Ex.

no: 1 Download, install and Explore the features of Numpy,

Date : Scipy, Jupyter,statemodels and pandas packages

Aim:
To studyabout how to download, install and explore the features of NumPy, SciPy,
Jupyter, Statsmodels and Pandas packages.

Features of Python Libraries:

NumPy: It is one of the fundamental Library of Python, which has advanced math functions and a package
of scientific computing with Python. It is useful for linear Algebra, Fourier Transformation and other various
complex Mathematical functions.NumPy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional container of
generic data, arbitrary data types are also defined in NumPy which makes it speedily integrate with a wide
variety of database.
Scipy: This library of Python is most popular, as we have been reading so much about this. It is just another
form which may be used in place of NumPy. They use NumPy for more mathematicalfunctions. SciPy uses
NumPy arrays as their basic data structure and comes with modules for various commonly used task in
scientific Programming, including Ordinary differential equationssolving and signal processing.
Jupyter:The Jupyter Notebook is an open-source web application that allows you to create and share
documents that contain live code, equations, visualizations and narrative text. Uses include data cleaning
and transformation, numerical simulation, statistical modeling, data visualization, machine learning, and
much more.
Statsmodels: statsmodels is a Python package that provides a complement to scipy for statistical
computations including descriptive statistics and estimation and inference for statistical models.
Pandas: Pandas is an open-source library that is made mainly for working with relational or labeled data
both easily and intuitively. It provides various data structures and operations for manipulating numerical
data and time series. This library is built on top of the NumPy library. Pandas is fast and it has high
performance & productivity for users

Install Python Packages:

The power of Python is in the packages that are available either through the pip or conda packagemanagers.
This is an overview of some of the best packages for machine learning and data scienceand how to install
them.
Numpy is a numerical computing package for mathematics, science, and engineering. Many data science
packages use Numpy as a dependency.
Pip install numpy

creating a numpy array :

1
Arrays in Numpy can be created by multiple ways, with various number of Ranks, defining the size of the
Array. Arrays can also be created with the use of various data types such as lists, tuples,etc. The type of the
resultant array is deduced from the type of the elements in the sequences.
# Python program for#
Creationof Arrays import
numpy as np # Creating a
rank 1 Arrayarr =
np.array([1, 2, 3])
print("Array with Rank 1: \n",arr)#
Creating arank 2 Array
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3],[4, 5, 6]])
print("Array with Rank 2: \n", arr)#
Creating an array fromtuple
arr = np.array((1, 3, 2))
print("\nArray created using ","passed tuple:\n", arr)

Output:
Array with Rank 1:
[1 2 3]
Array with Rank 2:
[[1 2 3]
[4 5 6]]
Array created using passed tuple:
[1 3 2]
Accessing the array index in a numpy

SciPy is a general-purpose package for mathematics, science, and engineering and extends the base
capabilitiesof NumPy.
Pip install scipy

2
# importing linalg function from scipyfrom
scipyimport linalg
# Compute the determinant of a
matrixlinalg.det(A)
Output :
2.999999999999997

Jupyter:
o Installing Jupyter Notebook using PIP:
o python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
o python3 -m pip install jupyter
o Command to run the Jupyter notebook:
o jupyter notebook
o # For capturing the execution time
o %%timeo
o # Find the squares of a number in the
o # range from 0 to 14
o for x in range(15):
o square = x**2
o print(square)

3
Output :

Statsmodels is a package for exploring data, estimating statistical models, and performing statistical
tests. Itinclude descriptive statistics, statistical tests, plotting functions, and result statistics.
pip install statsmodelsimport
numpy as np import pandas as
pd
import statsmodels.formula.api as smf#
loadingthe csv file
df =
pd.read_csv('headbrain1.csv')
print(df.head())
# fitting the model
df.columns = ['Head_size', 'Brain_weight']
model = smf.ols(formula='Head_size ~ Brain_weight', data=df).fit()#
modelsummary
print(model.summary())

4
Output:

Description
pandas visualizes and manipulates data tables. There are many functions that allow
efficientmanipulation for the preliminary steps of data analysis problems.
Pip install pandas import
pandas as pdimport
numpy asnp
# Creating empty seriesser
=pd.Series() print(ser)
# simple array
data = np.array(['g', 'e', 'e', 'k',
's'])ser =pd.Series(data)
print(ser)Output:
Series([], dtype:
float64)

5
Output:
0 g
1 e
2 e
3 k
4 s
Dtype: object

Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

6
Ex.no :2
Date :
Working with numpy array

Aim:
To write a python program for working a numpy arrays.

Algorithm:
Step1: Start the program.
Step2: Declare the header files and create an numpy array.
Step3: Defining array1 and array2 (a, b).
Step4: Adding 1 to each element which can be defining in array as (a+1).
Step5: Subtracting 2 to each element as (b-2).
Step6: Print to create an array from tuple to be displayed.
Step7: Stop the program.

7
 Working with numpy array
Program:
import numpy as np
a1=np.array([1,2,3,4])
a2=np.array([5,2,8,4])a=np.add(a1,a2)
s=np.subtract(a1,a2)
m=np.multiply(a1,a2)
d=np.divide(a1,a2)
p=np.power(a1,a2)
mo=np.mod(a1,a2)
print("add",a,"\nsub",s,"\nmultiply",m,"\ndivide",d,"\npower",p,"\nmod",mo)
x=np.array([-2,-1,0,1,2])
x1=np.array([3-4j,4-3j,2+0j,0+1j])r=np.abs(x)
r1=np.absolute(x1)print(r,r1)
x=[1,2,3]
print("x=",x)
print("e^x= ",np.exp(x),"\n2^x= ",np.power(2,x),"\n3^x= ",np.power(3,x))x=[-1,0,1]
print("sin(x)= ",np.arcsin(x),"\ncos(x)= ",np.arccos(x),"\ntan(x)= ",np.arctan(x))
l=np.random.random(100)
print("sum of random = ",sum(l))
r=np.random.randint(100)
print("a single random num in 100= ",r)
r1=np.random.rand(3,2)
print("random num in 3x2 matrix= ",r1)

