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The World’s Greatest Pi-hole (and

Unbound) Tutorial 2023
Welcome! In this article, I am going to detail for you what I consider to be the perfect Pi-hole setup
instructions for 2023 (yes, I know – as of the writing of this article, it’s still 2022, but we’re close
enough).

Table of Contents

1. Video Version of this Tutorial

2. WTF is a Pi-hole?
3. “I cAn’T gEt a RaSpBeRrY pI!!”
4. Let’s get started!
5. Raspberry Pi Imager
6. Boot your Pi-hole
7. SSH into the Pi
8. Update Raspberry Pi OS
9. Set a Static IP Address
10. Install Pi-hole
11. Change the Pi-hole Web GUI Admin Password
12. Log into the Pi-hole GUI
13. Settings
14. Con�gure Devices to use the Pi-hole

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15. Unbound Setup

16. Using Unbound with Pi-hole
17. Testing Ad Blocking
18. Updating the Pi-hole
19. Firewall considerations
20. Thank you!

Video Version of this Tutorial

WTF is a Pi-hole?

First of all though – what is Pi-hole? Pi-hole is a network-wide ad blocker designed to be run on a
Raspberry Pi single-board computer. When Pi-hole is installed, and your computers and devices are
con�gured to use it for their DNS queries, ads and malware are blocked automatically in order to
reduce the chances of being tracked, or having malware installed. This increases both security and
privacy on your network overall.

“I cAn’T gEt a RaSpBeRrY pI!!”

Yes yes – supply chain issues make it extremely dif�cult to get your hands on a
Raspberry Pi at the moment. But don’t let that stop you! You can also run Pi-Hole in a
Docker container (for instance if you have a QNAP or Synology NAS with the Docker
app installed), or any one of a number of other operating systems. Don’t let lack of
Raspberry Pi availability stop you from doing this project – it’s extremely lightweight,
and can be installed on a virtual machine with very little resources allocated.

Another excellent resource is to follow RPilocator on Twitter, or keep an eye on their

web page which can send alerts when a Raspberry Pi comes into stock in your
geographical location. I used RPilocator to get an 8GB Raspberry Pi 4 recently, and

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would have been able to get even MORE Raspberry Pi’s if not for stock limits. (Damn you
Adafruit! <shakes �st>).

Let’s get started!

Here’s what you need to get started:

• Raspberry Pi – I’m using a Raspberry Pi 2GB for this project, but even that version is total overkill –
Pi-hole works great on older units as well if you have any Raspberry Pi 2’s or 3’s lying around. I
wouldn’t recommend trying this on any of the Pi Zeros though since it’s much better to have this
hard-wired. We won’t be using any of the wireless capabilities of the Pi.
• A microSD card – Does not have to be a big card – 8GB is totally �ne. When �nished, Raspberry Pi
OS + Pi-hole will end up taking up about 1.6GB on the microSD card. I would recommend a decent
quality card though – don’t want anything to slow down those DNS lookups!
• Raspberry Pi Imager – This software formats the microSD card and installs your Raspberry Pi OS of
choice. It also allows you to set some of the Raspberry Pi defaults before you ever boot it up.
Raspberry Pi Imager is available for download on Windows, macOS, and Ubuntu.

Raspberry Pi Imager

Download and run Raspberry Pi Imager on your desktop computer. You’ll also want to insert the
microSD card into a microSD card reader. Take note of the drive letter of the microSD card – but no
need to format it ahead of time as Raspberry Pi imager will do this for you.

Underneath ‘Operating System’ click ‘CHOOSE OS.’ Then click on Raspberry Pi OS (other) and
choose ‘Raspberry Pi OS Lite (64-bit).’

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We don’t need any sort of GUI or extra software here, so the Lite version of the Raspberry Pi OS is
going to be just �ne.

Next, click ‘CHOOSE STORAGE.’ You’ll want to select your microSD card.

MAKE SURE you don’t overwrite any drive that ISN’T the microSD card!! This is the only
warning! If you pick the wrong drive and erase Grandma’s 90th birthday pictures, you
will never get them back.

Finally, click the gear icon so that we can set some of the Raspberry Pi default settings.

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Check the box next to ‘Set hostname:’ and pick a name. I’m going to call mine pihole3.local (since I
already have 2 Pi-holes on my network).

Check the box next to ‘Enable SSH’ and then leave the radio button on ‘Use password
authentication.’

Scroll down and set a username and password for your Pi-hole SSH. I’m going to leave ‘pi’ as the
username, but set a strong password.

Optionally, you can scroll further down and check the box next to ‘Set locale settings’ and then pick
your time zone and keyboard layout. When �nished, click ‘SAVE.’

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Finally, click ‘WRITE’ and your brand new Raspberry Pi OS will be written to the microSD card. This
takes about 3-4 minutes. Once complete, remove the microSD card and insert it into your
Raspberry Pi.

