GRADE XII GRADE XII

THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL 4.2 Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
CHEMISTRY 1. Copper atom has completely filled d-orbitals in its ground state but
THE d AND f – BLOCK ELEMENTS
it is a transition element. Why ?
Date of Issue : Date of Submission:
Name of the student: Section : Copper has incompletely filled d-orbitals / d9 configuration in +2
General instructions : oxidation state.
• Answer all the questions 2. Scandium (Z=21) is a transition element but Zn (Z=30) is not.

4.1 Position in the Periodic Table Sc has incompletely filled 3d-orbital in its ground state but Zn atom

1. Define transition elements. Which of the d-block elements may not has completely filled d-orbitals in its ground state as well as in its

be regarded as the transition elements ? oxidised state.

Element/ Metals which have incomplete d-orbital in ground state or 3. Silver atom has completely filled d-orbitals in its ground state, it is

in its oxidation state. Zn, Cd, Hg still considered to be a transition element. Justify the statement.

2. What are the transition elements ? Write two characteristics of the Silver has incompletely filled d-orbitals / d9 configuration in +2

transition elements. oxidation state.

Element/ Metals which have partially or incomplete d-orbital in 4. Zn, Cd, Hg are considered as d-block elements but not as transition

ground state or in anyone of its oxidation state. elements

1) Variable oxidation states Zn, Cd, Hg have completely filled d-orbitals in its ground state or

2) Form coloured ion in its oxidation state.

Or any other two correct characteristics 5. Zinc not regarded as a transition element

3. Write the number of unpaired electrons in Cr3+.(Atomic number of Zn [Ar]3d104s2 has fully filled d-orbital configuration in ground

Cr = 24) state and in its oxidized state.

Three unpaired electrons.

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4.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block) (i) Which element in 3d series has lowest enthalpy of atomisation ?
Alloy (ii) Why do metals of the second and third series have greater
Transition metals form alloys. Why ? enthalpies of atomisation?
Because of almost identical atomic radii./ Due to comparable radii (iii) Why are enthalpies of atomisation of transition metals quite
/ comparable size. high ?
Atomic size (i) Zn
1. Zr and Hf have almost similar atomic radii. (ii) It is because of frequent metal-metal bonding.
Because of lanthanoid contraction /poor shielding effect of 4f (iii) Due to strong intermetallic bonding / strong interatomic
orbitals. interaction.
2. Atomic radii of 4d and 5d series elements are nearly same. 2. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), which element has the lowest enthalpy of
Due to lanthanoid contraction atomisation and why ?
Atomisation of enthalphy Zinc, due to completely filled d-orbitals/ weak metallic bonding.
1. Answer the following questions on the basis of the figure given 3. Iron has higher enthalpy of atomization than that of copper.
below : Due to higher number of unpaired electrons.
4. Transition metals have high enthalpy of atomization.
Because of greater number of unpaired electrons which cause
strong metallic bonding / strong interatomic interaction forces.
5. Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomization in 3d series.
It has d10 configuration / absence of unpaired electrons in d-orbitals
resulting in weak metallic bonding.
/ No unpaired electrons in 3d subshell/ weak metallic bonding.

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6. The given graph shows the trends in melting points of transition Chemical reactivity
metals : 1. Copper does not displace hydrogen from acids.
Copper shows positive E° value / Cu is less reactive than hydrogen.
2. Cr2+ is a strong reducing agent.
Because Cr is more stable in + 3 oxidation state due to stable t2g3
configuration.
3. Mn3+ (3d4) is strongly oxidizing whereas Cr2+ (3d4) isstrongly
reducing.
Because Cr is more stable in +3 due to stable t2g3 configuration
while Mn is more stable in +2 due to stable d5 configuration.
4. Why is Mn2+ much more resistant than Fe2+ towards oxidation ?

Explain the reason why Cr has highest melting point and manganese Mn2+ is d5 and is more stable than Mn3+ (d 4) whereas Fe3+ (d5) is

(Mn) a lower melting point. more stable than Fe2+ (d4).

Due to the presence of a greater number of unpaired electrons Colour

which leads to strong interatomic metal-metal bonding whereas Mn 1. [Ti (H2O)6 ]3+ is coloured while [Sc (H2O)6]3+ is colourless.

with a stable half-filled d5 configuration has a weaker metallic Due to d-d transition of electron in Ti3+ but no d-d transition in

bond. Sc3+/ Due to presence of unpaired electron in Ti3+ while Sc3+ does

Catalyst not have unpaired electrons.

Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic properties. (Give one mark if question is attempted in any way because the

Because of their ability to show multiple or variable oxidation states formula of Ti complex is wrong)

/ ability to form complex / provide larger surface area for the 2. [Ti(H2O)6]4+ is colourless.

reactants/ they provide large surface area for adsorption (utilises Absence of unpaired electron / no d-d transition occurs

(n-1) d and ns electrons for bonding).

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3. Copper (I) compounds are white whereas Copper (II)compounds Because of no unpaired electron in d-orbitals in Zn2+ whereas, Ni2+
are coloured. has 2 unpaired electrons in d-orbitals / Ni2+ shows d-d transition
Cu+1(3d10) compounds are white because of absence of unpaired while Zn2+ does not.
electrons while Cu+2 (3d9) compounds are coloured due to 9. Zn2+ salts are white while Cu2+ salts are coloured. Why ?
unpaired e- / shows d-d transition. Because of no unpaired electron in d-orbitals in Zn2+ whereas,
4. Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution whereas Ti3+ is coloured. Cu2+ has 1 unpaired electrons in d-orbitals / Cu2+ shows d-d
Because of Absence or no unpaired electron in the d-orbital of Sc3+ transition while Zn2+ does not.
whereas there is one unpaired electron in Ti3+ / Ti3+ shows d-d Complex formation
transition. Transition metal form a large number of complex compounds.
5. Ti4+ is colourless whereas V4+ is coloured in an aqueous solution. Because of small size, high ionic charge and availability of d-
Due to the presence of one unpaired electron in V4+ whereas there orbital.
is no unpaired electron in Ti4+ . Electrode potential
6. Transition metals form coloured compounds. Why ? 1.
Due to d-d transition / or the energy of excitation of an electron Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
Eº(M2+/M)
from lower d orbital to higher d-orbital lies in the visible region – 0.91 – 1.18 – 0.44 – 0.28 – 0.25 + 0.34
From the given data of Eº values, answer the following questions :
/presence of unpaired electrons in the d-orbital.
(i) Why is Eº(Cu2+/Cu) value exceptionally positive ?
4+ 3+
7. Which ion amongst the following is colourless and why ?Ti , Cr ,
(ii) Why is Eº(Mn2+/Mn)value highly negative as compared to other
3+
V (Atomic number of Ti = 22, Cr = 24, V = 23)
elements ?
Ti4+ no unpaired electrons in d-orbital / no d-d transition /d0
(iii) Which is a stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+ ? Give reason.
configuration.
(i) Because of high ΔaHº & low Δhyd Hº.
8. Zn2+ salts are colourless while Ni2+ salts are coloured.
(ii)Because of more stability of Mn2+ (3d5 )
(iii)Cr2+ ,because in +3 oxidation state Cr is more stable ( t2g 3
orbital)

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2. E0 value for the Mn3+/ Mn2+ couple is positive (+ 1.5 V) whereas 7. Eº(M2+/M) values for transition metals show irregular variation.
that of Cr3+/ Cr2+ is negative (– 0.4 V). Why ? Due to the irregular variation in ionisation enthalpies (sum of 1st
Cr2+ changes from d4 to stable half-filled t2g3 configuration while and 2nd ionisation enthalpies), heat of sublimation and enthalpy
Mn3+ changes to stable half-filled d5 configuration. of hydration/ due to irregular electronic configurations from left
3. Eº value for (Mn2+|Mn) is negative whereas for (Cu2+|Cu) is to right in a period which changes the ionisation potential.
positive. 8. Eº(Mn2+/Mn) is – 1.18 V. Why is the value highly negative in
Mn2+ is stable due to exactly half filled 3d 5 configuration/ Due to comparison to neighbouring d block elements?
high ΔaHº and low ΔhydHº for Cu2+ / Cu is positive. Due to extra stability of half filled (d5) orbitals in Mn2+
4. Eº value for (Zn2+/Zn) is negative while that of (Cu2+/Cu) is 9. In 3d series, which transition element has positive Eº M2+ /M value
positive. and why ?
Because of stable 3d10 configuration of Zn2+ whereas due to low Cu, Because of highΔaHº and low ΔhydHº , Eº value for Cu is
hydration enthalpy and high enthalpy of atomization of Cu2+. positive
5. Eº value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for 10. The EºM2+ / M value for copper is positive.
Fe3+/Fe2+. Because of highΔaHº and low ΔhydHº , Eº value for Cu is positive
The comparatively high value for Mn shows that Mn2+(d 5) is 11. The EºMn2+ / Mn value for manganese is highly negative whereas
particularly stable / Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn EºMn3+ / Mn2+ is highly positive.
(where the required change is from d 5 to d 4) Because of stable half-filled 3d5 configuration in Mn2+.
6. Eº values for (Zn2+/Zn) and (Mn2+/Mn) are more negative than 12. The Eº value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive
expected. than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ couple or Fe3+/Fe2+ couple.
Mn2+ and Zn2+ has stable half-filled and fully filled Mn3+ changes to Mn2+ stable half-filled d5 configuration / much
configurations/relatively less sublimation enthalpy of Mn and Zn. larger third ionization enthalpy of Mn whereas Cr3+ and Fe3+
Due to stable 3d10 configuration in Zn2+ and 3d5 configuration in have stable configuration.
Mn2+.