m=np.min(l)print(l)
print("minimum value= ",min(l))print("max
value= ",max(l)) print("variance=
",np.var(l))
print("index max,min", np.argmin(l),np.argmax(l))
print("median= ",np.median(l))
8
Output:
add [ 6 4 11 8]
sub [-4 0 -5 0]
multiply [ 5 4 24 16]
divide [0.2 1. 0.375 1. ]
power [ 1 4 6561 256]
mod [1 0 3 0]
[2 1 0 1 2] [5. 5. 2. 1.]
x= [1, 2, 3]
e^x= [ 2.71828183 7.3890561 20.08553692]
2^x= [2 4 8]
3^x= [ 3 9 27]
sin(x)= [-1.57079633 0. 1.57079633]

cos(x)= [3.14159265 1.57079633 0. ]

tan(x)= [-0.78539816 0. 0.78539816]
sum of random = 52.63543049695998a single
random num in 100= 49
random num in 3x2 matrix= [[0.74697327 0.71058352]
[0.69784308 0.7626008 ]
[0.68938205 0.39765723]]

9
[0.28586698 0.45352049 0.25451039 0.97105316 0.02535396 0.09221343
0.79413109 0.42820734 0.26583637 0.75377329 0.91799221 0.02531889
0.83878874 0.7960848 0.8585927 0.85812235 0.83383714 0.2284291
0.52179336 0.90650508 0.09977865 0.30471393 0.22279719 0.86075837
0.046045 0.71424256 0.35741625 0.98231166 0.42137124 0.72331874
0.99012286 0.44864868 0.61460373 0.546737 0.80822087 0.33479619
0.93914826 0.61968599 0.8092868 0.7183906 0.91778332 0.99110823
0.38505856 0.85986195 0.8065371 0.48528166 0.67631784 0.7436611
0.70843818 0.53572227 0.34302813 0.8711374 0.6286608 0.55200494
0.71513182 0.41856791 0.49761823 0.22898292 0.6934951 0.96199147
0.49538308 0.47882394 0.64561895 0.23255628 0.34430992 0.2406554
0.90681161 0.74727446 0.73762249 0.65311322 0.35202763 0.03110263
0.29740445 0.74235981 0.05979187 0.67236839 0.10224003 0.01170318
0.29194168 0.0124052 0.10913692 0.50157127 0.44995131 0.21237588
0.39721251 0.78490074 0.40505713 0.02867668 0.19936884 0.29913253
0.80024108 0.61590016 0.98818807 0.03773516 0.18219169 0.96718149
0.36593412 0.69541724 0.63905247 0.20797664]
minimum value= 0.01170317850813174
max value= 0.9911082265003155
variance= 0.08578639769250541
index max,min 77 41
median= 0.528757819258286

10
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

11
Ex.no :3
Date :
Working with pandas data frames

Aim:
To write a python program to pandas data frames.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import pandas library and aliasing as pd.
Step3 : Create empty dataframe and also create dataframe from list of dictionaries.
Step4 : Print the column indices , value as dictionary.
Step5 : Create dataframe from dictionary series.
Step6 : Print the needed indices values.
Step7 : Adding a column and print it.
Step8 : Perform following functions
pop function
Row selection by table and integer location
Slice row
Addition of rows.
Step9 : Print the values.
Step10:Stop the program.

12
 Working with Pandas Data Frames

Program:

#import the pandas library and aliasing as pdimport

pandas as pd
#Create empty dataframe
df =pd.DataFrame()
print (df)
#Create dataframe from list of dictionaries
data = [{'a':1, 'b': 2},{'a': 5, 'b': 10, 'c': 20}]
#With two column indices, values same as dictionary keys
df1 = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'], columns=['a', 'b'])

#With twocolumn indices with one index with other name

df2 = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'], columns=['a', 'b1'])print (df1)
print (df2)
# Create dataframe from dictionary of Series
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}df3=
pd.DataFrame(d)
print (df3) #column selection
print (df3 ['one'])
# Adding a new column to an existing DataFrame object with column label by passing new seriesprint
("Adding a new column by passing as Series:") df3['three']=pd.Series([10,20,30],index=['a','b','c'])
print (df3)
print ("Adding a new column using the existing columns in DataFrame:")
df3['four']=df3['one']+df3['three']print (df3)
# Using the previous DataFrame delete a column# using del
function
print ("Deleting the first column using DEL function:")del

13
df3['one']

14
print (df1)
print ("Deleting another column using POP function:")
df3.pop('two')
print (df3)
#Row selection bylableprint
(df3.loc['b'])
#row selection by integer locationprint
(df3.iloc[2])
#slice rows print (df3[2:4])
#Addition of rows
df4 = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns = ['a','b'])
df5 = pd.DataFrame([[5, 6], [7, 8]], columns = ['a','b'])df4 =
df.append(df5)
print (df4)
# Drop rows with label 0df4 =
df4.drop(0)
print (df4)

Output:
Empty DataFrame

Columns: []Index: []
ab
first 1 2
second 5 10a b1
first 1 NaN
second 5 NaN

one twoa 1.0 1

b 2.0 2
c 3.0 3
d NaN 4
15
a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
d NaN

Name: one, dtype: float64

Adding a new column by passing as Series:

one two three
a 1.0 1 10.0
b 2.0 2 20.0
c 3.0 3 30.0

d NaN 4 NaN

Adding a new column using the existing columns in DataFrame:

one two three four
a 1.0 1 10.0 11.0
b 2.0 2 20.0 22.0
c 3.0 3 30.0 33.0

d NaN 4 NaN NaN

Deleting the first column using DEL function:

a b first 1 2
second 5 10
Deleting another column using POP function:
three four a 10.0
11.0
b 20.0 22.0
c 30.0 33.0
d NaN NaNthree 20.0

16
four 22.0
Name: b, dtype: float64three
30.0
four 33.0
Name: c, dtype: float64three four
c 30.0 33.0
d N

17
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

18
Ex.no :4
Date : Read data from test file, read and the web and exploring various
commends for doing descriptive analysis in Iris data set.

