Appendix Outline

A-1 Standard SI Prefixes 1021

A-2 Conversion Factors 1022

A-3 Optional SI Units for Bending, Torsion, Axial, and Direct Shear Stresses 1023

A-4 Optional SI Units for Bending and Tors ional Deflections 1023

A-5 Physical Constants of Materials 1023

A-6 Properties of Structura l-Steel Ang les 1024

A-7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels 1026

A-8 Properties of Round Tubing 1028

A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams 1029

A-10 Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution 1037

A-11 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades-Metric Series 1038

A-12 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts-Metric Series 1039

A-13 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades-Inch Series 1040

A-14 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts-Inch Series 1041

A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K, 1042

A-16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factors K1 or K 1s of a Round Bar or

Tube with a Transverse Round Hole and Loaded in Bending or Torsion 1049

A-17 Preferred Sizes and Renard (R-Series) Numbers 1051

A-18 Geometric Properties 1052

A-19 American Standard Pipe 1055

A-20 Deterministic ASTM Min imum Tensile and Yield Strengths for
HR and CD Steels 1056
A-21 Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels 1057

A-22 Results of Tensile Tests of Some Meta ls 1059

A-23 Mean Monotonic and Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties of

Selected Steels 1060
A-24 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals 1062

A-25 Stochastic Yield and Ultimate Strengths for Selected Materials 1064

1019
1020 Mechanical Engineering Design

A-26 Stochastic Parameters for Finite Life Fatigue Tests in

Selected Metals 1065
A-27 Finite Life Fatigue Strengths of Selected Plain Carbon Steels 1066

A-28 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges 1067

A-29 Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts 1069

A-30 Dimensions of Hexagonal Cap Screws and Heavy Hexagonal Screws 1010

A-31 Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts 1011

A-32 Basic Dimensions of American Standard Plain Washers 1012

A-33 Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers 1073

A-34 Gamma Function 1074

 Useful Tables 1021

Table A-1 Standard SI Prefixes*t

( Name Symbol Factor I
exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10 18

pet a p 1 000 000 000 000 000= 10 15

tera T 1 000 000 000 000 = 10 12
giga G 1 000 000 000 = 109
mega M 1 000 000 = 106
kilo k 1 000 = 103
hecto* h 100 = 10 2
1
deka* da 10 = 10
deci* d 0.1 = 10-I
centi+ c 0.01 = 10- 2
milli m 0.001 = 10- 3
micro µ 0.000 001 = 10-5
nano n 0.000 000 001 = 10- 9
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 = 10- 12
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10- 15
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10- 18
*If possible use multiple and submultiple prefixes in steps of 1000.
tspaces are used in SI instead of commas to group numbers to avoid confusion with the
practice in some European countries of using commas for decimal points.
*Not recommended but sometimes encountered.
1022 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-2 Conversion Factors A to Convert Input X to Output Y Using the Formula Y = AX*
'"'

' Multlpl~ Input By Factor

A
To Get Output
y
Multiply Input
x
By Factor
A
To Get Output
y ]
2
British thermal 1055 joule, J mass, !bf • s /in 175 kilogram, kg
unit, Btu mile, mi 1.610 kilometer, km
Btu/second, Btu/s 1.05 kilowatt, kW mile/hour, rni/h 1.61 kilometer/hour, km/h
calorie 4.19 joule, J mile/hour, mi/h 0.447 meter/second, mis
centimeter of 1.333 kilopascal, kPa moment of inertia, 0.0421 kilogram-meter2,
mercury (0°C) lbm • ft 2 kg· m2
centipoise, cP 0.001 pascal-second, moment of inertia, 293 kilogram-millimeter2 ,
Pa· s lbm • in
2
kg· mm2
degree (angle) 0.0174 radian, rad moment of section 41.6 centimeter4, cm4
foot, ft 0.305 meter, m (second moment
of area), in4
foot 2
, ft 2
0.0929 meter 2, m2
ounce-force, oz 0.278 newton, N
foot/minute, 0.0051 meter/second, mis
ft/min ounce-mass 0.0311 kilogram, kg
foot-pound , ft · lbf 1.35 joule, J pound, lbrt 4.45 newton, N
foot-pound/ 1.35 watt, W pound-foot, !bf • ft 1.36 newton-meter, N • m
second, ft • lbf/s pound/foot2 , lbf/ft2 47.9 pascal, Pa
foot/second, ft/s 0.305 meter/second, mis pound-inch, lbf • in 0.113 newton-meter, N • m
gallon (U.S.), gal 3.785 liter, L pound/inch, !bf/in 175 newton/meter, Nim
horsepower, hp 0.746 kilowatt, kW pound/inch2 , psi 6.89 kilopascal, kPa
inch, in 0.0254 meter, m (lbf/in 2)
inch, in 25.4 millimeter, mm pound-mass, lbm 0.454 kilogram, kg
2
inch , in 2
645 millimeter 2
, mm 2 pound-mass/ 0.454 kilogram/second,
second, lbmls kg/s
inch of mercury 3.386 kilopascal, kPa
(32°F) quart (U.S. liquid), qt 946 milliliter, mL

inch-pound, in · lbf 0.113 joule, J section modulus, in3 16.4 centimeter3, cm3

kilopound, kip 4.45 kilonewton, kN slug 14.6 kilogram, kg

kilopound/inch 2
, 6.89 megapascal, MPa ton (short 2000 lbm) 907 kilogram, kg
kpsi (ksi) (N/mm2 ) yard, yd 0.914 meter, m

*Approximate.

