[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 20 Li Ans. 12 Ans. Ans. 14 Ans. SHORT QUESTIONS Name several repetitive phenomenon occurring in nature which could serve as reasonable time standard. Any natural phenomenon that repeats itself after exactly same time interval can be used as a measure of time. The repetitive phenomenon could serve as reasonable time standard, occurring in nature are as follows: 1. Sun: Sun served as reasonable time standard because sunset and sunrises gives the information of time. Moon: Moon is also reasonable time standard because it gives the information of time. Weather: changing of weather can also give information about time. 4, Rotation of Earth on its axis. S. Rotation of Earth around the sun. 6. Oscillation of a simple pendulum. Give draw backs to use the period of a pendulum as a time standard. ‘As we know that the time period of a simple pendulum depends upon the length and value of g at any place. Since T= 2f! g s clear that time period of a simple pendulum depends upon the value of g which is different at different places. So a pendulum of same length may have different time period at difference places. So period of pendulum cannot be taken as standard for measuring ime (ii) Friction: Time period of a simple pendulum changes due to air resistan (iii) Temperature: In summer due to increase in temperature, length of simple pendulum changes so time period changes. Why do we find it useful to have two units for the amount of substance, the kilogram and the mole? It is very useful to have two units for the amount of substance i.e., kilogram and mole. If we want to consider a specific amounts of mass without considering number of microscopic atoms present in it itis useful to use kilogram, Because one kilogram of different substances contains different number of molecules. While if we want to consider a fixed number of atoms present in it then it is useful to use mole, Because one mole of any substance contains the same number of atoms or molecules, Three student’s measured the length of a needle with a scale on which minimum division is 1 mm and recorded as (i) 0.2145m (ii) 0.21m (ii) 0.214m. Which record is correct and why? In these records (iii) 0.214 m is more correct than the other records because the least count of a scale is | mm which can be written as 0.001 m. So according to this figure, the student measure that type of record is correct.[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 24 15 An! 16 Ans. 17 Ans. 18 Ans. 19 ‘An old saying is that “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”. What analogue statement can you make regarding experimental data used in computation? The analogous statement regarding experimental data used in computation is “A result obtained from an experimental data used in computation is only as accurate as its least accurate reading”. The period of simple pendulum is measured by in the time period? stopwatch. What type of errors are possible When the period of a simple pendulum is measured by a stopwatch, the following types of errors are possible: 1. Systematic Error: The error due to the fault in the measuring instrument is called systematic error i.e., zero error. 2, Personal Error: The error due to the faulty procedure of an observer is called personal error. Does dimensional analysis give any information on constant of proportionality that may appear in an algebraic expression? Explain. Dimensional analysis does not give any information about the constant of proportionality or dimensionless constant, For example P ‘The numerical value of this constant cannot determined by dimensional analysis. Write the dimension of: @ Pressure (ii) Density (Dimensions of Pressure: E_ ma As Pe Bpa kg ms? - UnitofP = “EEE = ke m > [P] = [ML"T’) (ii) Dimensions of Density: Mass As Density = Jojame Unit of density = is = kgm? [Density] - [ML~] The wavelength 4 of a wave depends on the speed v of the wave and its frequency f. Knowing that: [A] = [Lv] = LT] and [f] Decide which of the following is correct,[CHAPTER 4] MEASUREMENTS 22 Ans, In 1* case f= vA where fis frequency. Its dimension is [T], v is speed, its dimensions are ar) 2. is the wavelength, its dimension is [ L ]. So, (y= (rey >] Hence the equation f = v2. is not dimensionally correct because left hand side dimension is not equal to right hand side dimension In second case y t =7 d Lr So T= Ty m= (1 v Hence the equation f= 5, is dimensionally correct because left hand side dimensions is equal to right hand side dimension.[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 23 PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS | PROBLEMS 1.1 A light year is the distance light travels in one year. light year? (Speed of light = 3.0 x 10° ms“) Data Time = = Lycar = 365 days = 365 x 24 x 3600 = 31536000 see Speed of light = 3x 10° m/s To Find Distance covered by light - d - ? [SOLUTION| As we know that y -4 t do =vxt = Cxt = 3x 10° x 31536000 = 94608000 x 10° = 9.46 x 10! m Result d = 9.46x 10m Distance covered by light | PROBLEM 1.2 (a) How many seconds are there in 1 year? (b) How many nanoseconds in 1 year? (©) How many years in 1 second? Data One year = 365 days 365 x 24 x 3600 3.1536000 3.15 x 10” sec. low many metres are there in one[CHAPTER 4] MEASUREMENTS 24 To Find (@) Seconds in one year (6) Nanosecond in one year (©) Years in one second [SOLUTION] (@) As we know that lyear = 365 days = 365 x 24 x 3600 = 3.15 x 10" see. Seconds in one year. = 3.15 x 10" sec. (b) As lyear = 3.15x10"x 10°nsec. Since ns = 10° = 3.15x 10'nanosecond +. 