differential
equation which may include fractional derivatives leads to a
The Riemann Liouville definition for fractional derivative can transfer function with FO of s.
be obtained from the equation given by:
°­ ª ( K + K di N i ) s + ( K Ii + Ni ) s + K Ii N i º ½
2

1 dn
t U i ( s ) = ® « Pi
s( s + Ni )
(
» * K Pi + K di s
μi
)°¾ * ACE
i

Γ(n − α ) dt n α³
α Dtα = (t − τ )n −α −1 f (τ )dτ (2) °¯ ¬ ¼ °¿

Ci(s) Fi(s)

K pi
1
KIi +
s + +
+
Ui(s)
Ri(s) Output
signal
Reference
signal KDi + Ni Kdi sμi
-
1
s

Fractional order-PD controller

Integer order-IDN controller

Fig. 3. Structure of proposed PIDN-FOPD controller

IV. PROPOSED ALGORITHM other parameters. The basic steps involved in this algorithm
consists of search for prey, encircling prey and spiral bubble
Quasi Opposition Based Whale net feeding maneuver. This algorithm maintains good balance
A Novel meta-heuristic algorithm called Quasi Opposition between exploration and exploitation giving better chance to
Based Whale is used in this paper for simultaneous reach global optimal value.
optimization of several parameters like controller gains and

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 G G G
X (t + 1) = D * ebi cos(2* pi * t ) + X (t )
JJG JGJJG * JJG
D = C X (t ) ⋅ X (t )

Fig. 4. Flowchart of proposed QOWOA

Here STPP is integrated in LFC of thermal system under

deregulated environment. Effect of UC on system behaviour
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION is calculated for the first time under deregulated environment.
For this paper poolco scenario is considered. In this case, The values of GRC and GDB in each thermal unit are 3%
the DISCO of one area purchases power from the GENCO of and 0.06% (0.036HZ) respectively. The Output power is
the same area. The DPM is considered for equal power sharing assumed constant during simulation period. For this paper
given as 50% loading of power system and 10% step load perturbation
is taken. At first, power system PID controller is tuned with
ª 0.5 0.5 0 0 º
« 0.5 0.5 0 0 » PSO, then PID is tuned with QOWOA, After that PIDN-
DPM = « ». FOPD is tuned with QOWOA in model which is the proposed
« 0 0 0 0» controller with proposed algorithm. The result of various
« » dynamics are shown in Fig.5
¬ 0 0 0 0¼

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 Fig. 5. Comparison of frequency deviation and change in tie-line power for different controllers

(a) Frequency deviation in area 1

(b) Frequency deviation in area 2
(c) Tie-line power deviation

TABLE I. SETTLING TIME, OVERSHOOT AND UNDERSHOOT COMPARISON

Cases ǻ f1 ǻ f2 ǻPtie
Ts, s Ush, Hz Osh, Hz Ts, s Ush, Hz Osh, Hz Ts, s Ush, Hz Osh, Hz
QOWOA- 15.032 -0.2157 0.0021 16.009 -0.2098 0.0044 22.548 -0.0703 0.0030
PIDN-FOPD
QOWOA-PID 16.781 -0.2367 0.0040 22.450 -0.1122 0.0066 29.808 -0.0672 0.0040
PSO-PID 19.153 -0.2055 0.0069 23.909 -0.1299 0.0308 46.142 -0.0572 0.0035

Syst., vol. 57, pp. 277–286, 2014.

VI. CONCLUSION
[2] R. Shankar, S. R. Pradhan, K. Chatterjee, and R. Mandal, “A
An attempt to use novel QOWOA optimized fractional comprehensive state of the art literature survey on LFC mechanism
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