' The U.S. Customary system unit of the pound-force is often abbreviated as !bf to distinguish it from the pound-mass, which is abbreviated as lbm.
 Useful Tables 1023

Table A-3 Optional SI

Units for Bending Stress
t:f = Mc/l, Torsion Stress
N • m* m4 m Pa N* m2 Pa i- = Tr/ J, Axial Stress
N·m cm4 cm MPa (N/mm2) mm2 MPa (N/mm2) G = F /A, and Direct
N ·mt mm 4 mm GPa kN m2 kPa Shear Stress i- = F /A
kN·m cm4 cm GPa mm1 GPa
N · mmt mm4 mm MPa (N/mm2)

*Basic relation.
' Often preferred.

Table A-4 Optional

SI Units for Bending
Deflection
N* m m4 Pa m m m4 Pa rad
N • m* y =f(Fl 3 /El) or
kNt mm mm4 GPa mm N ·mt mm mm4 GPa rad y =f(wl 4 /El) and
kN m m4 GPa µm N·mm mm mm
4
MPa (N/mm2) rad Torsional Deflection
N mm mm4 kPa m N·m cm cm4 MPa (N/mm2) rad
(} = Tl/GJ
*Basic relation.
' Often preferred.

Table A-5 Physical Constants of Materials

Aluminum (all alloys) 10.4 71.7 3.9 26.9 0.333 0.098 169 26.6
Beryllium copper 18.0 124.0 7.0 48.3 0.285 0.297 513 80.6
Brass 15.4 106.0 5.82 40.1 0.324 0.309 534 83.8
Carbon steel 30.0 207.0 11.5 79.3 0.292 0.282 487 76.5
Cast iron (gray) 14.5 100.0 6.0 41.4 0.211 0.260 450 70.6
Copper 17.2 119.0 6.49 44.7 0.326 0.322 556 87.3
Douglas fir 1.6 11.0 0.6 4.1 0.33 0.016 28 4.3
Glass 6.7 46.2 2.7 18.6 0.245 0.094 162 25.4
lnconel 31.0 214.0 11.0 75.8 0.290 0.307 530 83.3
Lead 5.3 36.5 1.9 13.1 0.425 0.411 710 111.5
Magnesium 6.5 44.8 2.4 16.5 0.350 0.065 112 17.6
Molybdenum 48.0 331.0 17.0 117.0 0.307 0.368 636 100.0
Mone! metal 26.0 179.0 9.5 65.5 0.320 0.319 551 86.6
Nickel silver 18.5 127.0 7.0 48.3 0.322 0.316 546 85.8
Nickel steel 30.0 207.0 11.5 79.3 0.291 0.280 484 76.0
Phosphor bronze 16.1 111.0 6.0 41.4 0.349 0.295 510 80.1
Stainless steel (18-8) 27.6 190.0 10.6 73 . l 0.305 0.280 484 76.0
Titanium alloys 16.5 114.0 6.2 42.4 0.340 0.160 276 43.4
1024 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-6 Properties of Structural-Steel Equal Legs Angles*t

w = weight per foot, lbf/ft
m = mass per meter, kg/m
A

k
I
= area, in 2 (cm 2)
= second moment of area, in4 (cm4)
= radius of gyration, in (cm)
3

A.I
l~-:·-1
y = centroidal distance, in (cm)
Z = section modulus, in 3 , (cm 3) 2 3 T
I I k,_, z,_, I
I Size, In Ml A 11- 1 y k3-3

1x 1x k 0.80 0.234 0.021 0.298 0.029 0.290 0.19I

x;\- 1.49 0.437 0.036 0.287 0.054 0.336 0.193
It x It x ~ 1.23 0.36 0.074 0.45 0.068 0.4I 0.29
x 4l 2.34 0.69 0.I35 0.44 O.I30 0.46 0.29
2x2x ~ 1.65 0.484 O.I90 0.626 0.I3I 0.546 0.398
x 4l 3.I9 0.938 0.348 0.609 0.247 0.592 0.391
x i 4.7 1.36 0.479 0.594 0.351 0.636 0.389
2t x 2t x ;\- 4.I 1.19 0.703 0.769 0.394 0.7I7 0.49I
x 8;i_ 5.9 1.73 0.984 0.753 0.566 0.762 0.487
3 x 3 x ;\- 4.9 1.44 1.24 0.930 0.577 0.842 0.592
x 8;i_ 7.2 2. I I 1.76 0.9I3 0.833 0.888 0.587
x t 9.4 2.75 2.22 0.898 1.07 0.932 0.584
3t x 3t x ;\- 5.8 1.69 2.0I 1.09 0.794 0.968 0.694
x 8;i_ 8.5 2.48 2.87 1.07 1.15 LOI 0.687
x t I 1.1 3.25 3.64 1.06 1.49 1.06 0.683
4 x 4 x ;\- 6.6 1.94 3.04 1.25 1.05 1.09 0.795
x i 9.8 2.86 4.36 1.23 1.52 1.14 0.788
x t I2.8 3.75 5.56 1.22 1.97 1.18 0.782
x i I5.7 4.61 6.66 1.20 2.40 1.23 0.779
6x6x i I4.9 4.36 I5.4 1.88 3.53 1.64 1.19
x t I9.6 5.75 I9.9 1.86 4.6I 1.68 1.18
x i 24.2 7. I I 24.2 1.84 5.66 1.73 1.18
xi 28.7 8.44 28.2 1.83 6.66 1.78 1.17
 Useful Tables 1025