Aim:
To write a python program to Read data from test file, read and the web and exploring various
commends for doing descriptive analysis in Iris data set.

Algorithm:
Step1 .: Start the program.
Step2 .: Declare the variable of data.
Step3 .: Declared data with head(), column, sample(10) and shape().
Step4 .: Slicing the data from 10:21 and print it.
Step5 .: Also print it with variables and data head().
Step6 .: iloc() to display records with Iris set.
Step7 .: using value counts() to print min, max and median.
Step8 .: Using total values to add a column and print cols and take column and rename it.
Step9 .: print the processing values.
Step10: Stop the program.

19
 Read data from test file, read and the web and exploring various
commends for doing descriptive analysis in Iris data set.

Program:

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv('iris.csv')print(data)
data.head() data.sample(10)
data.columns data.shape
print(data) print(data[10:21])
sliced_data=data[10:21] print(sliced_data)
specific_data=data[["Id","Species"]]
print(specific_data.head(10)) data.iloc[5]
data.loc[data["Species"] == "Iris-setosa"]
data["Species"].value_counts()
sum_data = data["sepallength"].sum() mean_data =
data["sepallength"].mean() median_data =
data["sepallength"].median()
print("Sum:",sum_data, "\nMean:", mean_data, "\nMedian:",median_data)
min_data=data["sepallength"].min()
max_data=data["sepallength"].max() print("Minimum:",min_data,
"\nMaximum:", max_data)cols = data.columns
print(cols)
cols = cols[1:5]
data1 = data[cols]
data["total_values"]=data1[cols].sum(axis=1)
newcols={"Id":"id","sepallength":"sepallength","sepalwidth":"sepalwidth"}
data.rename(columns=newcols,inplace=True)
print(data.head())data.style
data.head(10).style.highlight_max(color='lightgreen', axis=0)
data.head(10).style.highlight_max(color='lightgreen', axis=1)
data.head(10).style.highlight_max(color='lightgreen', axis=None)data.isnull()
20
data.isnull().sum()

21
import seaborn as sns
iris = sns.load_dataset("iris")
sns.heatmap(iris.corr(), linecolor = 'white', linewidths = 1) sns.heatmap(iris.corr(),
linecolor = 'white', linewidths = 1, annot = True )data.corr(method='pearson')
g = sns.pairplot(data,hue="Species")

Output:
Id sepallength sepalwidth petallength petalwidth Species
0 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
1 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
2 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 Iris-setosa
3 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 Iris-setosa
4 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa

... ... ... ... ... ...

145 146 6.7 3.0 5.2 2.3 Iris-virginica
146 147 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 Iris-virginica

147 148 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 Iris-virginica

148 149 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 Iris-virginica

149 150 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 Iris-virginica

[150 rows x 6 columns]

Id sepallength sepalwidth petallength petalwidth Species
0 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
1 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
2 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 Iris-setosa
3 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 Iris-setosa
4 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
.. ... ... .. ... ... .

146 147 6.3 2.5 5.0 1.9 Iris-virginica

147 148 6.5 3.0 5.2 2.0 Iris-virginica
148 149 6.2 3.4 5.4 2.3 Iris-virginica

22
149 150 5.9 3.0 5.1 1.8 Iris-virginica

[150 rows x 6 columns]

Id sepallength sepalwidth petallength petalwidth Species
10 11 5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2 Iris-setosa
11 12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 Iris-setosa
12 13 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.1 Iris-setosa
13 14 4.3 3.0 1.1 0.1 Iris-setosa
14 15 5.8 4.0 1.2 0.2 Iris-setosa
15 16 5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4 Iris-setosa
16 17 5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 Iris-setosa

17 18 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3 Iris-setosa

18 19 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3 Iris-setosa
19 20 5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3 Iris-setosa
20 21 5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2 Iris-setosa
Id sepallength sepalwidth petallength petalwidth
10 11 5.4 3.7 1.5 0.2 Iris-setosa
11 12 4.8 3.4 1.6 0.2 Iris-setosa
12 13 4.8 3.0 1.4 0.1 Iris-setosa
13 14 4.3 3.0 1.1 0.1 Iris-setosa
14 15 5.8 4.0 1.2 0.2 Iris-setosa
15 16 5.7 4.4 1.5 0.4 Iris-setosa
16 17 5.4 3.9 1.3 0.4 Iris-setosa
17 18 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.3 Iris-setosa
18 19 5.7 3.8 1.7 0.3 Iris-setosa
19 20 5.1 3.8 1.5 0.3 Iris-setosa
20 21 5.4 3.4 1.7 0.2 Iris-setosa

23
 Id Species
0 1 Iris-setosa
1 2 Iris-setosa
2 3 Iris-setosa
3 4 Iris-setosa
4 5 Iris-setosa
5 6 Iris-setosa
6 7 Iris-setosa
7 8 Iris-setosa
8 9 Iris-setosa
9 10 Iris-setosaSum: 876.5

Mean: 5.843333333333335
Median: 5.8
Minimum: 4.3
Maximum: 7.9
Index(['Id', 'sepallength', 'sepalwidth', 'petallength', 'petalwidth','Species'],
dtype='object')
id sepallength sepalwidth petallength petalwidth Species \

01 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa

12 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa
23 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 Iris-setosa
34 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 Iris-setosa
45 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 Iris-setosa

total_values
0 10.2
1 9.5
2 9.4
3 9.4
4 10.2
24
25
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

26
Ex.no :5A
Date : Univariate analysis: standard deviation, skewness and
Kurtosis of pima Indians diabetes dataset

Aim:
To write a python program for Univariate analysis.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program
Step2 : Import pandas library and alaising as pd.
Step3 : Initialize the data.
Step4 : Include pima and rows, columns
Step5 : Enter the mean, median, mode, variance, Standard deviation values from the dataset.
Step6 : Print the values.
Step7 : Stop the program.