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Ionisation energy 2. The melting and boiling points of Zn, Cd and Hg are low.
Why is first ionization enthalpy of chromium lower than that of Zn? Because of the absence of unpaired electrons in their d-orbitals
In chromium an electron is removed from 4s1 while in Zn it is resulting in weak bonding between the atoms/ due to presence of
from fully filled 4s2 orbital fully filled d orbitals , weak metallic bonding takes place.
Interstitial compound 3. Transition metals have high melting points.
Transition elements form interstitial compounds. Because of strong intermetallic bonding / strong interatomic
Because small size atoms like B, C , H,N occupy interstitial sites interactions forces.
in the lattice of transition elements. 4. Zn, Cd and Hg are soft and have low melting point.
Magnetic nature No unpaired electron/weak interatomic metallic bonding / completely
2+
1. Calculate the spin-only moment of Co (Z = 27) by writing the or fully filled d orbitals
2+
electronic configuration of Co and Co . Oxidation state
1. A transition element X has electronic configuration [Ar] 4s2 3d3.
Predict its likely oxidation states.
+2, +3, +4, +5 (any two)
2. Higher oxidation state of Mn with fluorine is +4 whereas with
2. Transition metals and most of their compounds show
oxygen is +7.
paramagnetic behaviour.
Due to the ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds with metal.
Because of presence of unpaired electrons.
3. How is the variability in oxidation states of d-block different from
Melting point
that of the p-block elements ?
1. Manganese has lower melting point even though it has a higher
Oxidation states differ by +1 unit in transition metals whereas by
number of unpaired electrons for bonding.
+2 units in p-block elements / heavier elements are stable in higher
Due to stable 3d5configuration , interatomic interaction is poor
oxidation state in transition elements whereas heavier elements are
between unpaired electrons.
stable in lower oxidation states in p-block elements.*Mn shows +2,

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+3, +4, etc. oxidation states whereas Pb shows +2 and +4 Due to ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds with transition
oxidation states. metals.
4. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), which element shows the maximum number 10. The only oxidation state shown by Scandium is +3.
of oxidation states and why ? At + 3, Stable dº is obtained
Mn, due to involvement of 4s and 3d electrons/ presence of maximum 11. Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
unpaired d-electrons/It has maximum number of electrons that will Because of comparable energies of (n-1)d and ns orbitals /
participate in bonding. Incomplete filling of d-orbital.
5. Mn shows maximum number of oxidation states in 3d series. Due to incomplete filling of d orbitals / participation of both (n-1) d
Due to the participation of all 3d and 4s electrons in bond formation and ns orbitals.
/due to the presence of maximum number of unpaired electrons. 12. Write one difference between transition elements and p-block
6. Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with elements with reference to variability of oxidation states.
fluorine it shows the highest oxidation state of +4. In transition elements, oxidation states differ from each other by
Ability of oxygen to form multiple bond/ pℼ - pℼ bond unity whereas in case of p- block elements, the oxidation states
differ by units of two / In transition elements, the higher oxidation
7. Name the element of 3d series which exhibits the largest number of
states are more stable for heavier elements in a group. In p – block
oxidation states. Give reason. elements, the lower oxidation states are more stable for heavier
Mn, it has maximum number of unpaired electrons / It has maximum members due to inert pair effect. (Any one difference)

number of electrons that will participate in bonding.

