FUNDAMENTAL OF E-COMMERCE

1. What is e- commerce? Explain it’s features and types of e commerce?

Ans- E-commerce is like shopping on the internet. Instead of going to a physical store, you use your
computer or phone to buy things online. It's a way for people to sell products or services
electronically, without the need for face-to-face interaction. You can buy all sorts of things online,
from clothes and gadgets to food and services. It's convenient because you can shop anytime,
anywhere, as long as you have an internet connection.

 FEATURES

1. Online Presence: E-commerce requires businesses to have an online presence, usually in the
form of a website or a mobile app, where customers can browse and purchase products or services.

2. Global Reach: Unlike traditional brick-and-mortar stores, e-commerce allows businesses to reach
customers worldwide. This global reach opens up new markets and opportunities for growth.

3. 24/7 Accessibility: One of the major advantages of e-commerce is that it operates 24/7.
Customers can shop at any time of day or night, which offers convenience and flexibility.

4. Convenience: E-commerce offers unparalleled convenience for both customers and

businesses. Customers can shop from the comfort of their homes, and businesses can operate
without the constraints of physical store hours.

5. Personalization: E-commerce platforms often use data analytics and algorithms to

personalize the shopping experience for each customer. This can include personalized product
recommendations, targeted marketing messages, and customized offers.

6. Variety of Payment Options: E-commerce platforms offer a variety of payment options to

accommodate different customer preferences. These can include credit/debit cards, digital wallets,
bank transfers, and even cryptocurrencies.

 TYPES OF E-COMMERCE

1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C): In B2C e-commerce, businesses sell products or services

directly to individual consumers. This is the most common type of e-commerce and includes
online retailers like Amazon, Walmart, and Best Buy. Customers browse the website, select
products, make payments, and receive goods or services directly.
2. Business-to-Business (B2B): B2B e-commerce involves transactions between businesses.
This type of e-commerce typically involves large orders, long-term contracts, and complex
procurement processes. Examples include manufacturers purchasing raw materials from
suppliers or businesses buying software services from technology providers.

3. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): C2C e-commerce facilitates transactions between individual

consumers. Online marketplaces such as eBay, Craigslist, and Facebook Marketplace enable
users to buy and sell goods directly to each other. These platforms act as intermediaries,
providing a venue for individuals to list items for sale and connect with potential buyers.
4. Consumer-to-Business (C2B): C2B e-commerce occurs when individual consumers sell
products or services to businesses. This can include freelancers offering their skills and
expertise to companies on platforms like Upwork and Fiverr. Crowdfunding platforms like
Kickstarter and Indiegogo also fall under this category, where individuals offer products or
services to businesses in exchange for financial support.

5. Business-to-Government (B2G): B2G e-commerce involves transactions between businesses

and government agencies. Government procurement portals allow businesses to bid on
contracts, submit proposals, and provide goods or services to government entities.
Examples include government auctions, online licensing, and procurement portals.

6. Consumer-to-Government (C2G): C2G e-commerce refers to transactions where individual

consumers sell products or services to government agencies. This can include individuals
selling goods or services to government employees or agencies through online platforms.
Q2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of e commerce

Ans- Advantages:
1. Global Reach: E-commerce allows businesses to reach a global audience, breaking
geographical barriers and expanding market reach beyond traditional brick-and-mortar
stores.
2. Convenience: Both businesses and consumers benefit from the convenience of e-
commerce. Customers can shop anytime, anywhere, without the constraints of store hours,
while businesses can operate 24/7, catering to the needs of a diverse customer base.

3. Cost Savings: E-commerce eliminates many of the expenses associated with physical stores,
such as rent, utilities, and in-store staff. This can result in significant cost savings for
businesses, which can then be passed on to customers in the form of lower prices.

4. Increased Customer Insights: E-commerce platforms gather vast amounts of data on

customer behavior, preferences, and purchasing habits. Businesses can use this data to
personalize marketing efforts, improve product offerings, and enhance the overall customer
experience.
5. Accessibility: E-commerce opens up opportunities for businesses of all sizes, including small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to compete in the global marketplace. With relatively
low barriers to entry, entrepreneurs can easily set up online stores and start selling products
or services.

Disadvantages:

1. Security Concerns: E-commerce transactions involve the exchange of sensitive information,

such as payment details and personal data. Security breaches, hacking attacks, and data
theft are significant concerns for both businesses and consumers, undermining trust in
online transactions.

2. Lack of Personal Interaction: Unlike traditional brick-and-mortar stores, e-commerce lacks

face-to-face interaction between customers and sales staff. This can result in a less
personalized shopping experience and may lead to challenges in building customer
relationships and loyalty.

3. Dependency on Technology: E-commerce relies heavily on technology infrastructure,

including websites, payment gateways, and logistics systems. Technical glitches, server
outages, or internet connectivity issues can disrupt operations and impact customer
satisfaction.
4. Shipping and Logistics Challenges: Fulfillment and logistics can be complex and costly
aspects of e-commerce operations. Issues such as shipping delays, damaged goods, and high
shipping costs can affect customer satisfaction and overall profitability.

5. Competition: The global nature of e-commerce means businesses face intense competition
from both domestic and international competitors. Standing out in a crowded marketplace
and attracting and retaining customers can be challenging, especially for smaller businesses
with limited resources.
Q3. Compare E commerce practices with traditional practices?

Ans- TRADITIONAL PRACTICE

-Traditional commerce is the old-fashioned way of selling things. It usually happens within a
local area and during specific hours. Businesses have physical stores or warehouses where
they keep their products.

-Instead of selling online like e-commerce, traditional commerce relies on in-person

interactions between customers and salespeople. Businesses handle everything themselves,
like advertising, shipping, and making products. They don't usually share information with
their competitors.

-In traditional commerce, building relationships with customers is important. Businesses

often rely on word of mouth and community connections to bring in customers. They might
sponsor local events or sports teams to get people interested in what they sell.

-Commerce is all about buying and selling things. It includes trade (buying and selling) and
other things like banking, transportation, and advertising that help make trading easier. The
goal is to get products to customers when and where they want them.

E-commerce

E-commerce refers to the commercial transactions or exchange of information, buying or

selling product/services electronically with the help of internet which is a newer concept of
business style and comes under e-business. Now a days people are preferring this as it is less
time taking and does not need physical way of doing business everything can be done with
laptop or smartphone and internet.

Working:

Accept the order. The customer places an order on your website or e-commerce platform.
You’ll be alerted that an order was placed.

Process the order. Next, the payment is processed, the sale is logged, and the order is
marked complete. Payment transactions are usually processed through what is known as a
payment gateway; think of it as the online equivalent of your cash register.