27
 Standard Deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis of Pima Indians Diabetes Dataset.
Program:
import pandas as pd
import statistics
pima = pd.read_csv('diabetes.csv')
print(pima.head()) print(pima.shape)
print(type(pima))
pima_row_idx = pima.index
print(pima_row_idx) pima_col_idx =
pima.columnsprint(pima_col_idx)
print(pima.dtypes)
mean=statistics.mean(pima["Insulin"])
mode=statistics.mode(pima["Insulin"])
median=statistics.median(pima["Insulin"])
variance=statistics.variance(pima["Outcome"])
standard_deviation=statistics.stdev(pima["Outcome"])
fre_count=pima["Outcome"].value_counts()
skew=pima.skew(axis=0,skipna=True)
kurt=pima.kurtosis(skipna=True)
print(mean,"\n",mode,"\n",median,"\n",variance,"\n",standard_deviation,"\n",fre_count,"\n",skew
,"\n",kurt)

Output:
Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure ... DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age Outcome
0 6 148 72 ... 0.627 50 1
1 1 85 66 ... 0.351 31 0

2 8 183 64 ... 0.672 32 1

3 1 89 66 ... 0.167 21 0
0 137 40 ... 2.288 33 1
4

28
[5 rows x 9 columns]
(768, 9)
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=768, step=1)
Index(['Pregnancies', 'Glucose', 'BloodPressure', 'SkinThickness', 'Insulin','BMI',
'DiabetesPedigreeFunction', 'Age', 'Outcome'],
dtype='object')
Pregnancies int64
Glucose int64
BloodPressure int64
SkinThickness int64
Insulin int64
BMI float64

DiabetesPedigreeFunction float64Age
int64
Outcome int64
dtype: object
79.79947916666667
0
30.5
0.22748261625380273
0.47695137724279896
0 500
1 268

29
Name: Outcome, dtype: int64
Pregnancies 0.901674
Glucose 0.173754
BloodPressure -1.843608
SkinThickness 0.109372
Insulin 2.272251
BMI -0.428982
DiabetesPedigree Function 1.919 1
Age 1.129597
Outcome 0.635017
dtype: float64
Pregnancies 0.159220
Glucose 0.640780
BloodPressure 5.180157
SkinThickness -0.520072
Insulin 7.214260
BMI 3.290443
DiabetesPedigree Function 5.594 5
Age 0.643159
Outcome -1.600930
dtype: float64

30
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

31
Ex.no :5B
Date : Univariate analysis: Frequency, mean, median, mode, variance
Standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of UCT diabetes

Aim:
To write a python program for Univariate analysis.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import pandas as pd, statistics and CSV files
Step3 : Print head(), shape, UCI
Step4 : By using index and columns and print row and column.
Step5 : Declare mean, mode, median, variance, standard diviation, skew and kurt with statics
Step6 : Print the perform value.
Step7 : Stop the program.

32
Univariate analysis: Frequency, Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, StandardDeviation,
Skewness and Kurtosis of UCI Diabetes Dataset.
Program:
import pandas as pd
import statistics
uci = pd.read_csv('diabetic_data.csv')
print(uci.head())
print(uci.shape) print(type(uci))
uci_row_idx = uci.index
print(uci_row_idx) uci_col_idx =
uci.columnsprint(uci_col_idx)
print(uci.dtypes)
mean=statistics.mean(uci["num_lab_procedures"])
mode=statistics.mode(uci["num_lab_procedures"])
median=statistics.median(uci["num_lab_procedures"])
variance=statistics.variance(uci["num_lab_procedures"])
standard_deviation=statistics.stdev(uci["num_lab_procedures"])
fre_count=uci["num_lab_procedures"].value_counts()
skew=uci.skew(axis=0,skipna=True) kurt=uci.kurtosis(skipna=True)
print(mean,"\n",mode,"\n",median,"\n",variance,"\n",standard_deviation,"\n",fre_count,"\n",skew
,"\n",kurt)

33
Output:
encounter_id patient_nbr race ... change diabetesMed readmitted0
2278392 8222157 Caucasian ... No No NO
1 149190 55629189 Caucasian ... Ch Yes >30
2 64410 86047875 AfricanAmerican ... No Yes NO3
500364 82442376 Caucasian ... Ch Yes NO
4 16680 42519267 Caucasian ... Ch Yes NO

[5 rows x 50 columns]
(101766, 50)
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex(start=0, stop=101766, step=1)
Index(['encounter_id', 'patient_nbr', 'race', 'gender', 'age', 'weight', 'admission_type_id',
'discharge_disposition_id', 'admission_source_id','time_in_hospital', 'payer_code',
'medical_specialty', 'num_lab_procedures', 'num_procedures', 'num_medications',
'number_outpatient', 'number_emergency', 'number_inpatient', 'diag_1','diag_2',
'diag_3', 'number_diagnoses', 'max_glu_serum', 'A1Cresult', 'metformin',
'repaglinide', 'nateglinide', 'chlorpropamide',
'glimepiride', 'acetohexamide', 'glipizide', 'glyburide', 'tolbutamide',
'pioglitazone', 'rosiglitazone', 'acarbose', 'miglitol', 'troglitazone', 'tolazamide',
'examide', 'citoglipton', 'insulin',
'glyburide-metformin', 'glipizide-metformin', 'glimepiride-
pioglitazone', 'metformin-rosiglitazone',
'metformin-pioglitazone', 'change', 'diabetesMed', 'readmitted'],
dtype='object')
encounter_id int64
patient_nbr int64