Boot your Pi-hole

Plug power into your Raspberry Pi to boot it up – the boot process should only take a minute or so.
Other than the power cord, you should also have the Pi’s Ethernet port plugged into a network
switch.

PRO TIP: I have found that when working with Raspberry Pi’s it’s nice to have an on/off
switch. This product works great for being able to easily switch the power on and off of
the Raspberry Pi without having to disconnect the USB-C or MicroUSB cable.

PISwitch (USB-C)

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Once your Raspberry Pi has booted, it will likely grab an IP address from your network’s DHCP
server – but how will you know which IP address it grabbed? There are two main ways to do this.

Option 1: You can check your DHCP lease table in your router. I have an EdgeRouter 4, so I log into
the router and navigate to the Services –> DHCP tab. From there, I can drop down the ‘Actions’ box
to view DHCP leases for my LAN network. If I sort by the most recent leases, I can see Hostname
‘pihole3’ (exactly as I set in the Raspberry Pi Imager above). This tells me that the ‘pihole3’ host
received 192.168.200.182 from the DHCP server.

Finding the IP address of my Pi-hole upon �rst boot.

Now – if you don’t have an EdgeRouter, whichever device you DO have that provides DHCP leases
to your client devices will likely have a similar way to view these leases and �gure out which IP
address your Pi-hole has been given. If you’re using UniFi or a Dream Machine / Dream Router, you
can likely �nd this information in the ‘Clients’ section.

Option 2: If you don’t have any way to check DHCP leases in your DHCP server, you can always

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hook up a keyboard and monitor to the Raspberry Pi, log in, and then run:

ip a

To get the IP address information.

SSH into the Pi

Once you have your Raspberry Pi’s IP address, use SSH to log in. On Windows, you can SSH from
the command prompt by typing:

ssh [email protected]

Where ‘pi’ is your username, and 192.168.200.182 is the IP address of your Raspberry Pi.

Alternatively, you can use a program such as PuTTY to log in via SSH. Just download and run PuTTY
and then type your IP address in the Host Name �eld and click ‘Open.’

Use PuTTY to log in.

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Finally, on macOS, open ‘Terminal’ and then log in with:

ssh [email protected]

Just like you would with the Windows command prompt.

Log in with username ‘pi’ and the password you set in the Raspberry Pi Imager.

Update Raspberry Pi OS

The �rst thing we want to do is update all packages. To do so, run this command:

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

Updating the Pi takes 4-5 minutes.

Set a Static IP Address

We want to ensure that the IP address of the Raspbery Pi never changes, so we need to set a static
IP. There are two ways to do this.

Option 1 – Set a DHCP reservation

A DHCP reservation is basically just a way for us to tell the DHCP server to only ever give a speci�c
IP address to the MAC address of our Raspberry Pi. In my EdgeRouter 4, this is pretty simple – I just
�nd the DHCP lease for the Raspberry Pi, and then click the ‘Map Static IP’ button followed by
‘Save.’ Once I have done that, the DHCP server will only ever give out the IP address I picked to the
Raspberry Pi. In the settings of the Pi itself, it’s still set to obtain an IP address from DHCP, but my
DHCP server knows that it should only ever give the Pi a speci�c IP…which essentially makes it
static.

Option 2 – Set a Static IP on the Raspberry Pi

The other option is to set an IP address statically on the Pi itself – this is the method that I prefer.
Open up the dhcpcd.conf �le by typing:

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sudo nano -w /etc/dhcpcd.conf

And then scroll down until you �nd the section called ‘Example Static IP con�guration:’

This section is commented out by default, so you will need to uncomment some lines and input your
own static IP address and network information. For my Pi-hole, I am going to want to use the
following information:

Static IP: 192.168.200.52/24

Gateway: 192.168.200.1
DNS Servers: 192.168.200.1, 1.1.1.1

In my case the con�guration will look like this:

# Example static IP configuration:

interface eth0
static ip_address=192.168.200.52/24
# static ip6_address=fd51:42f8:caae:d92e::ff/64
static routers=192.168.200.1
static domain_name_servers=192.168.200.1 1.1.1.1

Interface eth0 was uncommented, and then I set a static IPv4 IP address of 192.168.200.52 (don’t
use my network subnet information – substitute it with your own). Then I set ‘static routers’ to my
gateway IP and set two DNS servers (I removed the IPv6 DNS server).

Once you’re happy with your con�guration, press CTRL+X to exit followed by ‘Y’ and ENTER to
save.

Now reboot the Pi to take advantage of the new network settings:

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sudo reboot

Install Pi-hole

Once you’ve set your Pi-hole’s networking to a static IP address and rebooted (or if you’ve done a
DHCP reservation), it’s time to install Pi-hole. Remember to re-connect to the NEW IP address if
you set it statically on the Raspberry Pi.