Ship the order. The last step in the e-commerce process is shipment. You have to ensure
prompt delivery if you want repeat customers. Thanks to Amazon, consumers are used to
getting items within two days.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL COMMERCE AND E-COMMERCE

Traditional commerce E-commerce

It is less cost-effective than

It is cost-effective.
E-commerce.

Middlemen have a role to

play in traditional No role of middlemen.
commerce.

High overhead cost than E-

Less overhead cost.
commerce

Takes more time. Takes less time.

No better connectivity. Better connectivity.

Size of business is not

Size of business is easily expandable.
easily expandable.

Introduction of new
New product is easily introduced.
products is not easy.

Takes more time in

Immediate analysis of customer
analysing the customer
feedback can be done.
feedback.

Increase profits by cost cutting and

Physical inspection. streamlining operating expenses.
No physical inspection.

Limited time of
24*7 accessibility.
accessibility.
Suitable for perishable and Not suitable for perishable and high-
high products/items. value products/items.

High qualified staff is not

High qualified staff is required.
required.

Face-to-face customer
Screen to face customer interaction.
interaction.

Manual processing of
Automated process of business.
business.

Vertical/linear business
End-to-end business relationship.
relationship.

Chances of fraud is less

Chances of fraud is very high.
compared to E-commerce.

Q4.Define internet? Explain its role and procedure of registry internet domain?

Ans - The internet is a global network of interconnected computers and devices that communicate
using standardized protocols. It allows users to access and share information, communicate with
others, and perform various activities like shopping, entertainment, and research. Essentially, it's a
vast virtual space where people from around the world can connect and interact with each other
and with a multitude of online resources.

Role of the Internet: The internet plays a crucial role in modern society, serving as a vast repository
of knowledge and facilitating communication and collaboration across the globe. Its key roles
include:
1. Information Access: Users can access a vast amount of information on virtually any topic
through websites, search engines, and online databases.

2. Communication: The internet enables instant communication through email, messaging

apps, social media platforms, and video conferencing tools.
 3. Commerce: E-commerce platforms allow businesses to sell products and services online,
reaching a global audience.

4. Entertainment: Streaming services, gaming platforms, and social media provide

entertainment and recreational activities.

5. Education: Online courses, tutorials, and educational resources offer opportunities for
learning and skill development.

6. Research and Collaboration: Researchers and professionals can collaborate on projects,

share resources, and disseminate findings through online platforms and forums.

Procedure of Registering an Internet Domain: Registering an internet domain involves the

following steps:

1. Choose a Domain Name: Select a unique and memorable domain name that reflects your
brand, business, or personal identity.

2. Check Availability: Use a domain registrar's website to search for the availability of your
chosen domain name. If it's available, proceed to the next step.

3. Select a Registrar: Choose a domain registrar, which is a company authorized to register

domain names. Popular registrars include GoDaddy, Namecheap, and Google Domains.

4. Register the Domain: Follow the registrar's instructions to register your domain name.
You'll typically need to provide contact information and payment details.

5. Provide Contact Information: Enter the required contact information, including your name,
email address, mailing address, and phone number. This information is used for domain
registration and administrative purposes.

6. Configure DNS Settings: DNS (Domain Name System) settings determine how your domain
name is associated with your website's IP address. You may need to configure DNS settings
to point your domain name to your website or hosting provider.

7. Complete Registration: Review your registration details and complete the registration
process. Once registered, you'll receive confirmation of your domain registration.

8. Renew Registration: Domain registrations typically expire after a certain period (usually one
year). Remember to renew your registration before it expires to maintain ownership of your
domain name.
Q5. Discuss the history of web browsers?

Ans- The history of web browsers is a fascinating journey that reflects the evolution of the internet
itself. Here's a brief overview:
1. Early Days (1990s):
 The first web browser, called WorldWideWeb (later renamed Nexus), was created by
Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. It was a basic browser used to access the World Wide Web
(WWW).
 Mosaic, developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
at the University of Illinois, was released in 1993. It was the first popular graphical
web browser and played a significant role in popularizing the World Wide Web.
 Netscape Navigator, released in 1994, quickly became the dominant web browser,
with features like support for images and a user-friendly interface.
2. Browser Wars (Late 1990s - Early 2000s):
 Microsoft entered the browser market with Internet Explorer (IE) in 1995. IE quickly
gained market share, partly due to its bundling with the Windows operating system.
 The "Browser Wars" ensued as Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer competed
for dominance. Both browsers introduced new features and innovations to outdo
each other.
 Netscape's open-source initiative led to the creation of Mozilla, which eventually
produced Firefox, a popular alternative to Internet Explorer.
3. Modern Era (Mid-2000s - Present):
 Google launched Chrome in 2008, introducing a minimalist design and faster
performance. Chrome rapidly gained popularity and became the dominant web
browser.
 Apple's Safari browser, introduced in 2003, became the default browser for Mac
devices and later for iOS devices like iPhones and iPads.
 Opera, initially released in 1995, continued to innovate with features like tabbed
browsing, speed dial, and built-in ad-blocking.
 Microsoft Edge, introduced in 2015, replaced Internet Explorer as the default
browser for Windows 10. It was later rebuilt using the Chromium engine, the same
engine that powers Google Chrome.
4. Mobile Browsing:
 The rise of smartphones and tablets led to the development of mobile web browsers
optimized for smaller screens and touch input.
 Mobile browsers like Safari for iOS and Chrome for Android became the primary
means of accessing the internet on mobile devices.
 In recent years, mobile browsing has surpassed desktop browsing in terms of usage,
prompting further optimization and innovation in mobile web browsers.
Q6. Write a note on internet techniques and tools?

Internet Techniques and Tools

The internet is a vast space filled with information and resources, and there are many techniques
and tools that help us navigate and make the most of it.
1. Search Engines: Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo help us find information on the
internet. We type in keywords or phrases, and the search engine shows us relevant websites,
articles, and other content.

2. Web Browsers: Web browsers are software applications that allow us to access websites and
navigate the internet. Popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft
Edge, and Safari.

3. Email: Email is a communication tool used for sending and receiving messages over the internet.
Services like Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo Mail provide email accounts and features for managing our
messages.

4. Social Media: Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn allow us to
connect with others, share content, and stay updated on news and events.

5. Online Shopping: E-commerce websites like Amazon, eBay, and Etsy enable us to buy and sell
products and services online. We can browse through catalogs, make purchases, and have items
delivered to our doorstep.

6. Online Banking: Online banking platforms provided by banks and financial institutions allow us to
manage our finances, transfer money, pay bills, and view account balances and transactions over
the internet.

7. Video Streaming: Video streaming services like YouTube, Netflix, and Hulu let us watch videos
and TV shows online. We can stream content on-demand, anytime and anywhere with an internet
connection.