1s = 10?ns (c) As lyear = 3.15 x 10" sec. saver = I second second = 0.317 x 107 years 3.17 x 10° years Result (a) Number of seconds in one year 3.15 x 10” seconds 3.15 x 10'° nanosecond 3.17 x 107 years (>) Number of nanoseconds in one year (©) Number of years in one second PROBLEM 1.3} The length and width of a rectangular plate are measured to be 15.3 cm and 12.80 cm, respectively. Find the area of the plate, Data Length of rectangular plate = L = 15.3 em Width of rectangular plate = W= 12.80em To Find Area of the plate SOLUTION) As we know that Area = Length x Width = 153 x 12.80 = 195.84 cm? Result Area of rectangular plate= A = 196 em?[CHAPTER 4] MEASUREMENTS 25 PROBLEM 1. Add the following masses given in kg upto appropriate precision. 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32. Data The given masses are 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32 id Sum of masses upto appropriate precision — ? |SOLUTION| To Fi 2.189 + 0.089 11.8 + 5.32 19.398 194 kg ‘Sum of masses Result Sum of masses upto appropriate precision = 19.4 kg. PROBLEM 1.5| Find the value of *g’ and its uncertainty using T = 27 vf from the following measurements made during an experiment. Length of simple pendulum / = 100 em Time for 20 vibrations = 40.2 s Length was measured by a metre scale of accuracy upto 1 mm and time by stop watch of accuracy upto 0.1 s. Data Length of simple pendulum = 7 = 100em =1m Time for 20 vibration t 40.25 t 40.2 Time period = T = 35 = “9g = 2.01 sec. Least count of metre scale. = 1 mm= 0.1 em To Find Acceleration due to gravity = g = ? [SOLUTION] As we know that T mi anxt Squaring Pr[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 26 Putting the values & 39.4384 4.04 g = 9.76mis® ce Uncertainty in length = = 0.1 em % uncertainty in length = 0.1% % uncertainty in time = os 100 Since oe = 0.005 sec. = 0.25% Thus Total uncertainty in“g” = % uncertainty in time + 2(% uncertainty in time) = 0.1+2(0.25) = 0.1405 = 0.6% 0.6 Thus Uncertainty in calculated value of g = [99 x 0.97 = 0.06 mis” Hence (9.76 + 0.06) m/s? Result Acceleration due to gravity = g = (9.76 + 0.06) m/s” PROBLEM 1. What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant G in the formula? y= 6B Data ‘The given formula is pgm To Find Dimensions of G = ? Unit of G =? SOLUTION} Now for dimensions mm Fo= Gu[CHAPTER 4] MEASUREMENTS 27 Exe G = iim Since F = ma max? m xm: kg. mis’ xm? kg.kg a kgs’ UnitofG = Dimensions of G = [M“L°T?] For unit of G aero Neng myxm, kg. kg = Nmiike? Result Dimensions of G = [M7“L°T Unit of G = Nem’/kg? PROBLEM 1. Show that the expression v;= Vj + at dimensionally correct, where V; is the velocity at t = 0, ais acceleration and Vris the velocity at time t. Data The given equation is vi = Vitat To Find Is the equation dimensionally correct = SOLUTION) Now In unit form < ' s + moe s s LoL T Where 2 is constant so it is dimensionless L L T LT] = (LT"] ary = 1r] Result Hence the equation Vp Vv; + at is dimensionally correct.[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 28 PROBLEM 1. The speed V of sound waves through a medium may be assumed to depend on (a) the density p of the medium and (b) its modulus of elasticity E which is the ratio of stress to strain. Deduce by the method of dimensions, the formula for the speed of sound. SOLUTION} ‘As we know that the speed of sound depends upon the following two factors (i) Density p* and (ii) Elasticity E” Since vx pre Vv = Constant xp"? Writing dimensions of quantities on both the sides. i s Dimensions of velocity = v = [3] = (LT) Mass Volume ky Unitofp = 5% ‘The dimensions of density p [pe] = [ML] Suess F Strain ~ A and Dimensions of elasticity E ~ ‘Where strain has no dimensions ma e A 2 Unit ofE = Ee tey= 2S = ory Putting in equation (i) (LT“] = Constant [ML“Y" [ML"'T?]* [LT“] = Constant x [M*L“][M°L?T*] = Constant x [M™° LT?) Comparing the exponents ForL -3a-b = 1 ForT -2b = -1 ForM a+b = 0 As 2b and ath[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 29 Putting the values in eq, (i) Constant xp"? v V = Constant x P v= Constant x-\ |= p Result ‘The formula for the speed of sound is E + = coma Show that the famous “Einstein equation” E | PROBLEM 1.9} = mc’ is dimensionally consistent. SOLUTION} The given equation is E me” Writing the dimension of both sides Dimension of energy (E) = Work = F.d ma.d Unit ofwork = kgm “I Unit of me” = {me"] From eq. (i) and (ii) [ML°T?)] = [ML?T?] Result Hence the Einstein’s equation E = mc’ is dimensionally consistent.[CHAPTER 1] MEASUREMENTS 30 PROBLEM 1.16] Suppose, we are told that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radius r with uniform speed V is proportional to some power of r, say r°, and some power of V, say V", determine the powers of r and v? [SOLUTION According to statement, the acceleration of particle moving in a circle can be written as aoe a = Constant x r'v™ w Writing the dimension of both sides Dimensions of acceleration = [a] = [LT] Dimensions ofradius = [r] = m= [L] Dimensions of velocity = [v] = [LT"] Putting in eq. (i) = Constant x [ L * {LT} Constant x [ L] [L™1™"] Constant x [L*** -"] ng the exponents nim =1 -m = 2 m = 2 Putting in above n+2=1 n = 1-2 na =-1 Putting in eq a = Constant xv? , ¥ a = Constant x Result The acceleration of a particle moves with velocity in a circle of radius r is a = Constant x >