Run this command to install Pi-hole:

curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash

This will �re off the installation wizard. When the screen below appears, press ENTER (OK).

Pi-hole installation wizard – press OK.

The next screen recommends that you DONATE to help the Pi-hole project – I recommend it as
well! Press ENTER (OK).

Donate to this worth project! Press OK.

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Next, the wizard gives us a warning about using a static IP address – we’ve already covered this, to
move the cursor over to Continue and press ENTER.

Choose Continue and press OK.

On this screen, double-check that the IP address shown is the IP address that you want to use for
the Pi-hole and then press ENTER (select Yes – Set static IP using current values).

Choose Yes and press OK.

NOTE: If you set a speci�c static IP, but that is not displayed on this screen, you probably
forgot to reboot the Raspberry Pi. Cancel out – reboot, and then re-start the installation
wizard.

The next screen is another warning about networking – they REALLY REALLY want you to have a
static IP address. Press ENTER (OK).
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Press OK.

Now we are going to pick an upstream DNS provider. This is the DNS server that the Pi-hole will
use to do DNS lookups (initial lookups – then they get cached). Since we’re going to be installing
Unbound, we’ll be making our own DNS lookups to the primary root domain servers on the
Internet, so for now, it’s �ne to pick any one of these – I’ll be using Cloud�are (1.1.1.1) for this
tutorial.

Choose an upstream DNS provider and press OK. I will be choosing Cloud�are, but we will
be changing this setting later in the tutorial.

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DNS Server Selection – You don’t HAVE to use Unbound to perform your own lookups
to the Internet’s primary root domain servers – you an absolutely skip that part of this
tutorial and simply pick one of the DNS servers on this list. BUT – if you do choose one of
these DNS servers, you should understand that not all DNS servers are equal – some of
them simply do any lookup that you request, and others do some level of content
�ltering. There’s a great breakdown of the various DNS servers in this list (plus some
more options), and which ones do phishing/malware/adult content �ltering HERE.

Next we’re asked if we want to use the default included block list – this block list is a list of domains
that Pi-hole is going to block for us. This list is perfectly �ne, and will block a signi�cant chunk of
suspect sites – however, there are many block lists available, and you’ll likely want to add some
more – we’ll cover this later in the tutorial. Choose YES and press ENTER.

Choose Yes and press OK.

Next we’re asked if we want to install the Admin Web Interface, which of course we do! Select YES
and press ENTER.

Choose Yes and press OK.

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Another notice about the web server – just choose YES and press ENTER.

Choose Yes and press OK.

Next, we’re asked if we want to enable query logging. Typically, you will want to say Yes here, but if
you’re super security conscious and you don’t want any of your DNS lookups logged, you can also
choose No.

Choose Yes and press OK.

Now we’re asked about the level of privacy – you can visit the website listed for more information.
For this tutorial, we’re going to select ‘Show everything’ and press Continue.

Leave this selected on Show everything and press Continue.

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That’s it! After this step, Pi-hole has all of the information it needs to get started. You’ll see it run
through a bunch of scripts in the CLI (takes about 2 minutes), and will eventually be brought to this
screen:

Press OK to �nish the installation.

This �nal screen is giving a summary of our install and also shows us our Admin Webpage login
password. You don’t need to copy this down – we’re going to change that password in the next step.

Change the Pi-hole Web GUI Admin Password

You’ll want to set a nice strong password for the Pi-hole admin GUI – to do that, run this command:

pihole -a -p

This will have you input a password and then con�rm it.

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Log into the Pi-hole GUI

We’re now ready to log into the GUI for the �rst time! Open up a browser and input the IP address
followed by /admin in this format:

http://192.168.200.52/admin

(Substitute my IP address with your own). Note also that this is HTTP and not HTTPS.

Pi-hole Admin GUI login screen – enter your Admin

password and click ‘Log in.’

Enter the Admin password that you set in the previous step and click ‘Log in.’ Upon logging in, we’re
presented with the Pi-hole Dashboard – let’s take a look around!

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Pi-hole dashboard.

We’re not using this Pi-hole yet, so we don’t have a ton of useful statistics…those will start to
populate as soon as we start using this server for our DNS queries.

Down the left-hand side of the dashboard are our menu options. The 4 colored blocks across the
top are some statistics. The blue box is the total number of queries Pi-hole has processed. The red
box is how many of those queries matched FQDN’s on the block list and were blocked. The yellow
box is a percentage of blocked requests (red box divided into the blue box). Finally the green box is
the number of domains that are on the block lists. Since we only have a single block list for now, we
can see we have about 158,000 domains that will be blocked by this Pi-hole.

Going down the left-hand menu – I won’t cover every single setting, but I will point out some of the
more important ones.

Query Log – this shows you the Pi-hole’s history of DNS lookups in descending order (most recent
lookups at the top). You can see all domain statuses – both passed and blocked domains. For passed
domains, there is a button to blacklist, and for blocked domains, there is a button to whitelist.