Oxides and Halides, ions
8. Name two oxometal anions of the 3d series of the transition metals
1. Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF4 whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.
in which the metal exhibits the oxidation state equal to its group
Because oxygen stabilizes Mn more than F due to multiple bonding
number.
2. Highest oxidation state of a metal is shown in its oxide or fluoride
Dichromate ion/ Chromate ion / Permanganate ion (any two)
only. Justify the statement.
9. The highest oxidation state is exhibited in oxoanions of transition
Because Fluorine and oxygen are highly electronegative / both are
metals.
strong oxidising agents.

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3. MnO is basic whereas Mn2O7 is acidic in nature. Why ? 2. Zn,Cd and Hg are soft metals.
MnO has Mn in +2 Oxidation State Due to completely filled d-orbitals / They have fully filled d-orbitals
Mn2O7 has Mn in +7 Oxidation State . and hence weak metallic bonding /low enthalpy of atomisation due
Higher the Oxidation State , Higher is the acidic character. to fully filled d-orbitals / Weak Metal-Metal bonding.
4. The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic whereas the highest Property
oxide is amphoteric or acidic. 1. Physical and chemical properties of the 4d and 5d series of the
Lower oxide of transition metals are ionic & ionic character transition elements are quite similar than expected.
decreases or covalent character increase with increase in oxidation Due to lanthanoid contraction / due to poor shielding effect of 4f
state. orbitals.
Higher is the oxidation state higher is the acidic character / as the 2. Zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties
oxidation state of a metal increases, ionic character decreases Due to lanthanoid contraction.
5. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of Chromium (Cr) in which it Stability
shows the oxidationstate equal to its group number. 1. Cr2+ is reducing in nature while with the same d-orbital
CrO32 – / Cr2O7 2 – /K2Cr2O7/ K2CrO4 configuration (d4) Mn3+ is an oxidising agent.
6. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of Manganese (Mn) in which it Cr2+ changes from d4 to stable half-filled t2g3 configuration while
shows the oxidationstate equal to its group number. Mn3+ changes to stable half-filled d5 configuration.
MnO41 – / KMnO4 2. Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution./ CuCl2 is more stable than
Cu2Cl2.
Physical state Cu+ ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu2+ (aq.) and Cu /
1. Zn is soft whereas Cr is hard. 2 Cu+ (aq.) ⎯→ ⎯ Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu (s)
Because of strong metallic bonding in Cr and weak metallic bonding In CuCl2, Cu is in +2 oxidation state which is more stable due to
in Zn / presence of unpaired electrons in Cr whereas no unpaired high hydration enthalpy as compared to Cu2Cl2 in which Cu is in +1
electron in Zn. oxidation state

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3. Mn2+ is more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to +3 state. (i) Which ion is most stable in an aqueous solution and why ?
Mn2+ has stable half-filled d5 configuration. Fe2+(3d6) can lose one (ii) Which ion is a strong oxidising agent and why ?
electron easily to give Fe3+(3d5, stable configuration). (iii) Which ion is colourless and why ?
4. Out of Cu+ and Cu2+, which ion is unstable in aqueous solution and (iv) Which ion has the highest number of unpaired electrons
why ?/ Out of Cu2Cl2 and CuCl2, which is more stable in (i)Cr3+, due to stable t2g3 configuration.
aqueoussolution and why ? (ii)Mn3+, as Mn is more stable in +2 oxidation state / stable half-
CuCl2 is more stable than Cu2Cl2 as Cu+2 is more stable than Cu+ filled d5 configuration of Mn2+.
due to highΔhydHº/ Cu+ in aqueous solution undergoes (iii)Ti4+, no unpaired electrons / no d-d transition / d0
disproportionation, i.e.,2Cu+→Cu2+ + Cu configuration.
5. Use the data to answer the following and also justify giving reason : (iv) Mn3+
Cr Mn Fe Co 2. Following ions are given :
2+
EºM /M – 0.91 – 1.18 – 0.44 – 0.28 Cr2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn3+
3+ 2+
EºM /M – 0.41 +1.57 + 0.77 +1.97
(a) Which is a stronger reducing agent in aqueous medium,Cr2+ or Identify the ion which is

Fe2+ and why ? (i) a strong reducing agent.

(b) Which is the most stable ion in +2 oxidation and why ? (ii) unstable in aqueous solution.

(a) Cr2+ , due to lower standard reduction potential (Eº) / Higher (iii) a strong oxiding agent.

standard oxidation potential. Give suitable reason in each.