8. Cloud Storage: Cloud storage services such as Google Drive, Dropbox, and iCloud offer space to
store and access files and documents over the internet. We can upload, download, and share files
with others.

9. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): VoIP services like Skype, Zoom, and WhatsApp allow us to
make voice and video calls over the internet. We can have conversations with friends, family, and
colleagues, even if they're in different parts of the world.

10. Web Development Tools: Web development tools like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript help
developers create and design websites. Content management systems (CMS) like WordPress and
Wix make it easier for non-technical users to build and manage websites.
Q7. What is EDI explain in detail? What are the various components of EDI and explain the
advantages and disadvantages of EDI?

Ans- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a method of exchanging business documents electronically
between trading partners in a standardized format. Instead of using paper documents like invoices,
purchase orders, or shipping notices, EDI enables the transfer of this information in a structured
and computer-readable format. This facilitates seamless communication and automation of
business processes between different organizations.

Components of EDI:
1. Transmission Methods:
 Direct Connection: Trading partners establish a direct connection, usually over a
secure internet connection or a private network, to exchange EDI documents.
 Value-Added Networks (VANs): VANs act as intermediaries between trading
partners, providing secure and reliable communication channels for EDI transactions.

2. EDI Standards:
 UN/EDIFACT: Developed by the United Nations, UN/EDIFACT is a widely used
international standard for electronic data interchange. It defines the structure and
format of various business documents.
 ANSI X12: ANSI X12 is a standard developed by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI) for EDI transactions in North America. It defines the syntax and
semantics of data elements used in different industries.

3. Data Formats:
 Segments: EDI documents are structured into segments, which represent different
data elements such as sender information, recipient information, item details, and
transaction amounts.
 Elements: Each segment consists of data elements, which are the smallest units of
information exchanged in an EDI document. For example, a segment for a purchase
order may contain elements like order number, item code, quantity, and price.

4. Mapping and Translation Software:

 Mapping: Trading partners use mapping software to map the data fields in their
internal systems to the corresponding segments and elements in the EDI standard
they are using.
 Translation: Translation software converts EDI documents from one format to
another, allowing trading partners with different systems and standards to exchange
information seamlessly.

5. Security Measures:
 Encryption: EDI transmissions are often encrypted to ensure the confidentiality and
integrity of the data being exchanged.
 Digital Signatures: Digital signatures are used to authenticate the sender and verify
the integrity of the EDI documents, providing non-repudiation.
 6. Acknowledgment and Error Handling:
 Acknowledgments: After receiving an EDI document, the recipient sends back an
acknowledgment to confirm successful receipt. This ensures that both parties are
aware of the status of the transaction.
 Error Handling: EDI systems include mechanisms for detecting and resolving errors
in the transmission or processing of EDI documents, such as missing data or
formatting issues.

7. Integration with ERP Systems:

 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: EDI is often integrated with ERP
systems like SAP, Oracle, or Microsoft Dynamics, allowing seamless integration of EDI
transactions into business processes such as order processing, inventory
management, and accounting.

 ADVANTAGES OF EDI

1. Faster and More Efficient Communication: EDI allows businesses to exchange documents and
information electronically, speeding up the process compared to traditional paper-based methods.
Instead of mailing or faxing documents, EDI enables instant transmission of data between trading
partners.

2. Reduced Errors and Data Entry Costs: Since EDI eliminates the need for manual data entry, there
are fewer chances of errors caused by human input. This reduces the time and resources spent on
correcting mistakes, leading to cost savings for businesses.

3. Improved Accuracy and Consistency: EDI uses standardized formats for data exchange, ensuring
consistency and accuracy in the information shared between trading partners. This reduces
misunderstandings, discrepancies, and the need for manual reconciliation.

4. Increased Productivity and Operational Efficiency: By automating document exchange and

processing, EDI frees up time and resources for businesses to focus on core tasks and strategic
initiatives. This leads to increased productivity and operational efficiency.

5. Enhanced Customer Service: EDI enables faster order processing, shipment tracking, and invoice
handling, leading to quicker response times and improved customer satisfaction. Businesses can
provide better service by delivering products and resolving issues more efficiently.

6. Cost Savings: EDI helps businesses save money by reducing paper, printing, postage, and storage
costs associated with traditional document exchange methods. Additionally, the streamlined
processes and reduced errors lead to operational cost savings over time.

7. Environmental Benefits: EDI reduces the need for paper-based documents, leading to less paper
consumption, printing, and waste. This contributes to environmental sustainability and reduces the
carbon footprint of businesses.
DISADVANTAGES

1. Cost of Implementation: Implementing EDI systems can be expensive for businesses,

especially for smaller companies with limited resources. There are costs associated with
software, hardware, training, and ongoing maintenance.

2. Complexity and Technical Expertise: EDI systems require technical expertise to set up,
configure, and maintain. Businesses may need to hire or train staff with specialized skills in
EDI technology, which can be challenging and time-consuming.

3. Dependency on Trading Partners: Using EDI often means relying on trading partners to
adopt and adhere to the same standards and protocols. If a trading partner does not
support EDI or uses incompatible systems, it can hinder communication and collaboration.

Q8. Explain the features of EDI?

Ans-
1. Automated Data Exchange:
 EDI allows businesses to exchange documents and information electronically,
without the need for manual intervention.
 Instead of printing, mailing, or faxing documents like purchase orders and invoices,
EDI automates the transfer of data between computer systems.
2. Standardized Formats:
 EDI uses standardized formats or message standards to structure and represent data
in electronic documents.
 These formats ensure consistency and compatibility between different systems,
making it easier for trading partners to exchange information seamlessly.
3. Document Types:
 EDI supports various types of business documents, including purchase orders,
invoices, shipping notices, payment remittances, and inventory reports.
 Each document type has its own standardized format and set of data elements,
tailored to specific business processes and transactions.
4. Secure Communication:
 EDI ensures secure communication between trading partners through encryption,
digital signatures, and secure connections.
 These security measures protect sensitive data from unauthorized access,
interception, tampering, or misuse during transmission over the internet or private
networks.
5. Transaction Tracking:
 EDI provides transaction tracking and monitoring capabilities, allowing businesses to
track the status of EDI documents in real-time.
 This visibility into the transaction lifecycle helps companies monitor order
fulfillment, identify bottlenecks, and resolve issues promptly.
6. Trading Partner Agreements:
 EDI requires trading partners to establish agreements that define technical
specifications, data formats, communication protocols, and business rules.
Q9. What is the role of EDI in B2B commerce? Explain various EDI standards.