Table A- 6 Properties of Structural-Steel Equal Legs Angles*t (Continued')

I Size, mm : m A J,_, I
k,_, z,_, y k3-3

25 x 25 x 3 1.11 1.42 0.80 0.75 0.45 0.72 0.48

x4 1.45 1.85 1.01 0.74 0.58 0.76 0.48
x 5 1.77 2.26 1.20 0.73 0.71 0.80 0.48
40x40x4 2.42 3.08 4.47 1.21 1.55 1.12 0.78
x 5 2.97 3.79 5.43 1.20 1.91 1.16 0.77
x6 3.52 4.48 6.31 1.19 2.26 1.20 0.77
50 x 50 x 5 3.77 4.80 11.0 1.51 3.05 1.40 0.97
x6 4.47 5.59 12.8 1.50 3.61 1.45 0.97
x 8 5.82 7.41 16.3 1.48 4.68 1.52 0.96
60 x 60 x 5 4.57 5.82 19.4 1.82 4.45 1.64 1.17
x6 5.42 6.91 22.8 1.82 5.29 1.69 1.17
x 8 7.09 9.03 29.2 1.80 6.89 1.77 1.16
x 10 8.69 11.1 34.9 1.78 8.41 1.85 1.16
80 x 80 x 6 7.34 9.35 55.8 2.44 9.57 2.17 1.57
x 8 9.63 12.3 72.2 2.43 12.6 2.26 1.56
x 10 11.9 15. l 87.5 2.41 15.4 2.34 1.55
100xl00x8 12.2 15.5 145 3.06 19.9 2.74 1.96
x 12 17.8 22.7 207 3.02 29.1 2.90 1.94
x 15 21.9 27.9 249 2.98 35 .6 3.02 1.93
150 x 150 x 10 23.0 29 .3 624 4.62 56.9 4.03 2.97
x 12 27.3 34.8 737 4.60 67 .7 4.12 2.95
x 15 33.8 43.0 898 4.57 83 .5 4.25 2.93
x 18 40.1 51.0 1050 4.54 98 .7 4.37 2.92
*Metric sizes also available in sizes of 45, 70, 90, 120, and 200 mm.
1These sizes are also available in aluminum alloy.
1026 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels*

2
a, b = size, in (mm)
w = weight per foot, !bf/ft
m = mass per meter, kg/m
t = web thickness, in (mm)
A= area, in 2 (cm 2)
I = second moment of area, in4 (cm4 )
k = radius of gyration, in (cm)
x = centroidal distance, in (cm)
Z= section modulus, in 3 (cm3)

I a, In b, In t I A w /1- 1
!
k1-1 Z1- 1 12-'l k2- 2 Z2- 2 x I
3 1.410 0.170 1.21 4.1 1.66 1.17 1.10 0.197 0.404 0.202 0.436
3 1.498 0.258 1.47 5.0 1.85 1.12 1.24 0.247 0.410 0.233 0.438
3 1.596 0.356 1.76 6.0 2.07 1.08 1.38 0.305 0.416 0.268 0.455
4 1.580 0.180 1.57 5.4 3.85 1.56 1.93 0.319 0.449 0.283 0.457
4 1.720 0.321 2.13 7.25 4.59 1.47 2.29 0.433 0.450 0.343 0.459
5 1.750 0.190 1.97 6.7 7.49 1.95 3.00 0.479 0.493 0.378 0.484
5 1.885 0.325 2.64 9.0 8.90 1.83 3.56 0.632 0.489 0.450 0.478
6 1.920 0.200 2.40 8.2 13. l 2.34 4.38 0.693 0.537 0.492 0.511
6 2.034 0.314 3.09 10.5 15.2 2.22 5.06 0.866 0.529 0.564 0.499
6 2.157 0.437 3.83 13.0 17.4 2.13 5.80 1.05 0.525 0.642 0.514
7 2.090 0.210 2.87 9.8 21.3 2.72 6.08 0.968 0.581 0.625 0.540
7 2.194 0.314 3.60 12.25 24.2 2.60 6.93 1.17 0.571 0.703 0.525
7 2.299 0.419 4.33 14.75 27.2 2.51 7.78 1.38 0.564 0.779 0.532
8 2.260 0.220 3.36 11.5 32.3 3.10 8.10 1.30 0.625 0.781 0.571
8 2.343 0.303 4.04 13.75 36.2 2.99 9.03 1.53 0.615 0.854 0.553
8 2.527 0.487 5.51 18.75 44.0 2.82 11.0 1.98 0.599 1.01 0.565
9 2.430 0.230 3.91 13.4 47 .7 3.49 10.6 1.75 0.669 0.962 0.60 1
9 2.485 0.285 4.41 15.0 51.0 3.40 11.3 1.93 0.661 1.01 0.586
9 2.648 0.448 5.88 20.0 60.9 3.22 13.5 2.42 0.647 1.17 0.583
10 2.600 0.240 4.49 15 .3 67.4 3.87 13.5 2.28 0.713 1.16 0.634
10 2.739 0.379 5.88 20.0 78 .9 3.66 15.8 2.81 0.693 1.32 0.606
10 2. 886 0.526 7.35 25.0 91.2 3.52 18.2 3.36 0.676 1.48 0.617
10 3.033 0.673 8. 82 30.0 103 3.43 20.7 3.95 0.669 1.66 0.649
12 3.047 0.387 7.35 25.0 144 4.43 24.1 4.47 0.780 1.89 0.674
12 3.170 0.510 8.82 30.0 162 4.29 27 .0 5.14 0.763 2.06 0.674
 Useful Tables 1027