(b) Mn2+ , Due to highest negative standard reduction potential. (i) Cr2+, because the stable state of chromium is +3 due to

Other questions configuration.

1. Following are the transition metal ions of 3d series : (ii) Cu+(aq), due to more negative ΔhydHº of Cu2+(aq) than

Ti4+, V2+,V3+, Mn3+, Cr3+ Cu+(aq) / It undergoes disproportionation.

(Atomic numbers : Ti = 22, V = 23, Mn = 25, Cr = 24) (iii) Mn3+, because the most stable state of manganese is +2 due

Answer the following : to half filled configuration / 3d5.

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3. Following ions of 3d transition series are given : (iii)Zn2+, no unpaired electrons / no d-d transition.
V3+ ,Cr2+ ,Cu+ ,Fe2+ 5. Give reason and select one atom/ion which will exhibit asked
(Atomic number : V = 23, Cr = 24, Cu = 29, Fe = 26) property :
Identify the ion which is (i) Sc3+ or Cr3+ (Exhibit diamagnetic behaviour)
(a) unstable in aqueous solution. (ii) Cr or Cu (High melting and boiling point)
(b) a strong reducing agent in aqueous solution. (i) Sc+3, because of absence of unpaired electron.
(c) colourless in aqueous solution? (ii) Cr, because of presence of strong intermetallic bonding than
Give suitable reason in each. Cu.
(a) Cu+, shows disproportionation / Fe2+, stable half filled d5 6. Identify the following :
configuration (1) Transition metal of 3d series that exhibits only oneoxidation
(b) Cr2+, Cr2+ changes to Cr3+ with half filled t2g3 configuration. state.
(c) Cu+, absence of unpaired electrons. (2) Transition metal of 3d series that acts as a strongreducing agent
4. Following ions of 3d transition series are given : in +2 oxidation state in aqueous solution.
Ti2+ ,Fe2+,Cu2+, Zn2+ (1) Sc
(Atomic number : Ti= 22, Fe = 26, Cu = 29, Zn= 30) (2) Cr/ Fe
Identify the ion, which is 7. Name two elements of 3d series which show anomalous electronic
(i) a strong reducing agent in aqueous solution. configuration.
(ii) more stable than its+1 oxidation state. Chromium, Copper
(iii) colourless in aqueous solution. 8. Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueoussolution
Give a suitable reason in each. and why?Sc3+, Fe3+, Zn2+
(i) Fe2+, Fe is more stable in Fe3+ due to half-filled d5 [Atomic number : Sc = 21, Fe = 26, Zn = 30]
configuration. Fe3+, presence of unpaired electron leading to d-d transition
(ii)Cu2+, due to high ΔhydHº of Cu2+ than Cu+.

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9. The elements of 3d transition series are given as : (v) Zn, because of no unpaired electron in d-orbital resulting in
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn weak metallic bonding.
Answer the following : (vi) High ionization enthalpy/Low hydration enthalpy.
(i)Write the element which shows maximum number of oxidation (vii) Cr, Cr2+ is oxidized to Cr 3+ which has stable d3 / t32g
state. Give reason. orbital configuration.
(ii)Which element has the highest m.p. and why ? (viii)Zn, because of no unpaired electron in d-orbital.
(iii) Which element shows only +3 oxidation state? (ix) Zn , because of not having partially filled d-orbital in its
(iv)Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in +3 oxidation ground state or ionic state.
state and why ? (x) Cu
(v) Which element is soft and why ? (5) 4.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
(vi)Copper has exceptionally positive Eº(M2+/M) value why? K2Cr2O7
(vii)Which element is a strong reducing agent in +2 oxidation 1. Chromates change their colour when kept in an acidic solution.
state and why ? chromate (CrO42 – ) changes to dichromate (Cr2O72 –) ion in acidic
(viii) Zn2+ salts are colourless. why ? medium.
(ix)Write the element which is not regarded as a transition 2. Explain the method of preparation of sodium dichromate from
element. Give reason. chromite ore. Give the equation representing oxidation of ferrous
(x) Write the element which can show an oxidation state of +1. salts by dichromate ion.
(i) Mn. It has maximum unpaired electrons. Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in
(ii) Cr, because of maximum no. of unpaired electrons cause free access of air to form sodium chromate

strong metallic bonding. 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8CO2

On acidification of Sodium chromate with sulphuric acid to form sodium
(iii) Sc
dichromate
(iv)Mn, because it attains stable half -filled 3d5 configuration in
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+
+2 oxidation state.
Cr2O7 2 – + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ +7H2O +6Fe3+