Long-Term Data – much like the Query Log, this section gives you a deeper dive look into the Pi-
hole’s DNS history and lets you �lter into that data in great detail.

Groups and Clients – some pretty interesting functionality here in Groups and Clients – we’re not
going to dig into this section for this tutorial, but you can use this section if you wanted to block
DNS queries for all devices except for devices in a speci�c group. Or, if you wanted to ONLY block
DNS queries for devices in a speci�c group – you can get very granular with which clients and
groups use which block lists as well.

Domains – this section allows you to speci�cally add domains to a blacklist or whitelist. For
instance, if there are speci�c stores where you like to shop online, and those stores are being
blocked, you can whitelist them here.

Some Blocking Resources – if you’re interested in taking a deeper dive into what block
lists you can add to Pi-hole, here are some good resources:

The Best Pi-hole Blocklists – Avoidthehack.com – This article does an excellent job of
explaining the different types of block lists, and then lists a number of resources for lists
in different categories of blocking.
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The Firebog (blocklist collection) – This blocklist resource does an excellent job of
providing sources of blocklists in multiple categories such as Suspicious, Advertising,
Tracking & Telemetry, & Malicious. It further breaks those lists down into green links and
blue links – the green links are the ones least likely to interfere with normal Internet
activity. A good rule of thumb is to add one or two of these lists from each category to
your Pi-hole.

One more thing to point out – there is a list of commonly whitelisted domains over at Pi-
hole.net. If you’re having issues with a particular website or service (say Spotify or Xbox
functionality for instance), go see if there are resources for whitelisting that particular
service on that page – it may save you a lot of headache.

Adlists – by default, we have the default block list which is well maintained and blocks plenty of
sites without breaking normal Internet functionality. That being said, you can get VERY detailed in
what you’re blocking – malicious sites, adult content, ad sites, tracking & telemetry sites – there are
speci�c public block lists for each of these types of content, but keep in mind that the MORE sites
you add to your block lists, the greater chance you have of breaking something. Then you’ll have
your family complaining to you about ‘the Internet’ not working, and you’ll have to deal with it. The
trick is to �nd the happy medium that does plenty of blocking without affecting the user
experience.

Since we’re taking a look at various block lists, let’s go ahead and add a few from The Firebog page.
Copy the �rst link under ‘Suspicious Lists’ and paste it into the ‘Address:’ �eld – then click Add.

Copy/paste a block list into Adlist group management, and click Add.

Repeat this for as many block lists as you want – for this tutorial, I’m going to copy/paste the �rst
two green URLs from each of the Firebog sections. Once completed, we need to tell Pi-hole to
import these lists.

Navigate to Tools –> Update Gravity and then click the ‘Update’ button. This will comb through all
of the block lists and add the blocked URLs to the Pi-hole database. Once complete, you’ll see a
green ‘Success’ banner at the top of the screen.

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Update Gravity to refresh your list of blocked domains.

Now click on Dashboard from the left-hand menu – notice anything different? Our ‘Domains on
Adlists’ jumped from about 158k to 221k blocked domains.

More blocked domains now!

Let’s go back to our tour of the left-hand menu!

Disable Blocking – this lets you stop Pi-hole from blocking any domains for various amounts of
time (or inde�nitely). Very useful in troubleshooting – if something isn’t working in your network or
Internet browsing, try disabling blocking for 5 minutes and see if that �xes it. If it DOES �x it, then
you know there are probably some domains you’re going to have to whitelist.

One extra tip since we’re talking about disabling blocking – logging into the Pi-hole Admin GUI to
disable blocking can be cumbersome! I �nd myself doing this on a fairly regular basis (once or twice
a week), and I have multiple Pi-holes running for redundancy! So – it can take some time. To shorten
up the time it takes to disable blocking, you can do some scripting. It all starts with this URL:

http://192.168.200.52/admin/api.php?disable=300&auth=PWHASH

Let’s break this down – the IP address is the IP address of your Pi-hole (don’t use mine for this). The
‘disable=300’ means disable for 300 seconds (5 minutes), and the auth=PWHASH is the hashed
value of WEBPASSWORD which can be found in the /etc/pihole/setupVars.conf �le. You can see it if
you log into your Pi-hole with SSH and run the command:

cat /etc/pihole/setupVars.conf |grep WEBPASSWORD

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This will show you your hashed password – copy and paste everything after the = and append it to
the end of the URL above.

How to �nd your hashed password value

Pro tip – in PuTTY, you can select text and then do CTRL+INS to copy it to your clipboard.

If you now add that hashed password to the end of the URL string above and then pop it into a
browser, this will authenticate to your Pi-hole and disable blocking for 5 minutes. You can now use
that URL in scripts for Home Assistant, create a shortcut on your desktop that runs that URL, or do
what I did and create a ‘Disable Pi-hole’ button on your Stream Deck!