Table A-7 Properties of Structural-Steel Channels* (Continued)

I ax b, mm m
l
I
t A I J,_, '
i
k,_, I z,_, I
12-2 k2-2 Z2-2 x
76 x 38 6.70 5.1 8.53 74.14 2.95 19.46 10.66 1.12 4.07 1.19
102 x 51 10.42 6.1 13.28 207.7 3.95 40.89 29.10 1.48 8.16 1.51
127 x 64 14.90 6.4 18.98 482.5 5.04 75 .99 67.23 1.88 15 .25 1.94
152 x 76 17.88 6.4 22.77 851.5 6.12 111.8 113.8 2.24 21.05 2.21
152 x 89 23.84 7.1 30.36 1166 6.20 153.0 215 . l 2.66 35.70 2.86
178 x 76 20.84 6.6 26.54 1337 7.10 150.4 134.0 2.25 24.72 2.20
178 x 89 26.81 7.6 34.15 1753 7.16 197.2 241.0 2.66 39.29 2.76
203 x 76 23.82 7.1 30.34 1950 8.02 192.0 151.3 2.23 27 .59 2.13
203 x 89 29.78 8.1 37.94 2491 8.10 245 .2 264.4 2.64 42.34 2.65
229 x 76 26.06 7.6 33.20 2610 8.87 228.3 158.7 2.19 28.22 2.00
229 x 89 32.76 8.6 41.73 3387 9.0 1 296.4 285.0 2. 61 44.82 2.53
254 x 76 28.29 8.1 36.03 3367 9.67 265 . l 162.6 2.12 28.21 1.86
254 x 89 35.74 9.1 45.42 4448 9.88 350.2 302.4 2.58 46.70 2.42
305 x 89 41.69 10.2 53 .11 7061 11.5 463.3 325.4 2.48 48.49 2.18
305 x 102 46.18 10.2 58.83 8214 11.8 539.0 499.5 2.91 66.59 2.66

*These sizes are also available in aluminum alloy.

1028 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-8 Properties of Round Tubing

Wa = unit weight of aluminum tubing, !bf/ft
Ws= unit weight of steel tubing, !bf/ft
m = unit mass, kg/m
A = area, in 2 (cm 2)
I = second moment of area, in4 (cm 4 )
J = second polar moment of area, in4 (cm 4)
k = radius of gyration, in (cm)
Z = section modulus, in 3 (cm 3)
d x t = size (OD) and thickness, in (mm)

I Size, In Wa w, ! A I k z I J I
1x k 0.416 1.128 0.344 0.034 0.313 0.067 0.067
l x ! 0.713 2.003 0.589 0.046 0.280 0.092 0.092
1! x k 0.653 1.769 0.540 0.129 0.488 0.172 0.257
l! x ! 1.188 3.338 0.982 0.199 0.451 0.266 0.399
2x k 0.891 2.670 0.736 0.325 0.664 0.325 0.650
2x ! 1.663 4.673 1.374 0.537 0.625 0.537 1.074
2! x k 1.129 3.050 0.933 0.660 0.841 0.528 1.319
2! x ! 2.138 6.008 1.767 1.132 0.800 0.906 2.276
3x! 2.614 7.343 2.160 2.059 0.976 1.373 4.117
3x i 3.742 10.51 3.093 2.718 0.938 1.812 5.436
4x f6 2.717 7.654 2.246 4.090 1.350 2.045 8.180
4x i 5.167 14.52 4.271 7.090 1.289 3.544 14.180

( Size, mm m A I k z J I
12 x 2 0.490 0.628 0.082 0.361 0.136 0.163
16 x 2 0.687 0.879 0.220 0.500 0.275 0.440
16 x 3 0.956 1.225 0.273 0.472 0.341 0.545
20 x 4 1.569 2.010 0.684 0.583 0.684 1.367
25 x 4 2.060 2.638 1.508 0.756 1.206 3.015
25 x 5 2.452 3.140 1.669 0.729 1.336 3.338
30 x 4 2.550 3.266 2.827 0.930 1.885 5.652
30 x 5 3.065 3.925 3.192 0.901 2.128 6.381
42 x 4 3.727 4.773 8.717 1.351 4.l51 17.430
42 x 5 4.536 5.809 10.130 1.320 4.825 20.255
50 x 4 4.512 5.778 15.409 1.632 6.164 30.810
50 x 5 5.517 7.065 18.118 1.601 7.247 36.226
 Useful Tables 1029

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)
Cantilever-end load
R 1 = V= F M1 =Fl

M = F (x - I )

Fx 2
y = 6E/x - 3l)

+
x

2 Cantilever-intermediate load
R 1 =V = F M 1 =Fa

MAB = F (x - a) Moc = 0

Fx 2
YAB = 6E/x - 3a)
x
2
Fa
Yoe = 6EI (a - 3x)

v Fa 2
Ymax = EJ (a - 3l )
6
+
x

(Continued )
1030 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued)