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3. How can you obtain potassium dichromate from sodium chromate ? givescompound (B). Compound (B) on reaction with KCl forms an
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+ orange coloured compound (C). An acidified solution of compound
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl→ K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl (C) oxidises Na2SO3 to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
4. Orange colour of Cr2O72– ion (dichromate) changes to yellow when A = Na2CrO4 B=Na2Cr2O7 C= K2Cr2O7 D= Na2SO4
treated with an alkali. Why ? 9. Write the balanced ionic equations showing the oxidising action of
Dichromate ion changes to chromate ion / acidified dichromate (Cr2O72– ) solution with (i) Iron (II) Ion and
𝑂𝐻 − (ii) tin (II)ion.
Cr2O7 2 – (orange) →⎯ CrO4 2 – (yellow)
5. What happens when sodium chromate is acidified? (i) Cr2O7 2 – + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ +7H2O +6Fe3+

It gets converted to sodium dichromate / colour changes from (ii) Cr2O72 – + 3Sn2+ + 14H+→2Cr3+ +7H2O +3Sn4+

yellow to orange / correct equation. 10. Write the equations involved in the preparation of Potassium

6. What is the effect of increasing pH on a solution of K2Cr2O7 ? dichromate fromSodium chromate (Na2CrO4).

Changes to CrO4 – 2 / K2CrO4 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+

7. When chromite ore FeCr2O4 is fused with NaOH in presence of air, Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl→ K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl

a yellow colouredcompound (A) is obtained which on acidification 11. Write the ionic equation showing the oxidation of Fe(II) salt by

with dilute sulphuric acid gives acompound (B).Compound (B) on acidified dichromate solution.

reaction with KCl forms a orange colouredcrystalline Cr2O7 2 – + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ +7H2O +6Fe3+

compound(C).(i) Write the formulae of the compounds (A), (B) and 12. Write the preparation of sodium dichromate from chromite ore

(C).(ii) Write one use of compound (C). (FeCr2O4).

Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in
(i)A-Na2CrO4 , B-Na2Cr2O7 ,C-K2Cr2O7
free access of air to form sodium chromate
(ii)Use- strong oxidising agent / as a primary standard in
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8CO2
volumetric analysis
On acidification of Sodium chromate with sulphuric acid to form sodium
8. When FeCr2O4 is fused with Na2CO3 in the presence of air it gives
dichromate
a yellow solution of compound (A). Compound (A) on acidification 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+

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(Full marks may be awarded for writing correct equations only. Balancing 1. When pyrolusite is fused with KOH in presence of air or
may be ignored) oxidizing agent , potassium manganate is produced .
13. Write the preparation of sodium dichromate from chromite ore. 2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O
Fusion of chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium 2. Potassium manganate upon further oxidation or
carbonate in free access of air to form sodium chromate disproportionation in a neutral or acidic medium gives
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8CO2 potassium permanganate.
On acidification of Sodium chromate with sulphuric acid to form 3MnO42 – + 4H+→2MnO4 – + 2H2O + MnO2.
sodium dichromate 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
MnO42 – →⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ MnO4 – + e –
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+ (Award full marks if only correct reactions are given)
(Full marks may be awarded for writing correct equations only. 4. Hydrochloric acid is not used in permanganate titrations.
Balancing may be ignored) HCl is oxidized by KMnO4 to Cl2 .
KMnO4 5. When MnO2 is fused with KOH in the presence of KNO3 as an
1. Complete the following reaction and justify that it is a oxidizing agent, it gives a dark green compound (A). Compound
disproportionation reaction : (A) disproportionates in acidic solution to give purple compound
3MnO4 + 4H → _____ + _____ + 2H2O.
2– +
(B). An alkaline solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to
3MnO4 + 4H →
2– +
MnO41 – + MnO2+ 2H2O. compound (C) whereas an acidified solution of compound (B)
Oxidation state of Mn increases from +6 to + 7 (oxidation) and oxidises KI to (D). Identify (A), (B), (C), and (D).
decreases from + 6 to + 4(reduction) / Mn undergoes increase and A=K2MnO4 / MnO42–, B=KMnO4 / MnO4 – , C=IO3– or KIO3 , D=I2
decrease in oxidation state simultaneously. 6. When pyrolusite ore MnO2 is fused with KOH in presence of air,
2. HCl is not used to acidify KMnO4 solution. green coloured compound (A) is obtained which undergoes
KMnO4 being an oxidising agent oxidises HCl to chlorine (Cl2). disproportionation reaction in acidic medium to give purple
3. How is KMnO4 prepared from pyrolusite ? Give steps involved coloured compound (B).(i)Write the formulae of the compounds
with equations. (A) and (B) (ii)What happens when compound (B) is heated?