Ans- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) plays a critical role in facilitating B2B (business-to-business)
commerce by enabling the electronic exchange of business documents and information between
trading partners. Here's a detailed and simplified explanation of its role:

1. Efficient Data Exchange:

 EDI streamlines the exchange of documents such as purchase orders, invoices,
shipping notices, and payment remittances between businesses.
 Instead of relying on paper-based processes or manual data entry, EDI automates
the transfer of data, reducing errors, processing time, and costs associated with
traditional methods.

2. Improved Accuracy and Speed:

 By using standardized formats and automated processes, EDI ensures data accuracy
and consistency in B2B transactions.
 Documents transmitted via EDI are processed faster, leading to quicker order
fulfillment, payment processing, and overall business operations.

3. Enhanced Collaboration and Communication:

 EDI fosters stronger collaboration and communication between trading partners by
providing a common platform for exchanging information.
 Businesses can share real-time data on inventory levels, order status, and product
specifications, enabling better decision-making and responsiveness to customer
needs.

4. Cost Savings and Efficiency:

 Adopting EDI reduces administrative costs associated with paper-based processes,
such as printing, mailing, and manual data entry.
 It also improves operational efficiency by automating routine tasks, freeing up
resources for strategic initiatives and business growth.

5. Compliance and Standards Adherence:

 EDI ensures compliance with industry standards and regulatory requirements
governing B2B transactions.
 By adhering to standardized formats and protocols, businesses can meet the
expectations of trading partners, regulatory agencies, and industry bodies.

6. Scalability and Flexibility:

 EDI solutions are scalable and adaptable to the needs of businesses of all sizes and
industries.
 Whether a company is a small supplier or a large retailer, EDI can accommodate
varying transaction volumes, complexities, and integration requirements.
Common types of EDI Standards:

1. ANSI X12 (American National Standards Institute X12):- This is one of the most commonly used
EDI standards in the United States. It covers a wide range of industries from healthcare, insurance,
government, and finance to transportation, manufacturing, and retail.

2. EDIFACT (Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce, and Transport):- Used
predominantly outside of North America, this international standard was developed under the
United Nations. It includes a set of internationally agreed standards, directories, and guidelines for
the electronic interchange of structured data, and is used especially in Europe and Asia.

3. TRADACOMS:-A n older standard predominantly used in the UK retail sector. Though largely
replaced by EDIFACT, TRADACOMS is still in use for certain applications within specific companies.

4. GS1 EDI:- GS1 EDI sets a collection of EDI standards providing globally accepted messages based
on XML and used predominantly in global supply chains. GS1 EDI standards encompass various
business documents including purchase orders, invoices, and dispatch notes.

5. HL7 (Health Level Seven International):- Specific to the healthcare industry, HL7 facilitates the
exchange of electronic health information. The standards focus specifically on the language and
structure of data being transferred among healthcare providers.

6. RosettaNet:- Primarily used in the technology industry, RosettaNet is a subsidiary of GS1 US and
utilizes XML to exchange EDI data. It involves supply chain transactions including purchase orders,
shipment notifications, and invoices among partners in the technology sector.

7. ODETTE:- Used in the European automotive industry, ODETTE standards are developed for
automotive network exchange. This standard caters specifically to the European market and its
unique supply chain demands.

8. VDA: - German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) uses this set of standards which is
specific to the German automotive industry. It is similar to ODETTE but designed to cater to the
specific requirements of companies such as Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler.

Q10 write a short note on digital signature.

Ans- A digital signature is like a virtual stamp that verifies the authenticity and integrity of an
electronic document or message. It's a way of ensuring that a document hasn't been altered or
tampered with and that it comes from the person or organization claiming to have sent it.

How It Works:
1. Creating the Signature: To create a digital signature, a special algorithm generates a unique
code based on the contents of the document. This code is then encrypted using a private
key, which is known only to the sender.
 2. Attaching the Signature: The encrypted code, along with the document, is attached to the
message or file. This forms the digital signature.

3. Verification: When the recipient receives the document, they can use a public key, provided
by the sender or a trusted authority, to decrypt the signature. If the decrypted code
matches the original code generated by the sender's private key, it proves that the
document hasn't been altered and was indeed signed by the sender.

Benefits:

1. Security: Digital signatures provide a high level of security, ensuring that documents remain
confidential and unaltered during transmission.
2. Authenticity: They verify the identity of the sender, confirming that the document comes
from a trusted source.
3. Integrity: Digital signatures ensure that documents haven't been tampered with or modified
since they were signed, maintaining their integrity.
4. Efficiency: They streamline the process of signing and verifying documents, saving time and
resources compared to traditional paper-based signatures.

In summary, digital signatures offer a secure and reliable way to sign and verify electronic
documents, ensuring their authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality in the digital world.

Q11. Explain the ways and means of protecting online websites operations from hackers.

Ans- Protecting online websites from hackers is crucial to safeguard sensitive information, maintain
trust with customers, and ensure the smooth operation of business operations. Here are several
simple and effective ways to protect online websites from hackers:

1. Use Secure Passwords:

 Ensure that all accounts associated with the website have strong, unique passwords.
Use a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters, and avoid easily
guessable passwords like "password123."

2. Implement HTTPS:
 Use HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) to encrypt data transmitted
between the website and users' browsers. HTTPS protects against data interception
and manipulation by hackers.

3. Keep Software Updated:

 Regularly update website software, including content management systems (CMS),
plugins, and themes, to patch known vulnerabilities and protect against exploits
used by hackers.
 4. Install Web Application Firewalls (WAF):
 Deploy a WAF to monitor and filter incoming web traffic, blocking malicious requests
and preventing attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).

5. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA):

 Implement 2FA for website logins to add an extra layer of security. Require users to
provide a second form of authentication, such as a code sent to their mobile device,
in addition to their password.

6. Regular Backups:
 Perform regular backups of website data and files to ensure that in the event of a
security breach or data loss, you can restore the website to a previous,
uncompromised state.

7. Use Strong Encryption:

 Encrypt sensitive data stored on the website, such as user passwords and payment
information, using strong encryption algorithms. This prevents unauthorized access
to confidential information even if the data is compromised.

8. Implement Security Headers:

 Configure security headers, such as Content Security Policy (CSP), HTTP Strict
Transport Security (HSTS), and X-Content-Type-Options, to mitigate common
security risks and protect against attacks like cross-site scripting (XSS) and
clickjacking.

9. Regular Security Audits:

 Conduct regular security audits and vulnerability scans to identify and address
potential security weaknesses or misconfigurations in the website's infrastructure
and code.

10. Educate Users:

 Educate website users about common security threats, such as phishing attacks and
malware, and provide guidance on best practices for maintaining their online
security, such as avoiding clicking on suspicious links and regularly updating
passwords.