Disable Pi-hole button on Stream Deck!

In the case of my Stream Deck button, it runs the disable URL for my �rst Pi-hole, pauses 1 second,
and then runs the disable URL for my 2nd Pi-hole. Works great!

Local DNS – This allows you to create your own local DNS entries – very useful for using FQDNs
with internal servers and devices.

Tools – yea…tools. Check ’em out.

Settings

Last but certainly not least, we have our Settings. This demands its own section of this tutorial.
We’ll start with the ‘System’ tab – this shows us various info about the Pi-hole – software versions,
resource utilization, etc. We also have the option of controlling DNS and the server itself using the
buttons at the bottom.

Settings –> System

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The DNS tab shows us which upstream providers we’re using for non-cached DNS queries. Since I
picked Cloud�are during the setup wizard, we can see Cloud�are is my primary and secondary
lookup source. You can also play around with the primary and secondary checkboxes here to have
different DNS query sources – for instance, Cloud�are + Google. If you’re doing this full tutorial
and installing Unbound, ignore this for now – we’ll be changing this shortly.

One other thing to point out on the DNS tab – on the right hand side is the ‘Interface settings’
section. By default, the Pi-hole is con�gured to ONLY respond to DNS queries from your local LAN.
But in my case, I have 3 separate VLANs in my home network – LAN, Guests, and IoT Devices. I
want all of them to be able to use the Pi-hole, so we need to change that setting to allow requests
from other subnets. In my case, I’m going to choose the ‘Respond only on interface eth0’ which
basically allows any DNS requests that come into the network port.

Allow DNS queries from other subnets.

Be sure to hit Save at the bottom of the screen when you make this change!

DHCP tab – the Pi-hole can be used as a DHCP server if you want, but this is beyond the scope of

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this tutorial.

API / Web Interface tab – this tab allows you to �lter out some speci�c domains you don’t want to
be shown in the dashboard stats. It also lets you change the look and feel of the Admin GUI!
Multiple light and dark themes, plus the Star Trek LCARS theme!

Star Trek LCARS theme for the Pi-hole Admin GUI!

The Privacy tab lets you change which domains are displayed or hidden – this was an option in the
initial setup wizard – if you want to change these settings…here ya go.

Finally, the Teleporter tab lets you backup and restore your Pi-hole settings. This is incredibly
useful for keeping settings in sync across multiple Pi-holes. Once you get your whitelists/blacklists,
block lists, and groups in place, you can just back up all of that data and restore it onto your 2nd Pi-
hole server.

Configure Devices to use the Pi-hole

Awesome – we’ve got our Pi-hole all up and running, and con�gured to block ads and other bad
guys. But – right now, nothing is using this Pi-hole! Let’s �x that – there are two main ways to
con�gure your devices to use the Pi-hole – manually, and via DHCP.

Manual device con�guration – to con�gure your devices to use the Pi-hole manually, you need to
open up your device’s network settings and set your DNS server to be the IP address of the Pi-hole
(or Pi-holes if you’re setting up multiple for redundancy).

In Windows 11, you’ll need to go to Network & Internet settings, click on ‘Change adapter options’
(or Properties of the current adapter). Then ‘Edit’ IP settings.

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Windows 11 – Edit IP settings

You’ll have to set your IP address for your device to ‘Manual’ and then give it an IP, gateway, and
input the IP address of your Pi-hole for ‘Preferred DNS.’ If you have multiple Pi-holes, enter the 2nd
one as the ‘Alternate DNS.’

Modify DNS settings manually.

This however means you have to set an IP address statically for your Windows 11 device.
Alternatively, you can go to Control Panel –> Network and Internet –> Network Connections, �nd
your NIC, right-click on it, choose Properties, double-click on Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IPv4), and then leave ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ set at the top, but choose ‘Use the
following DNS server addresses:’ down below and then set the IP address of your primary and
secondary Pi-hole servers.

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Windows settings with a DHCP’d IP address,

but manual DNS server settings.

Holy crap what a PITA. Now imagine going around and doing this for all of your devices – no thank
you.

The far superior method is to use your DHCP server to set these Pi-hole settings. This way, when
devices connect to your network and request IP address information, they’re automatically
provided with your Pi-hole DNS servers. This method is going to vary depending on your DHCP
server, but it’s usually going to be similar to the way I have mine set in the EdgeRouter 4.

Set the Pi-hole IP address as the primary DNS server for your DHCP leases. Add a 2nd Pi-hole as the secondary
DNS if you have one.

In the screenshot above, you can see that I added the IP address of my Pi-hole server
(192.168.200.52) as the Primary DNS server that my clients will receive when they connect to my
network. I have also added a 2nd Pi-hole server IP as DNS 2 for backup purposes.
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If you don’t have a second Pi-hole, you can also populate DNS 2 with a public DNS server such as
Cloud�are (1.1.1.1). If you go through the list of available upstream DNS providers that Pi-hole
offers (Settings –> DNS), there are some that provide similar content �ltering to Pi-hole that would
work as a decent secondary DNS server for your clients.