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(i) A : K2MnO4 / MnO42 – , B : KMnO4 / MnO4 – , 11. Write the preparation of potassium permanganate from pyrolusite
(ii) On heating it decomposes forming K2MnO4 and oxygen gas ore (MnO2).
OR 2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O
2KMnO4 →K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 3MnO42 – + 4H+→2MnO4 – + 2H2O + MnO2. (any other suitable method)
7. Write the balanced chemical equations involved in the preparation 12. Write the preparation of the following :(i) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4
of KMnO4 from pyrolusite ore (MnO2). (ii) K2MnO4 from MnO2
2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O (i) 2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+

3MnO42 – + 4H+→2MnO4 – + 2H2O + MnO2. (any other suitable method) (ii) 2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O
8. Write the chemical equations for the preparation of KMnO4 from 13. Out of KMnO4 and K2MnO4 which one is paramagnetic and why?
MnO2. Why does purple colour of acidified permanganate solution K2MnO4, due to the presence of one unpaired electron.
decolourise when it oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ ? Complete the following equation :
2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O 1. Cr2O7 2 – + H+ + Fe2+ →
3MnO42 – + 4H+→2MnO4 – + 2H2O + MnO2. (any other suitable method) Cr2O7 2 – + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ +7H2O +6Fe3+
Due to the formation of Mn2+ ion from MnO4 – / or reaction 2. Cr2O7 2 – + H+ + I – →
MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ →Mn2+ +4H2O + 5Fe3+ Cr2O7 2 – + 14H+ + 6I – →2Cr3+ +7H2O + 3I2
9. Write the ionic equations for the oxidizing action of MnO4– in 3. Cr2O7 2 – +H+ + NO2– →
acidic medium with(1) I– ion, and(2) Fe2+ ion. Cr2O7 2 – +8H+ +3NO2– → 2Cr3+ +4H2O +3NO3 –
(1) 2MnO4– + 10I– + 8H+→ Mn2+ +8H2O + 5I2 4. Cr2O7 2– + OH–→
(2) MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ →Mn2+ +4H2O + 5Fe3+ Cr2O7 2– + 2OH –→ 2CrO4 2–+H2O
10. Write the preparation of K2MnO4 from pyrolusite ore (MnO2). 5. Cr2O72 – + H+ + e–→
Write the type of magnetism shown by KMnO4and K2MnO4. Cr2O72 – + 14H+ + 6e–→ 2Cr3+ +7H2O
2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O 6. Cr2O72 – + Sn2+ + H+→
KMnO4 – Diamagnetic and K2MnO4 - Paramagnetic Cr2O72 – + 3Sn2+ + 14H+→2Cr3+ +7H2O +3Sn4+

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7. Cr2O72– + H2S + H+→ 18. MnO4– +I–+ H+→