11. Monitor Website Activity:

 Monitor website activity and server logs for signs of unusual behavior or suspicious
activity, such as multiple failed login attempts or unexpected changes to website
files.

By implementing these measures, website owners can significantly reduce the risk of security
breaches and protect their online operations from hackers. It's important to stay vigilant and
proactive in addressing security threats to ensure the ongoing safety and integrity of the website
and its users' data.
Q12. Explain various security issues of e-commerce?

1. Ans- Payment Security:

 Payment security is a big concern in e-commerce. Hackers may try to steal credit
card information during online transactions.
 Websites need to ensure they have secure payment gateways and use encryption to
protect customers' payment details.

2. Data Breaches:
 Data breaches occur when hackers gain unauthorized access to sensitive customer
information, such as names, addresses, and credit card numbers.
 This information can be sold on the dark web or used for identity theft and fraud,
causing harm to customers and damaging the reputation of the e-commerce
business.

3. Phishing Attacks:
 Phishing attacks involve sending fake emails or messages to trick users into revealing
personal information or clicking on malicious links.
 E-commerce websites need to educate customers about phishing and implement
measures to detect and prevent phishing attempts.

4. Identity Theft:
 Identity theft occurs when hackers steal personal information, such as social security
numbers or login credentials, to impersonate individuals and make fraudulent
purchases.
 E-commerce businesses should implement robust authentication mechanisms and
monitor for suspicious account activity to prevent identity theft.

5. Fraudulent Orders:
 Fraudulent orders involve using stolen credit card information or fake identities to
make purchases on e-commerce websites.
 Merchants need to implement fraud detection systems to identify and flag
suspicious transactions, such as unusually large orders or shipping to different
addresses than the billing address.

6. Website Security Vulnerabilities:

 Website security vulnerabilities, such as outdated software or weak passwords, can
be exploited by hackers to gain unauthorized access to e-commerce websites.
 Businesses need to regularly update their website software, use strong passwords,
and conduct security audits to identify and patch vulnerabilities.

7. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks:

 DDoS attacks involve flooding a website with a high volume of traffic to overwhelm
its servers and disrupt its operation.
 E-commerce websites should use DDoS protection services and implement measures
to mitigate the impact of DDoS attacks, such as load balancing and traffic filtering.
 8. Supply Chain Security:
 Supply chain security involves ensuring the security of products and services
throughout the supply chain, from manufacturing to delivery.
 E-commerce businesses need to vet suppliers, implement secure shipping and
delivery processes, and monitor for counterfeit or tampered products.

By addressing these security issues, e-commerce businesses can protect their customers'
information, maintain trust, and ensure the safety and integrity of their online operations. It's
essential to stay vigilant and proactive in addressing security threats to prevent financial loss and
reputational damage.

Q13. What is firewall? State the functions of firewall in e-commerce ?

Ans-
A firewall is a network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a
trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, such as the internet, to prevent
unauthorized access, attacks, and data breaches.
Functions of Firewall in E-commerce:
1. Access Control:
 Firewalls control access to e-commerce websites and web servers by blocking
unauthorized users or malicious traffic from entering the network. They enforce
security policies to allow only legitimate traffic and connections.

2. Protection Against Cyber Attacks:

 Firewalls protect e-commerce websites from various cyber threats, such as hacking
attempts, malware infections, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. They inspect
incoming and outgoing traffic to detect and block malicious activities.

3. Packet Filtering:
 Firewalls use packet filtering to examine individual packets of data based on
predefined criteria, such as IP addresses, port numbers, and packet headers. They
allow or deny packets based on these criteria to enforce security policies.

4. Stateful Inspection:
 Stateful inspection firewalls analyze the state of network connections and packets to
determine whether they are part of an established session or a new connection
attempt. This helps prevent unauthorized access and ensures that only legitimate
traffic is allowed.

5. Application Layer Filtering:

 Some firewalls provide application layer filtering capabilities to inspect and filter
traffic at the application layer of the OSI model. They can detect and block specific
protocols, applications, or content types that may pose security risks to e-commerce
websites.
 6. Virtual Private Network (VPN) Support:
 Firewalls support Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to establish secure connections
between remote users or branch offices and the e-commerce network. VPNs encrypt
traffic to protect data confidentiality and integrity during transmission.

7. Logging and Reporting:

 Firewalls maintain logs of network traffic, security events, and policy violations for
auditing, monitoring, and forensic analysis purposes. They generate reports to
provide insights into network activity and identify potential security incidents.

8. Intrusion Detection and Prevention:

 Some firewalls incorporate intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) to
detect and block suspicious or malicious activities in real-time. They analyze network
traffic patterns and behavior to identify and mitigate security threats.

9. High Availability and Redundancy:
 Firewalls are often deployed in high availability configurations with redundant
components to ensure continuous protection and uptime for e-commerce websites.
Failover mechanisms and clustering techniques are used to maintain seamless
operation in case of hardware or software failures.

Q14. Write an essay on cryptography?

Ans- Cryptography: Keeping Secrets Safe

Cryptography is like a secret code that helps keep our messages safe when we send them over the
internet or other communication channels. It's been around for a long time, even before
computers! Let's dive into what cryptography is all about.

What is Cryptography?
Imagine you have a secret message that you want to send to your friend. You could just send it as it
is, but what if someone else intercepts it and reads it? That's where cryptography comes in. It's a
way of scrambling your message so that only the person you want to see it can unscramble it and
read it.

How Does Cryptography Work?

Cryptography uses something called algorithms, which are like step-by-step instructions for
scrambling and unscrambling messages. There are two main types of cryptography: symmetric and
asymmetric.

 Symmetric Cryptography: In symmetric cryptography, you and your friend both have a
secret key that you use to scramble and unscramble messages. It's like having a secret code
that only you two know. You use the same key to encrypt (scramble) and decrypt
(unscramble) messages.
  Asymmetric Cryptography: Asymmetric cryptography uses two keys: a public key and a
private key. Your friend shares their public key with you, and you use it to encrypt messages
that only they can decrypt with their private key. This way, you don't need to share a secret
key beforehand.

Why is Cryptography Important?

Cryptography is essential for keeping our data safe online. Whenever you send a message, make a
purchase, or log into a website, cryptography helps protect your information from hackers and
eavesdroppers. It's like putting a lock on your digital mailbox to keep your letters safe from prying
eyes.

Applications of Cryptography

 Secure Communication: Cryptography secures emails, instant messages, and online chats,
ensuring that only the intended recipients can read them.
 E-commerce Security: When you buy something online, cryptography encrypts your
payment information, keeping it safe from cybercriminals.
 Data Protection: Cryptography is used to encrypt files and documents, protecting sensitive
information from unauthorized access.