Once you’ve made this change, you should shortly start seeing stats hit the Pi-hole dashboard:

Stuff starting to get blocked!

Unbound Setup

OK – so we have our Pi-hole working and blocking stuff – excellent! But let’s take this a step
further. Right now, when we look up a website, if the Pi-hole doesn’t know where to �nd it, it
forwards that request to an upstream DNS provider (as we have it con�gured right now, that
upstream provider is Cloud�are). Those who are more security-conscious may not want some
random 3rd party knowing which domains they’re sur�ng to or looking up (even though Cloud�are
doesn’t keep logs of DNS queries).

For those folks, you can install Unbound on your Pi-hole. Unbound is a service that directly queries
the DNS root domain servers for any uncached FQDN requests. First we’ll need to install Unbound,
and then we’ll con�gure it for use with our Pi-hole.

To install Unbound, SSH into the Pi-hole and run this command:

sudo apt install unbound -y

This should only take about 10-15 seconds. Next, we need to add a whole wall of text to an
Unbound con�guration �le – create this �le by running this command to edit it:

sudo nano -w /etc/unbound/unbound.conf.d/pi-hole.conf

Copy all of this text below – you can also �nd this text in the Pi-hole documentation HERE.

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server:
# If no logfile is specified, syslog is used
# logfile: "/var/log/unbound/unbound.log"
verbosity: 0

interface: 127.0.0.1
port: 5335
do-ip4: yes
do-udp: yes
do-tcp: yes

# May be set to yes if you have IPv6 connectivity

do-ip6: no

# You want to leave this to no unless you have *native* IPv6. With 6to4 an
d
# Terredo tunnels your web browser should favor IPv4 for the same reasons
prefer-ip6: no

# Use this only when you downloaded the list of primary root servers!
# If you use the default dns-root-data package, unbound will find it autom
atically
#root-hints: "/var/lib/unbound/root.hints"

# Trust glue only if it is within the server's authority

harden-glue: yes

# Require DNSSEC data for trust-anchored zones, if such data is absent, th

e zone becomes BOGUS
harden-dnssec-stripped: yes

# Don't use Capitalization randomization as it known to cause DNSSEC issue

s sometimes
# see https://discourse.pi-hole.net/t/unbound-stubby-or-dnscrypt-proxy/937
8 for further details
use-caps-for-id: no

# Reduce EDNS reassembly buffer size.

# IP fragmentation is unreliable on the Internet today, and can cause
# transmission failures when large DNS messages are sent via UDP. Even

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# when fragmentation does work, it may not be secure; it is theoretically
# possible to spoof parts of a fragmented DNS message, without easy
# detection at the receiving end. Recently, there was an excellent study
# >>> Defragmenting DNS - Determining the optimal maximum UDP response siz
e for DNS <<<
# by Axel Koolhaas, and Tjeerd Slokker (https://indico.dns-oarc.net/event/
36/contributions/776/)
# in collaboration with NLnet Labs explored DNS using real world data from
the
# the RIPE Atlas probes and the researchers suggested different values for
# IPv4 and IPv6 and in different scenarios. They advise that servers shoul
d
# be configured to limit DNS messages sent over UDP to a size that will no
t
# trigger fragmentation on typical network links. DNS servers can switch
# from UDP to TCP when a DNS response is too big to fit in this limited
# buffer size. This value has also been suggested in DNS Flag Day 2020.
edns-buffer-size: 1232

# Perform prefetching of close to expired message cache entries

# This only applies to domains that have been frequently queried
prefetch: yes

# One thread should be sufficient, can be increased on beefy machines. In

reality for most users running on small networks or on a single machine, i
t should be unnecessary to seek performance enhancement by increasing num-
threads above 1.
num-threads: 1

# Ensure kernel buffer is large enough to not lose messages in traffic spi
kes
so-rcvbuf: 1m

# Ensure privacy of local IP ranges

private-address: 192.168.0.0/16
private-address: 169.254.0.0/16
private-address: 172.16.0.0/12
private-address: 10.0.0.0/8
private-address: fd00::/8
private-address: fe80::/10

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Once you’ve pasted in that text (use SHIFT+INS to paste into PuTTY), hit CTRL+X followed by Y
and ENTER to save and exit. Then we’ll restart the Unbound service:

sudo service unbound restart

If you then run:

sudo service unbound status

You should see that the Unbound service is active (running).

Unbound service is running.

Note in the Unbound con�g that we pasted in a few steps ago that we’re running Unbound on IP
127.0.0.1 (localhost) and port 5335. In order to test that Unbound is working, we can send a DNS
query to that IP and port:

dig crosstalksolutions.com @127.0.0.1 -p 5335

Performing a DNS lookup to Unbound.