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations fo r shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)

3 Cantilever-uniform load

w 2
x V= w(l - x ) M = - - (l - x)
2
wx2
y=
24
£/ 2 2
4lx - x - 61 )
v wl 4
Ymax = - £ /
8

4 Cantilever-moment load

R1 = V = 0 M1 =M = MB
MBx2 MBl 2
y = 2£/ Ymax = 2 £/

v
x

x
 Useful Tables 1031

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued)

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)

5 Simple supports-center load

VAo = R ,
Fx F
MA0 = 2 Moe = 2(l - x)

v Fx 2 2
YAO = E/4x - 31)
48

+ Fl 3
Ymax = - 48 £/
x

I
M

6 Simple supports-intermediate load

Fb Fa
R, = - R1 = -
l l

VAo = R , Vo e = -R2
Fbx Fa
MAo = - - Moe =l(l-x)
1

Fbx 2 2 2
v YAO = El l (x +b - l )
6
Fa (l - x)
+ Yoe= Ell
2 2
(x + a - 2lx)
6
x
I

(Continued)
1032 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued )

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3- 2.)

7 Simple supports-uniform load

wl
V=- - wx
2
wx
M = - (1-x )
2

y = ~(2lx 2 - x3 - 3
/ )
24El
5wl 4
Ymax = - 384£/

M~ -
x

8 Simple supports-moment load

Ms
V= -
l
Ms
Msc = - -. (x - I)
1
x
YAs = ~!~ (x 2 + 3a2 - 6al
2
+ 21 )

6~; 1 [x
Ysc =
3 - 3lx
2
+ x(2l 2 + 3a2 ) -
2
3a L]

+
~-------~
x

x
 Usefu l Ta bles 1033

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued)

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)

9 Simple supports-twin loads

= R2 = F
y~l ~
R1 Vac = 0
Vcv = -F

ra1~ ic lo x
Ma c = Fa Mcv = F(l - x )

Fx 2 2
YAa = GE/x + 3a - 3la )

v Fa 2 2
Yac = GE/ (3x +a - 3lx)

+ Fa 2 2
Ymax = E/(4a - 3l )
x 24

+
~- x

10 Simple supports-overhanging load

Fa
Ri = -
l

Fa
VAa =-- Vac = F
l
Fax
MAB =-- Mac = F (x - l - a )
[
v
Fax l 2
yAB = 6EI I ( -
x2 )
+
F(x - l) 2
x Yac = GE/ [(x - l) - a(3x - l )]

M Fa 2
Ye = - - (l +a)
3£/

(Continued)
1034 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued )

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)

11 One fixed and one simple support--center load

SF
Rz = 16
Vsc = -R2
x
SF
Msc = - ( l -x)
16
2
Fx
v YAB = £/(llx - 9l)
96
F(l - x)
+
Ysc = 96
EI (Sx
2
+ 2l 2 - lOlx)

I
M

12 One fixed and one simple support-intermediate load

Fa 2
Rz = - (3l - a)
2l 3

M
I
= Fb
2{2
(l2 - b2)

Vsc = -R2

v
MAB= F~ [b 2l - l
3 + x(3l 2 - b2) ]
2l
Fa 2
+
M8 c = - 3 (3l 2 - 3lx - al + ax)
2l
x
YAB = Fbx\ [3l(b 2 - l 2) + x(3l 2 - b2 ) ]
12Ell
M F(x - a) 3
Ysc = YAB - 6EI

x
 Usefu l Tab les 1035

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued )

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)

13 One fixed and one simple support-uniform load

5wl 3wl
Ri= - Rz = -
8 8
5wl
x V=--wx
8

v wx 2
y= £/l - x)(2x - 3l)
48

14 Fixed supports-center load

y Fl
M1 =Mz = -
8
F
VAB = -VBc = -2
F F
MAB= g(4x - l ) MBc = g-(3l - 4x)

v Fx 2
YAB = E/4x - 3l)
48
+ Fl3
x Y max = - 192£/
I

(Continued)
1036 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-9 Shear, Moment, and Deflection of Beams (Continued)

(Note: Force and moment reactions are positive in the directions shown; equations for shear
force V and bending moment M follow the sign conventions given in Sec. 3-2.)

15 Fixed supports-intermediate load

Fb 2 Fa2
R I =-(3a
[3 + b) R2 = - -3 (3b + a)
l
Fab 2 Fa2b
M1= y M
2 -
-l2-

VAB = R1 Vac = - R2
2
Fb
MAB = - -[x(3a
3 + b) - al]
l

Mac = MAB - F(x - a)

+
Fb 2x 2
x
YAB = - -3 [x(3a + b) - 3al]
6£/l
Fa 2 (l - x) 2
YBC = 3 [(l - x)(3b + a) - 3bl]
6£/l