34
race object
gender object
age object
weight object
admission_type_id int64
discharge_disposition_id int64
admission_source_id int64
time_in_hospital int64 payer_code
object
medical_specialty object
num_lab_procedures int64
num_procedures int64
num_medications int64
number_outpatient int64
number_emergency int64
number_inpatient int64 diag_1
object
diag_2 object
diag_3 object
number_diagnoses int64
max_glu_serum objectA1Cresult
object
metformin object
repaglinide object
nateglinide object
chlorpropamide objectglimepiride
object
acetohexamide object

35
glipizide object
glyburide object
tolbutamide object
pioglitazone object
rosiglitazone object
acarbose object
miglitol object
troglitazone object
tolazamide object
examide object
citoglipton object
insulin object
glyburide-metformin object glipizide-
metformin object glimepiride-
pioglitazone objectmetformin-
rosiglitazone objectmetformin-
pioglitazone objectchange
object
diabetesMed object
readmitted objectdtype:
object 43.09564098028811
1
44.0
387.0805299104688
19.674362249142124
1 3208
43 2804

36
44 2496
45 2376
38 2213

120 1
132 1
121 1
126 1
118 1

Name: num_lab_procedures, Length: 118, dtype: int64

encounter_id 0.699142
patient_nbr 0.471281
admission_type_id 1.591984
discharge_disposition_id 2.563067
admission_source_id 1.029935
time_in_hospital 1.133999
num_lab_procedures -0.236544
num_procedures 1.316415
num_medications 1.326672
number_outpatient 8.832959
number_emergency 22.855582
number_inpatient 3.614139
number_diagnoses -0.876746
dtype: float64
encounter_id -0.102071
patient_nbr -0.347372
admission_type_id 1.942476

discharge_disposition_id 6.003347

37
admission_source_id 1.744989
time_in_hospital 0.850251
num_lab_procedures -0.245074
num_procedures 0.857110
num_medications 3.468155
number_outpatient 147.907736
number_emergency 1191.686726
number_inpatient 20.719397
number_diagnoses -0.079056
dtype: float64

38
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

39
Ex.no :5C
Date :
Bivariate Analysis- Program for Linear Regression

Aim:
To write a python program for Bivariate analysis program for Linear Regression.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import numpy as np, pandas as pd and seaborn as sns.
Step3 : Print head values .
Step4 : Print BMI and age of all values.
Step5 : Print as glucose vs bloodpressure.
Step6 : Print all the font size = 14.
Step7 : Print grid as true.
Step8 : Stop the program.

40
 Bivariate Analysis-Program for linear regression
:
Program:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn assns
import statistics

from sklearn.linear_model
import LinearRegression
importstatsmodels.api as sm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt df =
pd.read_csv('diabetes.csv')head=df.head()
print(head)
cols=["Pregnancies", "Glucose","BloodPressure","SkinThickness","Insulin",
"BMI","DiabetesPedigreeFunction", "Age"]
X=df.BMI
Y=df.Age
plt.scatter(df['Glucose'], df['BloodPressure'], color='blue')
plt.title('Glucose Vs BloodPressure', fontsize=14)
plt.xlabel('Glucose', fontsize=14) plt.ylabel('BloodPresure',
fontsize=14)
plt.grid(True)plt.show()
model = LinearRegression()
model = LinearRegression().fit(X,Y)

Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure ... DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age Outcome

0 6 148 72 ... 0.627 50 1
1 1 85 66 ... 0.351 31 0
2 8 183 64 ... 0.672 32 1

3 1 89 66 ... 0.167 21 0
4 0 137 40 ... 2.288 33 1
41
[5 rows x 9 columns]

42
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

43
Ex.no :5D
Date :
Bivariate Analysis- Logistic Regression

Aim:
To write a python program for Bivariate Analysis Logistic Regression.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import necessary Header file.
Step3 : Using a dataset to print a head.
Step4 : Declare the columns of dataframe and print it.
Step5 : Perform logistic model fit and print summary.
Step6 : Print the values.
Step7 : Stop the program.

44
 Bivariate Analysis:Logistic regression
Program:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn assns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
## Importing stats models for running logistic regressionimport
statsmodels.api as sm
sns.set(color_codes =True)
%matplotlib inline
df = pd.read_csv('diabetes.csv')
head=df.head()
print(head)
cols=["Pregnancies", "Glucose","BloodPressure","SkinThickness","Insulin",
"BMI","DiabetesPedigreeFunction", "Age"]
X=df[cols] y=df.Outcome
## Defining the model and assigning Y (Dependent) and X (Independent Variables)
logit_model=sm.Logit(y,X)
## Fitting the model and publishing the results
result=logit_model.fit() print(result.summary())
cols2=["Pregnancies", "Glucose","BloodPressure","SkinThickness","BMI"]X=df[cols2]
logit_model=sm.Logit(y,X)
result=logit_model.fit()
print(result.summary2())
cols3=["Pregnancies", "Glucose","BloodPressure","SkinThickness"]X=df[cols3]
logit_model=sm.Logit(y,X)
result=logit_model.fit()
print(result.summary())
cols4=["Pregnancies", "Glucose","BloodPressure"]X=df[cols4]
logit_model=sm.Logit(y,X)
result=logit_model.fit()

45
print(result.summary())
## Importing LogisticRegression from Sk.Learn linear model as stats model function cannot giveus
classification report and confusion matrix
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegressionlogreg =
LogisticRegression()
cols4=["Pregnancies", "Glucose","BloodPressure"]X=df[cols4]
y=df.Outcome
logreg.fit(X,y)
## Defining the y_pred variable for the predicting values. I have taken 392 dia dataset. We canalso take a
test dataset
y_pred=logreg.predict(X)
## Calculating the precision of the model
from sklearn.metrics import classification_report
print(classification_report(y,y_pred))
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
## Confusion matrix gives the number of cases where the model is able to accurately predict theoutcomes..
both 1 and 0 and how many cases it gives false positive and false negatives
confusion_matrix = confusion_matrix(y, y_pred)
print(confusion_matrix