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In this case, we can see that the status is NOERROR and we received an IP address for our query.
Looks like we’re ready to use Unbound with Pi-hole!

Using Unbound with Pi-hole

Log into the Pi-hole Admin GUI and navigate to Settings –> DNS.

Uncheck the boxes next to Cloud�are (or whichever DNS provider you picked during the install
wizard), and then add a new custom entry for Unbound:

127.0.0.1#5335

Clear existing upstream DNS servers and add a new custom entry.

Click ‘Save’ at the bottom of this screen. All done! Treat yourself to a beer.

Testing Ad Blocking

If you want to test out Ad Blocking, there’s a great tool for this HERE. Open up that page, and you
should be around 90% blocking with this tutorial:

Ad blocking test results.

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By contrast, if I bypass my Pi-hole and just use 8.8.8.8 (Google) as my DNS resolver, I get 61%.
Yikes! Let’s get that Pi-hole back on ASAP!

Ad blocking results with 8.8.8.8.

Updating the Pi-hole

Every so often, you’ll want to update Pi-hole. To do so, simply log into the Pi-hole via SSH and run
this command:

sudo pihole -up

Firewall considerations

This is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but at least worth mentioning. If you have kids that being
blocked from stuff they’re searching for, or if you’re running Pi-hole in your business and your
employees want to bypass your blocking attempts, by default, there’s nothing stopping them from
manually adjusting their DNS settings to use a non-Pi-hole DNS server.

To help with this, you’ll need to set up some �rewall rules. For instance, you may create a rule that
allows DNS services on port 53 for the IP addresses of your Pi-holes, but BLOCKS port 53
everywhere else. This way – even if someone is savvy enough to manually bypass their DNS
settings to get around your Pi-hole, they still won’t be able to resolve anything. Haha…gotcha
sucker.

Thank you!

Thanks so much for using this Pi-hole tutorial – I will update it with any corrections or updates to
the installation instructions.

Remember to DONATE to the Pi-hole project if you are getting a lot out of this ad blocking server!

If you would like to support Crosstalk Solutions, you can BUY ME A BEER HERE! Or check out
some of the cool stuff we have in our Crosstalk merch store!

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HOW TO PI-HOLE RASPBERRY PI

Comments
22

Jason Stillion
NOVEMBER 22, 2022 AT 12:02 PM

Great Tutorial.
May want to include the instructions to expand the usable space on the memory card.
sudo raspi-con�g
Advanced Options
Expand Filesystem
Ok / Exit out – Reboot when prompted
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Reply 

Crosstalk Solutions
NOVEMBER 22, 2022 AT 12:30 PM

I’m pretty sure that happens automatically now – I did a before/after comparison of df -h on my Pi,
and it was the exact same output before and after running the ‘Expand �le system’ command…pretty
sure you haven’t had to do that for a while now.
Reply 

Jean-Luc Kapetanovic
NOVEMBER 22, 2022 AT 10:38 PM

Very useful, especially the Blocking Resources. I did block too much at the �rst place and disable
pihole for a while giving more time to tune it. Your video just came at the right moment for me. Now
better understanding of pihole blocking list & tune it sucessfully. Thank for the video.
Reply 

K
NOVEMBER 23, 2022 AT 6:42 AM

Hello Chris! thanks for an amazing tutorial, I just followed it with pinhole running in a docker
container. Please maybe make a short video with �rewall rules for pi hole for your complete Uni�
setup playlist. I have your exact setup and would love to see a video that would help me with setting it
up correctly. I’m sure many home users who have teenage kids would appreciate it.
Reply 

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Brian Kehoe
NOVEMBER 28, 2022 AT 4:53 PM

Awesome tutorial and video. Super helpful. A follow-up video with �rewall rules would be awesome.
Reply 

Raj
NOVEMBER 24, 2022 AT 2:22 PM

Excellent tutorial. Installation went without hitch, thanks to detailed instructions. Works as intended.
One thing though, this is not blocking youtube ads on smart tv and this is the only reason I wanted to
add pihole to my network. Is there any other solution for blocking ads on smart tv?
Reply 

Hebert
NOVEMBER 24, 2022 AT 6:56 PM

Thanks for the tutorial. Unbound didn’t work for me.