Cr2O72– + 3H2S + 8H+→2Cr3+ +7H2O +3S 2MnO4– + 10I– + 8H+→ Mn2+ +8H2O + 5I2

8. KMnO4→⎯⎯⎯⎯
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 19. MnO42 – + H+→
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 3MnO42 – + 4H+→2MnO4 – + 2H2O + MnO2.
2KMnO4→⎯⎯⎯⎯ K2MnO4+ MnO2+ O2
20. Na2Cr2O7 + KCl→
9. MnO2 + KOH + O2 →
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl→ K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
2MnO2 +4 KOH + O2 →2K2MnO4+2H2O
21. Na2CrO4 + H+ →
– –
10. MnO4 + H + NO2 →+
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + H2O + 2Na+
– – –
2MnO4 + 6H + 5NO2 →2Mn +3H2O +5NO3
+ 2+
4.5 The Lanthanoids
11. MnO4 – + H+ + SO3 2– →
1. Ce(III) is easily oxidised to Ce(IV). Comment
2MnO4 – + 6H+ + 5SO3 2– →2Mn2+ +3H2O + 5SO4 2–
Ce(IV) ion has more stable configuration (4f0) than Ce(III)ion.
–
12. MnO4 + C2O4 + H → 2– +
2. Ce4+ is a strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution.
–
2MnO4 + 5C2O42–+ 16H →2Mn +8H2O +10CO2
+ 2+
Because Ce4+ changes to the common + 3 oxidation state.
–
13. MnO4 + Fe + H → 2+ +
3. Define lanthanoid contraction. Write the common oxidation state of
MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ →Mn2+ +4H2O + 5Fe3+
lanthanoids.
14. MnO4 – + H+ + S2 – →
The filling of 4f orbital before 5d orbital results in steady decrease
2MnO4 – +16 H+ + 5S2 – →2Mn2+ +8H2O +5S
in atomic radii and ionic radii./ The steady decrease in the atomic
15. MnO4 – + H2O + I– →
radii and ionic radii of the elements with increase in atomic number.
2MnO4 – + H2O + I– →2MnO2+2OH – + IO3–
Common Oxidation state is +3
16. MnO4– + Mn2+ +H2O →
4. Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent. / Eu2+ is a good reducing agent.
–
2MnO4 + 3Mn +2H2O →5MnO2+4H
2+ +
Because Eu is more stable in common +3 oxidation state./
17. MnO4– + S2O32– + H2O →
Eu2+ with electronic configuration [Xe] 4f76s2 is a strong reducing
– –
8MnO4 + 3S2O3 + H2O →8MnO2+6
2–
SO42– +2OH
agent./

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Eu2+ has the tendency to change to common oxidation state of +3 / (iv) Basic character of the lanthanide hydroxides M(OH)3 decreases
Award full marks if the question is attempted as the given electronic with increase in atomic number.
configuration is of Eu. 10. What is the general electronic configuration of lanthanoids ?
1-14
5. Name an element of lanthanoid series which is well known to shown 4f 5d 0-1 6s2
+4 oxidation state. Is it a strong oxidising agent or reducing agent ? 11. Write the general electronic configuration of f-block elements.
Cerium /Terbium, strong oxidising agent (n-2)f 1-14 (n - 1) d0 – 1 ns2
6. Separation of a mixture of Lanthanoid elements is difficult. 1.6 The Actinoids
Because of lanthanoid contraction / similar atomic or ionic radii / 1. Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid contraction.
similar properties. 5f orbital electrons have poor shielding effect than 4f
7. What are the common oxidation states of Cerium (At. no. 58) ? 2. Actinoids show irregularities in their electronic configurations.
+3 and +4 Due to comparable energies of 5f , 6d and 7s orbitals./Due to
8. What is ‘misch metal’ ? Write its one use. relative stabilities of the f 0, f 7, f 14 occupancies of the 5f orbital.
An alloy of Lanthanoide (95% lanthanoid +approximately 5% Fe Trace 3. Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
amount of S, C Ca, Al) is Mischmetal. Due to comparable energies of 5f, 6d, and 7s orbitals /less energy
It is used in bullets, flints etc. gap between 5f, 6d, and 7s orbitals / 5f orbital not as buried as 4f
9. What is lanthanoid contraction ? Write its one consequence. orbital, so can participate more in bonding.
The filling of the 4f orbital before the 5d orbital resulting into 4. Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as compared to lanthanoids.
regular decrease in atomic radii is called lanthanoid contraction. Give tworeasons. /The chemistry of actinoids elements is not so
(i) Similarity in the size of the atoms of the elements belonging to smooth as that of the lanthanoids.
same group of 2nd / 4d and 3rd/ 5d transition series / the second Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states / most of them are
and the third d-series exhibit similar atomic / ionic radii. radioactive elements.
(ii) Difficulty in separation of Lanthanoids in pure state. The energy difference between 5f, 6d and 7s orbitals is very less as
(iii) Similar physical and chemical properties. compared to lanthanoids.

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Other questions
1. Write one similarity and one difference between the chemistry of
lanthanoids and that of actinoids.
• Similarity: Both Lanthanoids and Actinoids show contraction/
stable in + 3 oxidation state.
1. Both show variable oxidation states
2. Both show f-f transitions
3. Electrons of f-orbital in both show poor shielding effect
4. both have common +3 oxidation state
5. both show contraction in atomic radii. (any two suitable
similarity)
• Difference: Lanthanoids are mainly non-radioactive whereas
Actinoids are radioactive.
(or any other suitable similarity and difference)
2. Give three points of difference between lanthanoids and actinoids.

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Class XII/Chemistry/The d and f Block elements/2024