Challenges in Cryptography
While cryptography is powerful, it's not foolproof. Hackers are always looking for ways to break
encryption and steal data. That's why cryptographers are constantly working to improve algorithms
and develop new techniques to stay one step ahead of cyber threats.

Conclusion
Cryptography is like a digital lockbox that keeps our messages, transactions, and data safe from
prying eyes. Whether we're chatting with friends, shopping online, or storing sensitive information,
cryptography plays a crucial role in keeping our digital world secure. So next time you send a
message or make a purchase online, remember to thank cryptography for keeping your secrets
safe!

Q15. Explain the meaning and working of electronic payment system what are its
various types? And explain it’s advantages and disadvantages?

Ans- An electronic payment system is like a digital wallet that allows you to pay for things online
without using cash or checks. Instead, you use your computer, smartphone, or another device to
transfer money from your bank account or credit card to the seller.
How Does it Work?
When you make a purchase online, here's what happens behind the scenes:

1. Choose Payment Method: You select your preferred payment method, such as credit card,
debit card, or digital wallet (like PayPal or Apple Pay).
2. Enter Payment Details: You enter your payment details, like your card number, expiration
date, and security code, into the payment form on the website or app.
3. Transaction Processing: The payment system securely sends your payment information to
your bank or credit card company for approval.
4. Authorization: Your bank or credit card company checks if you have enough money or credit
to make the purchase. If everything looks good, they authorize the transaction.
5. Confirmation: Once the transaction is approved, you receive a confirmation message, and
the seller gets the money.
6. Completion: The seller ships your order or provides the service, and the transaction is
complete.

Types of Electronic Payment Systems:

1. Credit and Debit Cards:

 Credit and debit cards are the most common electronic payment method. You can
use them to make purchases online and in-person by swiping, inserting, or tapping
your card at a payment terminal.

2. Digital Wallets:
 Digital wallets store your payment information securely on your device, allowing you
to make quick and easy payments without entering your card details each time.
Examples include PayPal, Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay.

3. Bank Transfers:
 Bank transfers involve transferring money directly from your bank account to the
seller's bank account. This method is often used for large purchases, bill payments,
and international transactions.

4. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Payments:

 P2P payment apps allow you to send money directly to friends, family, or anyone
else with just their email address or phone number. Examples include Venmo, Cash
App, and Zelle.

5. Cryptocurrencies:
 Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum enable decentralized electronic
payments without the need for banks or traditional financial institutions.
Transactions are recorded on a blockchain, a secure and transparent digital ledger.

6. Mobile Payments:
 Mobile payment apps allow you to make purchases using your smartphone or
mobile device. These apps may use NFC (Near Field Communication) technology for
contactless payments or QR codes for scanning at checkout.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM

 Advantages:
1. Convenience:
 Electronic payment systems make it easy and convenient to pay for goods and
services from anywhere, anytime, using a computer, smartphone, or other devices
connected to the internet.

2. Speed:
 Transactions using electronic payment systems are processed quickly, allowing for
instant payment and immediate access to products or services without waiting for
checks to clear or cash to be counted.

3. Accessibility:
 Electronic payment systems enable people to make payments without the need for
physical cash or checks, making it accessible to individuals who may not have access
to traditional banking services.

4. Security:
 Many electronic payment systems use advanced security measures, such as
encryption, authentication, and fraud detection, to protect sensitive information and
prevent unauthorized access or fraudulent transactions.

5. Record Keeping:
 Electronic payment systems provide detailed transaction records, making it easier
for users to track their spending, manage their finances, and reconcile payments
with invoices or receipts.

6. Integration with Other Services:

 Electronic payment systems can be integrated with other services, such as online
banking, accounting software, and e-commerce platforms, streamlining business
operations and enhancing the user experience.

Disadvantages:

1. Security Concerns:
 Despite security measures, electronic payment systems are vulnerable to security
breaches, hacking, and fraud, which can compromise sensitive information and lead
to financial losses or identity theft.

2. Dependency on Technology:
 Electronic payment systems rely on technology and internet connectivity, so
disruptions in service, technical glitches, or cyber attacks can disrupt transactions
and cause inconvenience or financial loss to users.
 3. Transaction Fees:
 Some electronic payment systems charge fees for transactions, especially for
merchants, which can increase the cost of doing business and reduce profit margins,
particularly for small businesses.

4. Privacy Risks:
 Electronic payment systems collect and store personal and financial information,
raising concerns about privacy and data security, as this information may be
vulnerable to unauthorized access or misuse by third parties.

5. Limited Acceptance:
 Not all businesses or individuals accept electronic payments, particularly in regions
with limited access to technology or where cash-based transactions are more
common, limiting the convenience and usability of electronic payment systems.

6. Potential for Overuse or Debt:

 The ease of electronic payments can lead to overspending or reliance on credit,
especially for individuals who may not track their spending closely, leading to debt
accumulation and financial difficulties.

Q16. Differentiate between credit card and debit card?

Ans-
Feature Credit Card Debit Card
Source of Credit card transactions are essentially
Funds loans Debit card transactions deduct funds directly
extended by the card issuer to the
cardholder. from the cardholder's bank account.
Payment Payments made using a credit card are Payments made using a debit card are
borrowed money that must be repaid deducted immediately from the available
later. balance
in the cardholder's bank account.
Credit cards have a predetermined
Spending Limit spending Debit cards typically have spending limits
limit, which is the maximum amount the
card based on the available balance in the linked
holder can borrow from the issuer. bank account.
Interest
Charges If the credit card balance is not paid in full Debit cards do not accrue interest charges
by the due date, interest charges apply. since transactions are paid using available
funds.
Feature Credit Card Debit Card
Fees Credit cards may have annual fees, late Debit cards may have transaction fees for
 payment fees, and cash advance fees. out-of-network ATM usage or international
transactions.
Credit History Using a credit card responsibly can help Debit card usage does not impact credit
Impact build a positive credit history, which is history since transactions are not
important for obtaining loans and
favorable reported to credit bureaus.
interest rates in the future.
This table provides a concise comparison between credit cards and debit cards based on various
features such as source of funds, payment, spending limit, interest charges, fees, impact on credit
history, etc.

Q17. Write Advantages and disadvantages of credit and debit card?