I’m only getting SERVERFAIL. Did everything that is in your tutorial. And a little more.
Created a directory to unbound.log. But the thing is it is not recording any data. I’m honestly at lost
here.
https://pastebin.com/nEcmMqa6
the log directory also has the appropriate ownership:
https://pastebin.com/nEcmMqa6
When I added a second DNS address on my OpenWRT (1.1.1.1) the percentage of blocked IPs
dropped to 48% from 76%
Is that normal?
Reply 

Geoff
DECEMBER 1, 2022 AT 9:43 PM

I too am having an issue with unbound. Service is running and I can dig a dns entry using 127.0.0.1 on
port 5335 on the pihole server. However, when I set it in the admin interface then run a dns query

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from a network machine it fails.
Reply 

Geoff
DECEMBER 2, 2022 AT 4:31 PM

I had to comment out the unbound entry in resolvconf.conf:

#dnsmasq_resolv=/var/run/dnsmasq/resolv.conf
pdnsd_conf=/etc/pdnsd.conf
#unbound_conf=/etc/unbound/unbound.conf.d/resolvconf_resolvers.conf
The �le it was creating in the unbound folder was creating a dns forward to my UDM-PRO, which,
was pointing to the pihole causing a loop.
Reply 

Bill
DECEMBER 2, 2022 AT 10:52 AM

I get similar results. While browsing to http://www.cisco.com works from chrome on a windows
machine, I see the following when dns points to unbound port:
nslookup wwww.cisco.com
Server: pi.hole
Address: 192.168.423.887
*** pi.hole can’t �nd wwww.cisco.com: Non-existent domain
But dig on the pi-hole machine gets:
dig http://www.cisco.com
; <> DiG 9.11.5-P4-5.1+deb10u8-Raspbian <> http://www.cisco.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER< server 8.8.8.8
Default Server: dns.google
Address: 8.8.8.8
> http://www.cisco.com
Server: dns.google
Address: 8.8.8.8
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: e2867.dsca.akamaiedge.net
Addresses: 2600:1408:c400:38e::b33
2600:1408:c400:38d::b33
104.106.160.119

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Aliases: http://www.cisco.com
http://www.cisco.com.akadns.net
wwwds.cisco.com.edgekey.net
wwwds.cisco.com.edgekey.net.globalredir.akadns.net
apparently cnames cause glitches for pihole.
Reply 

Crosstalk Solutions
DECEMBER 2, 2022 AT 3:15 PM

Your Dig looks like it’s using Google (8.8.8.8) as the DNS resolver no?
Reply 

Ralph
NOVEMBER 25, 2022 AT 10:45 AM

Yeah, that is done at �rst bootup automatically these days.

Reply 

Ralph
NOVEMBER 25, 2022 AT 10:47 AM

Great tutorial btw.

Reply 

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Rob Wyrick
NOVEMBER 26, 2022 AT 11:17 AM

Consider adding instructions for common whitelists?

https://github.com/anudeepND/whitelist
Reply 

Thomas
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 9:01 AM

This whitelist-repo hasn’t got any update in 2022 – so you should consider it dead.
Reply 

Thomas
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 8:58 AM

This is really a great step-by-step tutorial

I have some additions when you “are going to pick an upstream DNS provider”:
From a privacy point of view you may not want to use a DNS provider that collects data about your
DNS queries or is even tracking you! Therefore I have written some infos on my GitHub Page:
https://thomasmerz.github.io/pihole-wireguard-knowhow/#upstream-resolvers
My project is measuring very close to an end user via WiFi and via Vodafone ISP (coax/cable). So
these results are what you also can expect on your home internet connection regardless which ISP
(Telekom, Vodafone, 1-und-1, …) and which technology (DSL, Coax/Cable, Fiber or even mobile
(4G/5G)).
There’s also a link to another GitHub repo if me with daily/nightly updated real data from my home:
https://github.com/thomasmerz/dnspingtest_rrd_ka
Reply 

Shawn
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 9:56 AM

I’ve started using DietPi for my Pi-hole installs to squeeze out the most of my aging Pis (Gen1 &
Gen2).

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“DietPi is extremely lightweight at its core, with features of low process/memory footprint and
DietPi-RAMlog installed by default, to get the maximum performance from your device.”
Reply 

Al R.
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 2:03 PM

I helped write a script with a buddy of mine that automates most of the install of pihole and unbound.
It only works with Ubuntu 20.04 at the moment. Setting static IP address at the begining is a good
idea.
https://github.com/Dhovin/pihole-unbound
Reply 

Valerian
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 9:14 PM

Too bad raspberry is still twice as expensive as normal

Reply 

nirv
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 10:19 PM

Is there a good reason why you are blocking archive.today from archiving this page?
https://archive.ph/ds3eV
Reply 

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Djeimiss selemane
NOVEMBER 29, 2022 AT 10:47 PM

Como posso adqurir

Reply 

Christian
NOVEMBER 30, 2022 AT 4:56 AM

Thank you very much Chris! Great tutorial. I have UDM with 2 VLANs isolated from each other and
LAN. I would be really grateful if you (or someone from this chart) could let me know which �rewall
rule should be created in order to provide access from VLANs to Pi-hole. Sorry for this “stupid”
question but I’m not IT specialist, all other �rewall rules were created basing only on your videos.
Thank you again.
Reply 

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