46
Output:
Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure SkinThickness Insulin BMI \
0 6 148 72 35 0 33.6
1 1 85 66 29 0 26.6
2 8 183 64 0 0 23.3
3 1 89 66 23 94 28.1
4 0 137 40 35 168 43.1
DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age Outcome
0 0.627 50 1
1 0.351 31 0
2 0.672 32 1
3 0.167 21 0
4 2.288 33 1

Optimization terminated successfully. Current

function value: 0.608498Iterations 5
Logit Regression Results
=====================================================================
=========
Dep. Variable: Outcome No. Observations: 768
Model: Logit Df Residuals: 760
Method: MLE Df Model: 7
Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 Pseudo R-squ.: 0.05922
Time: 02:32:14 Log-Likelihood: -467.33 converged:
True LL-Null: -496.74 Covariance Type:
nonrobust LLR p-value: 2.583e-10

=====================================================================
=======================
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]

47
Pregnancies 0.1284 0.029 4.484 0.000 0.072 0.185
Glucose 0.0129 0.003 4.757 0.000 0.008 0.018
BloodPressure -0.0303 0.005 -6.481 0.000 -0.039 -0.021
SkinThickness 0.0002 0.006 0.032 0.974 -0.012 0.012
Insulin 0.0007 0.001 0.942 0.346 -0.001 0.002
BMI -0.0048 0.011 -0.449 0.653 -0.026 0.016

DiabetesPedigreeFunction 0.3203 0.240 1.335 0.182 -0.150 0.790

Age -0.0156 0.008 -1.852 0.064 -0.032 0.001
=====================================================================
=======================
Optimization terminated successfully. Current
function value: 0.612572Iterations 5
Results: Logit
=================================================================
Model: Logit Pseudo R-squared: 0.053 Dependent
Variable: Outcome AIC: 950.9107
Date: 2022-10-12 02:32 BIC: 974.1297
No. Observations: 768 Log-Likelihood: -470.46
Df Model: 4 LL-Null: -496.74
Df Residuals: 763 LLR p-value: 1.0467e-10Converged:
1.0000 Scale: 1.0000
No. Iterations: 5.0000

Coef. Std.Err. z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]

Pregnancies 0.0973 0.0240 4.0565 0.0000 0.0503 0.1444

Glucose 0.0125 0.0024 5.2723 0.0000 0.0079 0.0172

48
BloodPressure -0.0331 0.0046 -7.2700 0.0000 -0.0421 -0.0242
SkinThickness 0.0048 0.0054 0.8871 0.3750 -0.0058 0.0154
BMI -0.0057 0.0106 -0.5365 0.5916 -0.0265 0.0151
=================================================================
Optimization terminated successfully. Current
function value: 0.612759Iterations 5
Logit Regression Results
=====================================================================
=========
Dep. Variable: Outcome No. Observations: 768
Model: Logit Df Residuals: 764
Method: MLE Df Model: 3

Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 Pseudo R-squ.: 0.05263

Time: 02:32:14 Log-Likelihood: -470.60 converged:
True LL-Null: -496.74 Covariance Type:
nonrobust LLR p-value: 2.602e-11

=====================================================================
============
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]

Pregnancies 0.0973 0.024 4.051 0.000 0.050 0.144

Glucose 0.0120 0.002 5.661 0.000 0.008 0.016
BloodPressure -0.0343 0.004 -8.536 0.000 -0.042 -0.026
SkinThickness 0.0037 0.005 0.742 0.458 -0.006 0.014

=====================================================================
============
Optimization terminated successfully. Current
function value: 0.613118

49
 Iterations 5
Logit Regression Results
=====================================================================
=========
Dep. Variable: Outcome No. Observations: 768
Model: Logit Df Residuals: 765
Method: MLE Df Model: 2

Date: Wed, 12 Oct 2022 Pseudo R-squ.: 0.05207

Time: 02:32:14 Log-Likelihood: -470.87 converged:
True LL-Null: -496.74 Covariance Type:
nonrobust LLR p-value: 5.835e-12

=====================================================================
============
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]

Pregnancies 0.0951 0.024 3.996 0.000 0.048 0.142

Glucose 0.0122 0.002 5.804 0.000 0.008 0.016
BloodPressure -0.0335 0.004 -8.692 0.000 -0.041 -0.026
=====================================================================
============
precision recall f1-score support

0 0.77 0.88 0.82 500

1 0.69 0.51 0.59 268

accuracy 0.75 768

macro avg 0.73 0.69 0.70 768
weighted avg 0.74 0.75 0.74 768

50
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

51
Ex.no :5E
Date :
Multiple Regression analysis

Aim:
To write a python program for multi regression analysis.

Algorithm:
Step1 : start the program.
Step2 : Import necessary header files.
Step3 : Using a dataset to print head.
Step4 : Perform corr, sho() by help of dataset.
Step5 : Print the values.
Step6 : Stop the program.

52
 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

import pandas as pd

importseaborn as sns
from pandas.plotting import scatter_matriximport

matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import statsmodels.api as sm import pylab

df=pd.read_csv('diabetes.csv')df.head()

print(df) corr=df.corr()

print(corr)

hm=sns.heatmap(corr,xticklabels=corr.columns,yticklabels=corr.columns,cmap='RdBu',annot=T rue)

print(hm) data=df.Age

sm.qqplot(data,line='s')pylab.show()

scatter_matrix(df)

#pd.plotting.scatter_matrix(df,alpha=1,figsize(20,20)) plt.show()

data=df[["Pregnancies","Glucose","BloodPressure"]] print(data)

#pd.plotting.scatter_matrix(data,alpha=1,figsize(30,20))plt.show()

53
Output:

Pregnancies Glucose ... Age Outcome

0 6 148 ... 50 1

1 1 85 ... 31 0

2 8 183 ... 32 1

3 1 89 ... 21 0
4 0 137 ... 33 1

.. ... ... ... ... ...