Advantages of Credit Disadvantages of Advantages of Debit Disadvantages of

Feature Cards Credit Cards Cards Debit Cards
- Limited to
- Allow you to make - Temptation to - Convenient for available funds, may
purchases without overspend and making purchases restrict large
Convenience carrying cash. accumulate debt. without cash. purchases.
- Risk of damaging - No impact on credit
Building - Opportunity to build credit score if score since you're - Doesn't help build
Credit credit history. payments are missed. not borrowing. credit history.
- Offer rewards,
cashback, and perks - Generally fewer
like travel insurance - Annual fees and rewards and benefits
Rewards and and purchase high-interest rates compared to credit - Limited rewards
Perks protection. can offset rewards. cards. and benefits.
- Interest charges and
- Serve as a backup for fees can make - Limited to available
Emergency emergencies or emergency borrowing funds, discourages - No access to credit
Funding unexpected expenses. expensive. overspending. for emergencies.
- Provide robust fraud
protection and liability - Some level of fraud
coverage for - Still susceptible to protection, - Limited protection
Fraud unauthorized identity theft and depending on bank compared to credit
Protection transactions. fraud. policies. cards.
Consumer - Offer dispute - Limited recourse for - Offers protection - Limited protection

Advantages of Credit Disadvantages of Advantages of Debit Disadvantages of

Feature Cards Credit Cards Cards Debit Cards
Protection resolution and disputes compared to against unauthorized compared to credit
purchase protection cash payments. transactions. cards.
against faulty or
undelivered goods.

Q18. Define search engine with example?

Ans- search engine is like a super-smart librarian for the internet. It's a special website or program
that helps you find information, websites, and other stuff on the internet. You type in what you're
looking for, and the search engine shows you a list of websites and pages related to your search.

Example: Google is the most popular search engine. When you want to find something on the
internet, you go to Google, type in your search query (like "best pizza near me" or "how to bake
cookies"), and Google shows you a list of websites and articles that match your search. Other
examples of search engines include Bing, Yahoo, and DuckDuckGo.

Q19. Define VAN.

Ans- A Value-Added Network (VAN) is a third-party service provider that facilitates the exchange of
electronic data between trading partners. VANs act as intermediaries, providing secure and reliable
communication networks for businesses to exchange electronic documents, such as purchase
orders, invoices, and shipping notices.

They offer value-added services like data translation, encryption, and validation to ensure that
information is transmitted accurately and securely between different systems and formats.

VANs play a crucial role in electronic data interchange (EDI) and business-to-business (B2B)
transactions, enabling efficient and streamlined communication between trading partners.

Q20. Define Encryption ?

Ans- Encryption is like putting your message in a secret code so that only the person you want to
see it can understand it. It's a way of scrambling information to make it unreadable to anyone who
doesn't have the key to unlock it. For example, if you want to send a secret message to your friend,
you could use encryption to turn it into a jumbled mess of letters and numbers. Then, your friend
can use the key to unscramble the message and read it. Encryption helps keep sensitive
information, like passwords and credit card numbers, safe from hackers and prying eyes when it's
being sent over the internet or stored on a computer.
Q21. Explain E - locking with an example?

Ans- E-locking, also known as electronic locking, is a way of securing something, like a door or a
safe, using electronic technology instead of traditional keys. Instead of inserting a physical key into
a lock, you use an electronic device, like a keypad, card reader, or smartphone, to unlock the door
or access the protected area.

Here's an example to help understand e-locking:

-Imagine you have a smart door lock installed on your front door at home. Instead of using a regular
key, you have a special electronic key fob that you carry with you. When you approach the door,
you simply wave the key fob in front of the lock, and it automatically unlocks the door for you.

-Alternatively, you might have a keypad installed next to the door. To unlock it, you enter a secret
code on the keypad, and if the code is correct, the door unlocks.

-In both cases, the electronic technology inside the lock recognizes your authorized access and
grants entry without the need for a physical key. E-locking systems offer convenience, security, and
flexibility compared to traditional locks, as they can be easily programmed, monitored, and
controlled remotely.

Q22. What are the required facilities for electronic payment method?

Ans- For electronic payment methods to work smoothly, several facilities are needed. Here's an
explanation in easy language:

1. Internet Connection:
 First and foremost, you need an internet connection. This allows your device (like a
computer or smartphone) to connect to the internet and communicate with the
payment system.
2. Bank Account or Card:
 You'll need a bank account or a payment card, like a credit card or debit card, linked
to your account. This is where the money will come from when you make a payment.
3. Payment Gateway:
 A payment gateway is like a digital cashier. It's a secure service that processes
electronic payments, encrypts sensitive information, and communicates between
your bank, the seller, and other financial institutions involved in the transaction.
4. Encryption Technology:
 Encryption technology is essential for keeping your payment details safe during
transmission. It scrambles your information into a code that only authorized parties
can decipher, protecting it from hackers and fraudsters.
5. Merchant Account:
 If you're a business accepting electronic payments, you'll need a merchant account.
This is a special type of bank account that allows you to receive payments from
customers' cards or bank accounts.
6. Secure Website or App:
 Whether you're making a payment or receiving one, you need a secure website or
app. This ensures that your information is safe from cyber threats and that you're
interacting with legitimate businesses or financial institutions.
7. Authentication Methods:
 Authentication methods, like passwords, PINs, or biometric scans (like fingerprint or
face recognition), help verify your identity and prevent unauthorized access to your
accounts.
8. Compliance and Regulations:
 Lastly, there are various regulations and standards that electronic payment systems
must comply with, such as PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard),
to ensure the security and integrity of transactions.

Q23. Explain digital currencies and payment system?

Ans- Digital Currencies:Digital currencies are like virtual money that exists only in digital form,
without any physical presence like coins or banknotes. They are created, stored, and transacted
electronically, often using blockchain technology, which is like a secure digital ledger that records
all transactions.

Here are some key points about digital currencies:

1. Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies: The most well-known type of digital currency is Bitcoin, but
there are many others, collectively known as cryptocurrencies. These digital currencies use
cryptographic techniques to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.

2. Decentralization: Digital currencies are typically decentralized, meaning they are not
controlled by any central authority, like a government or bank. Instead, they operate on a
peer-to-peer network of computers, known as a blockchain, which verifies and records
transactions.

3. Secure Transactions: Transactions made with digital currencies are highly secure and
transparent. Each transaction is verified by multiple computers on the network and
recorded on the blockchain, making it virtually impossible to alter or counterfeit.

4. Global Accessibility: Digital currencies can be accessed and used by anyone with an internet
connection, regardless of their location or financial status. This makes them particularly
valuable for people in countries with unstable currencies or limited access to traditional
banking services.

5. Volatility: Digital currencies can be highly volatile, with their value fluctuating rapidly over
short periods. This can make them risky as investments and challenging to use as a stable
medium of exchange for everyday transactions.
Payment Systems:- Payment systems are like the infrastructure that enables the transfer of money
between individuals, businesses, and financial institutions. They facilitate the movement of funds
from one party to another, often using electronic means.

Here are some key points about payment systems:

1. Electronic Payments: Payment systems enable electronic transactions, allowing people to

transfer money digitally using various methods, such as credit cards, debit cards, bank
transfers, and digital wallets.