16 Fixed supports-uniform load

wt2
Mi = Mz = -
12
w
V = -(l - 2x)
2
w
M = -(6lx - 6x - l )
2 2
12
v
wx 2
y = - - - ( l - x) 2
24£/
x 4
wl
Ymax = - 384£/

x
 Useful Tables 1037

Table A-10 Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

I'· v'2n
2
<I>(za) = 1 exp ( u ) du
-2
-oo

Za ~ 0
Za >0

I Za I
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 I 0.04 0.05 I
0.06 0.07 0.08 ' 0.09 I
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3238 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2 177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.00990 0.00964 0.00939 0.00914 0.00889 0.00866 0.00842
2.4 0.00820 0.00798 0.00776 0.00755 0.00734 0.00714 0.00695 0.00676 0.00657 0.00639
2.5 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
2.6 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
2.7 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
2.8 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
2.9 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
(Continued)
1038 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-10 Cumulative Distribution Function of Normal (Gaussian) Distribution* (Continued)

I Za o.o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 J
4
3 0.00135 3
0.0 968 3
0.0 687 0.0 3483 0.03337 0.0 3233 3
0.0 159 3
0.0 108 0.0 723 0.04481
4 0.04 317 0.04 207 0.04 133 0.0 5 854 0.0 5541 0.05 340 0.05211 0.05 130 0.06793 0.06479
5 0.06 287 0.06 170 0.07996 0.07579 0.07333 0.07 190 0.07 107 0.0 8599 0.08332 0.0 8 182
11
6 9
0.0 987 9
0.0 530 9
0.0 282 9
0.0 149 10
0.0 777 10
0.0 402 10
0.0 206 10
0.0 104 0.0 523 0.0 11 260

Za -1.282 -1.643 -1.960 -2.326 -2.576 -3 .090 -3 .291 -3 .891 -4.417

F(za) 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.010 0.005 0.001 0.0005 0.0001 0.000005
R (za) 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.990 0.995 0.999 0.9995 0.9999 0.999995
*The superscript on a zero after the decimal point indicates how many zeros there are after the declmal point. For example, 0.04481 =0.000 048 1.

Table A-11 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades-Metric Series

(Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are
in Millimeters)

Basic
Sizes
0-3 0.006 0.010 0.014 0.025 0.040 0.060
3-6 0.008 0.012 0.018 0.030 0.048 0.075
6-10 0.009 0.015 0.022 0.036 0.058 0.090
10-18 0.011 0.018 0.027 0.043 0.070 0.110
18-30 0.013 0.021 0.033 0.052 0.084 0.130
30-50 0.016 0.025 0.039 0.062 0.100 0.160
50-80 0.019 0.030 0.046 0.074 0.120 0.190
80-120 0.022 0.035 0.054 0.087 0.140 0.220
120-180 0.025 0.040 0.063 0.100 0.160 0.250
180-250 0.029 0.046 0.072 0.115 0.185 0.290
250-315 0.032 0.052 0.081 0.130 0.210 0.320
315-400 0.036 0.057 0.089 0.140 0.230 0.360
Source: Preferred Metric Limits and Fits, ANSI B4.2-1978 . See also BS! 4500.
 Useful Tables 1039

Table A-12 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts-Metric Series

(Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are in Millimeters)

Basic
,,.,_
"""'' - . '"''""'" - ,.w-··~
r Sizes c d f g h k n p

0-3 -0.060 -0.020 -0.006 -0.002 0 0 +0.004 +0.006 +0.014 +0.018

3-6 -0.070 -0.030 -0.010 -0.004 0 +0.001 +0.008 +0.012 +0.019 +0.023
6-10 -0.080 -0.040 -0.013 -0.005 0 +0.001 +0.010 +0.015 +0.023 +0.028
10-14 -0.095 -0.050 -0.016 -0.006 0 +0.001 +0.012 +0.018 +0.028 +0.033
14--18 -0.095 -0.050 -0.016 -0.006 0 +0.001 +0.012 +0.018 +0.028 +0.033
18-24 -0.110 -0.065 -0.020 -0.007 0 +0.002 +0.015 +0.022 +0.035 +0.041
24--30 -0.110 -0.065 -0.020 -0.007 0 +0.002 +O.Dl5 +0.022 +O.D35 +0.048
30-40 -0.120 -0.080 -0.025 -0.009 0 +0.002 +0.017 +0.026 +0.043 +0.060
40-50 -0.130 -0.080 -0.025 -0.009 0 +0.002 +0.017 +0.026 +0.043 +0.070
50-65 -0.140 -0.100 -0.030 -0.010 0 +0.002 +0.020 +0.032 +0.053 +0.087
65-80 -0.150 -0.100 -0.030 -0.010 0 +0.002 +0.020 +0.032 +0.059 +0.102
80-100 -0.170 -0.120 -0.036 -0.012 0 +0.003 +0.023 +0.037 +0.071 +0.124
100-120 -0.180 -0.120 -0.036 -0.012 0 +0.003 +0.023 +0.037 +0.079 +0.144
120-140 -0.200 -0.145 -0.043 -0.014 0 +0.003 +0.027 +0.043 +0.092 +0.170
140-160 -0.210 -0.145 -0.043 -0.014 0 +0.003 +0.027 +0.043 +0.100 +0.190
160-180 -0.230 -0.145 -0.043 -0.014 0 +0.003 +0.027 +0.043 +0.108 +0.210
180-200 -0.240 -0.170 -0.050 -0.015 0 +0.004 +0.031 +0.050 +0.122 +0.236
200-225 -0.260 -0.170 -0.050 -O.Ql5 0 +0.004 +0.031 +0.050 +0.130 +0.258
225-250 -0.280 -0.170 -0.050 -0.015 0 +0.004 +0.031 +0.050 +0.140 +0.284
250-280 -0.300 -0.190 -0.056 -O.Ql7 0 +0.004 +0.034 +0.056 +0.158 +0.315
280-315 -0.330 -0.190 -0.056 -0.017 0 +0.004 +0.034 +0.056 +0.170 +0.350
315-355 -0.360 -0.210 -0.062 -0.018 0 +0.004 +0.037 +0.062 +0.190 +0.390
355-400 -0.400 -0.210 -0.062 -0.018 0 +0.004 +0.037 +0.062 +0.208 +0.435
Source : Preferred Metric Limits and Fits, ANSI B4.2-1978. See also BSI 4500.
1040 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-13 A Selection of International Tolerance Grades-Inch Series

(Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are
in Inches, Converted from Table A-11 )

Basic
Sizes

0--0.12 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0010 0.0016 0.0024

0.12-0.24 0.0003 0.0005 0.0007 0.0012 0.0019 0.0030
0.24--0.40 0.0004 0.0006 0.0009 0.0014 0.0023 0.0035
0.40--0.72 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 0.0017 0.0028 0.0043
0.72-1.20 0.0005 0.0008 0.0013 0.0020 0.0033 0.0051
1.20--2.00 0.0006 0.0010 0.0015 0.0024 0.0039 0.0063
2.00--3.20 0.0007 0.0012 0.0018 0.0029 0.0047 0.0075
3.20--4.80 0.0009 0.0014 0.0021 0.0034 0.0055 0.0087
4.80--7.20 0.0010 0.0016 0.0025 0.0039 0.0063 0.009 8
7.20--10.00 0.0011 0.0018 0.0028 0.0045 0.0073 0.0114
10.00--12.60 0.0013 0.0020 0.0032 0.0051 0.0083 0.0126
12.60--16.00 0.0014 0.0022 0.0035 0.0055 0.0091 0.0142
 Table A-14 Fundamental Deviations for Shafts-Inch Series
(Size Ranges Are for Over the Lower Limit and Including the Upper Limit. All Values Are in Inches, Converted from Table A-12)
. . n ,••,...,!.,., .....; . ·~
l
e •T!"lil"'I. ~"lf;\llr•
Basic
Sizes c d I f ' g h k

0--0.12 -0.0024 -0.0008 -0.0002 -0.0001 0 0 +0.0002 +0.0002 +0.0006 +0.0007

0.12-0.24 -0.0028 -0.0012 -0.0004 -0.0002 0 0 +0.0003 +0.0005 +0.0007 +0.0009
0.24-0.40 -0.0031 -0.0016 -0.0005 -0.0002 0 0 +0.0004 +0.0006 +0.0009 +0.0011
0.40--0.72 -0.0037 -0.0020 -0.0006 -0.0002 0 0 +0.0005 +0.0007 +0.0011 +0.0013
0.72-0.96 -0.0043 -0.0026 -0.0008 -0.0003 0 +0.0001 +0.0006 +0.0009 +0.0014 +0.0016
0.96-1.20 -0.0043 -0.0026 -0.0008 -0.0003 0 +0.0001 +0.0006 +0.0009 +0.0014 +0.0019
1.20--1.60 -0.0047 -0.0031 -0.0010 -0.0004 0 +0.0001 +0.0007 +0.0010 +0.0017 +0.0024
1.60--2.00 -0.0051 -0.0031 -0.0010 -0.0004 0 +0.0001 +0.0007 +0.0010 +0.0017 +0.0028
2.00--2.60 -0.0055 -0.0039 -0.0012 -0.0004 0 +0.0001 +0.0008 +0.0013 +0.0021 +0.0034
2.60--3.20 -0.0059 -0.0039 -0.0012 -0.0004 0 +0.0001 +0.0008 +0.0013 +0.0023 +0.0040
3.20--4.00 -0.0067 -0.0047 -0.0014 -0.0005 0 +0.0001 +0.0009 +0.0015 +0.0028 +0.0049
4.00--4.80 -0.0071 -0.0047 -0.0014 -0.0005 0 +0.0001 +0.0009 +0.0015 +0.0031 +0.0057
4.80--5.60 -0.0079 -0.0057 -0.0017 -0.0006 0 +0.0001 +0.0011 +0.0017 +0.0036 +0.0067
5.60--6.40 -0.0083 -0.0057 -0.0017 -0.0006 0 +0.0001 +0.0011 +0.0017 +0.0039 +0.0075
6.40--7.20 -0.0091 -0.0057 -0.0017 -0.0006 0 +0.0001 +0.0011 +0.0017 +0.0043 +0.0083
7.20--8.00 -0.0094 -0.0067 -0.0020 -0.0006 0 +0.0002 +0.0012 +0.0020 +0.0048 +0.0093
8.00--9.00 -0.0102 -0.0067 -0.0020 -0.0006 0 +0.0002 +0.0012 +0.0020 +0.0051 +0.0102
9.00--10.00 .:._0.0110 -0.0067 -0.0020 -0.0006 0 +0.0002 +0.0012 +0.0020 +0.0055 +0.0112
10.00--11.20 -0.0118 - 0.0075 -0.0022 -0.0007 0 +0.0002 +0.0013 +0.0022 +0.0062 +0.0124
11.20--12.60 -0.0130 -0.0075 -0.0022 -0.0007 0 +0.0002 +0.0013 +0.0022 +0.0067 +0.0130
12.60--14.20 -0.0142 -0.0083 -0.0024 -0.0007 0 +0.0002 +0.0015 +0.0024 +0.0075 +0.0154
14.20--16.00 -0.0157 -0.0083 -0.0024 -0.0007 0 +0.0002 +0.0015 +0.0024 +0.0082 +0.0171