763 10 101 ... 63 0

764 2 122 ... 27 0

765 5 121 ... 30 0

766 1 126 ... 47 1

767 1 93 ... 23 0

[768 rows x 9 columns]

Pregnancies Glucose ... Age Outcome

Pregnancies 1.000000 0.129459 ... 0.544341 0.221898

Glucose 0.129459 1.000000 ... 0.263514 0.466581

BloodPressure 0.141282 0.152590 ... 0.239528 0.065068

SkinThickness -0.081672 0.057328 ... -0.113970 0.074752

Insulin -0.073535 0.331357 ... -0.042163 0.130548

BMI 0.017683 0.221071 ... 0.036242 0.292695

DiabetesPedigreeFunction -0.033523 0.137337 ... 0.033561 0.173844

Age 0.544341 0.263514 ... 1.000000 0.238356

Outcome 0.221898 0.466581 ... 0.238356 1.000000

54
[9 rows x 9 columns]

AxesSubplot(0.125,0.125;0.62x0.755)

Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure

0 6 148 72

1 1 85 66

2 8 183 64

3 1 89 66

4 0 137 40

.. ... ... ...

763 10 101 76

764 2 122 70

765 5 121 72

766 1 126 60
767 1 93 70

[768 rows x 3 columns]

55
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

56
Ex.no :6A
Apply and explore various plotting functions on UCI data sets.
Date :
Normal curve

Aim:
To write a python program for normal curves.
Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import necessary header files.
Step3 : Plot between- 10 and to with 001 steps.
Step4 : Calculate mean and standard deviation.
Step5 : Print the values.
Step6 : stop the program.

57
 Apply and explore various plotting functions on UCI data sets.

Normal curves
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltfrom
scipy.stats import norm import statistics
# Plot between -10 and 10 with .001 steps.
x_axis = np.arange(-20, 20, 0.01)
# Calculating mean and standard deviationmean =
statistics.mean(x_axis)
sd = statistics.stdev(x_axis)
plt.plot(x_axis, norm.pdf(x_axis, mean, sd))plt.show()

Output:

58
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

59
Ex.no :6B
Date :
Density and contour plots

Aim:
To write a python program for density and contour plots.
Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import necessary header files.
Step3 : Compute np.sin(x)*10+np.cos(10+y*x)*np.cos(x).
Step4 : Perform linspace, meshgrid, lable and show().
Step5 : Print the values.
Step6 : stop the program.

60
 Density and contour plots

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.style.use('seaborn-white')
import numpy as np
def f(x, y):
return np.sin(x) ** 10 + np.cos(10 + y * x) * np.cos(x)x =
np.linspace(0, 5, 50)
y = np.linspace(0, 5, 40) X, Y =
np.meshgrid(x, y)Z = f(X, Y)
plt.contour(X, Y, Z, colors='black'); plt.contour(X,
Y, Z, 20, cmap='RdGy');
contours = plt.contour(X, Y, Z, 3, colors='black')
plt.clabel(contours, inline=True, fontsize=8)
plt.imshow(Z, extent=[0, 5, 0, 5], origin='lower', cmap='RdGy', alpha=0.5)
plt.colorbar();

Output:

61
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

62
Ex.no :6C
Date :
Correlation and scatter plots

Aim:
To write a python program for correlation and scatter plots.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import the necessary header files.
Step3 : Correlation coefficient between Bloodpresure and BMI also print matrix.
Step4 : Print the values.
Step5 : Stop the program.

63
 Correlation and scatter plots

import pandas as pd
diab=pd.read_csv("diabetes.csv")
print("Diabetes DataFile headers Details")
print(diab.head())
import seaborn as sns
sns.scatterplot(x="BloodPressure", y="BMI", data=diab);
ax = sns.scatterplot(x="BloodPressure", y="BMI", data=diab)
ax.set_title("BloodPressure vs. BMI") ax.set_xlabel("BloodPressure");
sns.lmplot(x="BloodPressure", y="BMI", data=diab);
sns.lmplot(x="BloodPressure", y="BMI", hue="BloodPressure", data=diab);from scipy
import stats
print("Correaltion coefficient between BloodPressure and BMI")
print(stats.pearsonr(diab['BloodPressure'], diab['BMI']))
cormat = diab.corr()
print("correlation MATRIX")
print(round(cormat,2))
sns.heatmap(cormat);

Output:
Diabetes DataFile headers Details
Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure SkinThickness Insulin BMI \
0 6 148 72 35 0 33.6
1 1 85 66 29 0 26.6
2 8 183 64 0 0 23.3
3 1 89 66 23 94 28.1
4 0 137 40 35 168 43.1

DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age Outcome

0 0.627 50 1
1 0.351 31 0
2 0.672 32 1
3 0.167 21 0
4 2.288 33 1
Correaltion coefficient between BloodPressure and BMI
(0.2818052888499105, 1.737888383236698e-15)
correlation MATRIX
Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure SkinThickness \
Pregnancies 1.00 0.13 0.14 -0.08
Glucose 0.13 1.00 0.15 0.06
BloodPressure 0.14 0.15 1.00 0.21

64
SkinThickness -0.08 0.06 0.21 1.00
Insulin -0.07 0.33 0.09 0.44
BMI 0.02 0.22 0.28 0.39
DiabetesPedigreeFunction -0.03 0.14 0.04 0.18
Age 0.54 0.26 0.24 -0.11
Outcome 0.22 0.47 0.07 0.07

Insulin BMI DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age \

Pregnancies -0.07 0.02 -0.03 0.54
Glucose 0.33 0.22 0.14 0.26
BloodPressure 0.09 0.28 0.04 0.24
SkinThickness 0.44 0.39 0.18 -0.11
Insulin 1.00 0.20 0.19 -0.04
BMI 0.20 1.00 0.14 0.04
DiabetesPedigreeFunction 0.19 0.14 1.00 0.03
Age -0.04 0.04 0.03 1.00
Outcome 0.13 0.29 0.17 0.24

Outcome
Pregnancies 0.22
Glucose 0.47
BloodPressure 0.07
SkinThickness 0.07
Insulin 0.13
BMI 0.29
DiabetesPedigreeFunction 0.17
Age 0.24
Outcome 1.00

65
66
67
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

68
Ex.no :6D(1)
Date :
Histogram

Aim:
To write a python program for Histograms.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import Header files.
Step3 : Declare variable with values.
Step4 : Put histogram and show() it.
Step5 : Print the values.
Step6 : Stop the program.