2. Interoperability: Payment systems often involve multiple parties, including banks, payment
processors, merchants, and consumers. Interoperability ensures that different systems can
communicate and exchange funds seamlessly, regardless of the service provider or financial
institution involved.

3. Security Measures: Payment systems implement robust security measures to protect

sensitive financial information and prevent fraud. These measures may include encryption,
authentication, fraud detection algorithms, and regulatory compliance.

4. Speed and Efficiency: Electronic payment systems offer faster and more efficient
transactions compared to traditional paper-based methods like checks or money orders.
Funds can be transferred almost instantly, enabling quick and convenient payments.

5. Convenience: Payment systems offer convenience and flexibility for consumers and
businesses, allowing them to make purchases, pay bills, transfer money, and manage their
finances online or through mobile apps, anytime and anywhere.

In summary, digital currencies and payment systems represent the evolution of money and
financial transactions in the digital age. They offer new opportunities for innovation, accessibility,
and efficiency but also present challenges related to security, volatility, and regulatory compliance.

Q24. Write a short note on the E- cash?

Ans- E-cash, short for electronic cash, is like digital money that you can use to make purchases and
payments online. Instead of using physical coins or banknotes, e-cash exists only in digital form,
stored electronically on your computer, smartphone, or other devices.

Here's how e-cash works:

1. Digital Representation: E-cash is represented by digital tokens or codes that have a specific
value, similar to physical currency. These tokens are stored in electronic wallets or accounts,
which you can access through special software or apps.
2. Secure Transactions: When you want to make a purchase using e-cash, you transfer the
appropriate amount from your digital wallet to the seller's account. This transaction is
encrypted and secured using advanced technology to prevent unauthorized access or fraud.
 3. Convenience: E-cash offers convenience and flexibility for online transactions. You can use it
to buy goods and services from anywhere in the world without the need for physical cash or
traditional banking methods.
4. Privacy: E-cash transactions can provide a certain level of privacy, as they don't require you
to reveal your personal information or banking details to the seller. However, some e-cash
systems may still collect and store transaction data for security and regulatory purposes.
5. Instantaneous Transactions: E-cash transactions are typically processed almost instantly,
allowing for quick and seamless payments. This makes e-cash ideal for situations where
speed is essential, such as online shopping or bill payments.

Overall, e-cash offers a convenient, secure, and efficient way to conduct financial transactions in
the digital age. It's like having a virtual wallet that you can use to make purchases and payments
anytime, anywhere, with just a few clicks or taps.

Q25. Write a note on mobile e-commerce.

Ans- Mobile e-commerce, often referred to as m-commerce, is like online shopping but done using
mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It allows people to browse, buy, and sell goods and
services from anywhere, anytime, using mobile apps or mobile-friendly websites.

Here's what you need to know about mobile e-commerce:

1. Convenience: With mobile e-commerce, you can shop on the go, whether you're waiting for
the bus, relaxing at home, or on your lunch break. You don't need to sit in front of a
computer; all you need is your smartphone or tablet.
2. Mobile Apps: Many retailers and businesses have their own mobile apps, specifically
designed for easy shopping on mobile devices. These apps often offer features like
personalized recommendations, one-click purchasing, and notifications about sales and
discounts.
3. Mobile-Friendly Websites: Even if a business doesn't have a mobile app, they likely have a
website optimized for mobile devices. These mobile-friendly websites make it easy to
navigate and shop on smaller screens, ensuring a smooth and enjoyable shopping
experience.
4. Payment Options: Mobile e-commerce offers various payment options, including
credit/debit cards, mobile wallets (like Apple Pay and Google Pay), and other digital
payment methods. These options make it convenient to pay for purchases securely using
your mobile device.
5. Instant Gratification: Mobile e-commerce enables instant gratification, allowing you to buy
something with just a few taps and have it delivered to your doorstep within days or even
hours, depending on the delivery options available.
6. Social Commerce: Social media platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Pinterest have
become popular channels for mobile e-commerce. Many businesses sell products directly
through social media posts and ads, making it easy for users to discover and purchase items
without leaving the app.
 7. Reviews and Recommendations: Mobile e-commerce platforms often feature customer
reviews and recommendations, helping users make informed purchasing decisions based on
other people's experiences with the product or service.

Overall, mobile e-commerce offers convenience, flexibility, and instant access to a wide range of
products and services, making it a popular choice for shoppers in today's fast-paced world.
Whether you're buying clothes, groceries, electronics, or anything else, mobile e-commerce puts
the power of shopping right in the palm of your hand.

Q26. Write a short note on E trading

Ans- E-trading, short for electronic trading, is like buying and selling financial assets, such as stocks,
bonds, currencies, and commodities, using electronic platforms like computers and the internet. It's
a way for investors to trade securities quickly and efficiently without the need for traditional
methods like phone calls or physical trading floors.

Here's what you need to know about e-trading:

1. Online Platforms: E-trading takes place on online platforms provided by brokerage firms or
financial institutions. These platforms allow investors to access markets, view real-time
prices, place orders, and monitor their portfolios from anywhere with an internet
connection.

2. Speed and Efficiency: E-trading offers speed and efficiency compared to traditional
methods. With just a few clicks, investors can execute trades instantly, taking advantage of
market opportunities as they arise.

3. Access to Markets: E-trading provides access to a wide range of financial markets, including
stocks, bonds, options, futures, and foreign exchange (forex). Investors can trade these
assets globally, accessing markets around the clock.

4. Research and Analysis: E-trading platforms often include tools and resources for research
and analysis, helping investors make informed trading decisions. These tools may include
market news, charts, technical indicators, and fundamental analysis reports.

5. Order Types: E-trading platforms support various order types, allowing investors to execute
trades based on specific criteria. Common order types include market orders, limit orders,
stop orders, and conditional orders.

6. Risk Management: E-trading platforms offer risk management features to help investors
manage their exposure and protect their investments. These features may include stop-loss
orders, margin trading, and portfolio diversification.

7. Costs and Fees: While e-trading offers convenience and accessibility, investors should be
aware of associated costs and fees. These may include brokerage commissions, exchange
fees, and other transaction costs, which can impact overall profitability.
 8. Regulation and Security: E-trading platforms are subject to regulation by financial
authorities to ensure fair and orderly markets and protect investors' interests. They also
implement security measures, such as encryption and authentication, to safeguard
investors' accounts and transactions.

Overall, e-trading has revolutionized the way investors buy and sell financial assets, providing
greater accessibility, speed, and efficiency in the global financial markets. Whether you're a
seasoned trader or a novice investor, e-trading offers opportunities to participate in the markets
and grow your wealth from the comfort of your own home.