69
 Histograms
1)
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltx =
[1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
]
plt.hist(x, bins=10)plt.show()

70
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

71
Ex.no :6D(2)
Date :
Histogram

Aim:
To write a python program for Histograms.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step1 : Import necessary header files.
Step1 : Creating 3 subplots, 1st for histogram, 2nd for histogram segmented by outcome and 3rd
For representing same segmentation using tosplot.
Step1 : Print the values.
Step1 : Stop the program.

72
2)
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport
seaborn as sns sns.set(color_codes =True)
%matplotlib inline diab=pd.read_csv("diabetes.csv")
print("Diabetes DataFile headers Details")
print(diab.head())
sns.countplot(x=diab.Outcome)
dia1 = diab[diab.Outcome==1]dia0 = diab[diab.Outcome==0]plt.title("Count Plot for Outcome")
# Creating 3 subplots - 1st for histogram, 2nd for histogram segmented by Outcome and 3rd for
representing same segmentation using boxplot
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 6))
plt.subplot(1,3,1)
sns.set_style("dark")
plt.title("Histogram for BloodPressure")
sns.distplot(diab.BloodPressure,kde=False)plt.subplot(1,3,2)
sns.distplot(dia0.BloodPressure,kde=False,color="Blue", label="Preg for Outome=0")
sns.distplot(dia1.BloodPressure,kde=False,color = "Gold", label = "Preg for Outcome=1")
plt.title("Histograms for Preg by Outcome")
plt.legend() plt.subplot(1,3,3)
sns.boxplot(x=diab.Outcome,y=diab.BloodPressure)plt.title("Boxplot for Preg
by Outcome")

73
Output:
Diabetes DataFile headers Details
Pregnancies Glucose BloodPressure SkinThickness Insulin BMI \
0 6 148 72 35 0 33.6
1 1 85 66 29 0 26.6
2 8 183 64 0 0 23.3
3 1 89 66 23 94 28.1
4 0 137 40 35 168 43.1

DiabetesPedigreeFunction Age Outcome

0 0.627 50 1
1 0.351 31 0
2 0.672 32 1
3 0.167 21 0
4 2.288 33 1

74
75
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

76
Ex.no :6E
Date :
Three dimensional plotting

Aim:
To write a python program for three dimensional plotting.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Import necessary header files.
Step3 : Data for a three dimensional line is x line, y line and z line.
Step4 : Data for a three dimensional scatter points in z data, x data, y data.
Step5 : Print the values.
Step6 : Stop the program.

77
 Three dimensional plotting

from mpl_toolkits import mplot3d

%matplotlib inline import
numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltfig =
plt.figure()
ax = plt.axes(projection='3d')ax =
plt.axes(projection='3d')
# Data for a three-dimensional linezline =
np.linspace(0, 15, 1000) xline = np.sin(zline)
yline = np.cos(zline) ax.plot3D(xline, yline,
zline, 'gray')
# Data for three-dimensional scattered pointszdata = 15
* np.random.random(100)
xdata = np.sin(zdata) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)ydata =
np.cos(zdata) + 0.1 * np.random.randn(100)
ax.scatter3D(xdata, ydata, zdata, c=zdata, cmap='Greens');
Output:

78
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

79
Ex.no :7
Date :
Visualizing geographic data with Basemap

Aim:
To write a python program for visualizing geographic data with Basemap using module.

Algorithm:
Step1 : Start the program.
Step2 : Include necessary header files.
Step3 : Map the long, lat of x, y for plotting.
Step4 : Draw a shaded. Relief image; lots and longs are returned as a dictionary.
Step5 : Key contains the plt.line instance and cycle. Through the line and set the desired style for
line in all lines.
Step6 : Print the values.
Step7 : Stop the program.

80
 VISUALIZING GEOGRAPHIC DATA WITH BASEMAP
Program:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemapfig =
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
m = Basemap(projection='lcc', resolution=None,width=8E6,
height=8E6,
lat_0=45, lon_0=-100,)
m.etopo(scale=0.5, alpha=0.5)
# Map (long, lat) to (x, y) for plottingx, y = m(-
122.3, 47.6)
plt.plot(x, y, 'ok', markersize=5) plt.text(x, y, '
Seattle', fontsize=12);from itertools import
chain
def draw_map(m, scale=0.2):
# draw a shaded-relief image
m.shadedrelief(scale=scale)
# lats and longs are returned as a dictionary
lats = m.drawparallels(np.linspace(-90, 90, 13))
lons = m.drawmeridians(np.linspace(-180, 180, 13))# keys
contain the plt.Line2D instances
lat_lines = chain(*(tup[1][0] for tup in lats.items())) lon_lines =
chain(*(tup[1][0] for tup in lons.items()))all_lines =
chain(lat_lines, lon_lines)
# cycle through these lines and set the desired stylefor line in
all_lines:
line.set(linestyle='-', alpha=0.3, color='w')

81
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6), edgecolor='w')
m = Basemap(projection='cyl', resolution=None,llcrnrlat=-
90, urcrnrlat=90,
llcrnrlon=-180, urcrnrlon=180, )
draw_map(m)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6), edgecolor='w')
m = Basemap(projection='cyl', resolution=None,llcrnrlat=-
90, urcrnrlat=90,
llcrnrlon=-180, urcrnrlon=180, )
draw_map(m)
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
m = Basemap(projection='lcc', resolution=None,lon_0=0,
lat_0=50, lat_1=45, lat_2=55, width=1.6E7,
height=1.2E7)
draw_map(m)

Output:

82
83
Result:
Thus the program has been executed successfully and output was verified.

84