.....
0
:!::
1042 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K1'

Figure A-15-1 3.0 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

Bar in tension or simple d

compression with a transverse
=
2.8
F-~ - F
hole. 110 F/A, where
A = (w - d)t and tis the
~
thickness. 2.6

K,

2.4

2.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

dlw

Figure A-15-2
Rectangular bar with a
transverse hole in bending.
110 =Mc/I, where

I= (w - d)h 3/12.
mil
M~~~M
K,

1.4

1.0 ~----------------------'
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
dlw

Figure A-15-3 3.0

Notched rectangular bar in wld=3 ~J

r
tension or simple compression. 2.6 F~F
110 = F /A, where A = dt and t is

the thickness.
2.2

K,

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
rid
 Useful Tables 1043

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors Kt (Continued)

Figure A-15-4 3.0

Notched rectangular bar in

bending. a0 =Mc/I, where 2.6
=
c d/2, I= rd3/12, and tis
the thickness.
2.2

K,

l.8

l.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
rid

Figure A-15-5 3.0

Rectangular filleted bar in

tension or simple compression. 2.6
a0 = F /A, where A = dt and
t is the thickness.
2.2

K,

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
rid

Figure A-15-6 3.0

Rectangular filleted bar in

bending. a0 =Mc/I, where 2.6
c = d/2, I= td3/ 12, tis the
thickness.
2.2

K,

1.8

l.4

J.O
·o 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
rid
(Continued)

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, "Design Factors for Stress Concentration," Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March
195 1, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a
Penton Media Inc. publication.
1044 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K"t (Continued)

2.6 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
Figure A-15-7
Round shaft with shoulder
fillet in tension. ao = F/A,
where A = nd2/4. 2.2

K, 1.8

1.4

1.0 ~--------------------~
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0 .20 0.25 0.30
rid

Figure A-15-8 3.0 , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

Round shaft with shoulder fillet

in torsion. r 0 = Tc/I, where 2.6
c = d/2 and J = nd 4 /32.

2.2

K,,

1.8

1.4

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

rid

Figure A-15-9 3.0 r-TT"- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

Round shaft with shoulder fillet

in bending. a0 =Mc//, where 2.6
c = d/2 and I= nd 4/64.

2.2

K,

1.8

1.4

1.05

0.05 0.10 0. 15 0.20 0.25 0.30

rid
 Useful Tables 1045

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors Kf (Continued)

Figure A-15-10 ,,,,

f,~fe
Round shaft in torsion with I ',
transverse hole. 3.6
\
\
' ',
\ ........
\ ........
'
'' "[jl
cJ = l6 - dD
2
(approx)
K 3.2
"
'' 6
' ........
2.8

0.05 0 .1 0 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

d/D

Figure A-15-11 3.0

tJ-+!--t
Round shaft in bending
with a transverse hole. 2.6
uo = M/[(nD3/32) - (dD2/6)],
approximately.
2.2
M{E --rti-- t~M
K,

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D

Figure A-15-12 11

Plate loaded in tension by a pin -+l t r.-

through a hole. u0 = F /A, where
A = (w - d)t. When clearance
exists, increase K, 35 to
50 percent. (M. M. Frocht and
H. N. Hill, "Stress-Concentration
Factors around a Central
Circular Hole in a Plate Loaded
K,
9

7
1~
d
T--
F/2

i
-

F
F/2
rf v

through a Pin in Hole,"

J. Appl. Mechanics, vol. 7, 3
no. 1, March 1940, p. A-5.)

l
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 .7 0.8
dlw (Continued)

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, "Design Factors for Stress Concentration," Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March
1951 , p. 161 , no. 5, May 1951 , p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951 , p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a
Penton Media Inc. publication.
1046 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors Ky (Continued)

Figure A-15-13
Grooved round bar in tension.
u0 = F /A, where A = nd 2 /4.

K,

3.0 --~-----------------~
Figure A-15-14
Grooved round bar in bending.
u0 =Mc/I, where c = d/2 and 2.6
4
I= nd / 64.

2.2
K,

1.8

1.4

1.0 ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
rid

Figure A-15-15 2.6

Grooved round bar in torsion.
r0 = Tc/J, where c = d/2 and 2.2
J = nd 4 /32 .

1.8
K"

1.4

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

rid

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, "Des ign Factors for Stress Concentration," Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no . 3, March
1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951 , p. 159; no. 6, June 1951, p. 173; no. 7, Ju ly 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a
Penton Media Inc. publication.
 Useful Tables 1047

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors KT (Continued)

Figure A-15-16
Round shaft with flat-bottom r r t
groove in bending and/or
tension.
9.0
4~k-l
L.J=i.=t.]0
M M
i-- a --.i

Source: Adapted from 7.0

W. D. Pilkey and D. F. Pilkey,
Peterson's Stress-Concentration
Factors. 3rd ed. John Wiley & K, 6.0
Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008, p. 115.

5.0

0.15
4.0 0.20

0.40
3.0 0.60

,!_
2.0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-1~_1_.oo~~~
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.91.0 2.0 alt 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

(Continued)
1048 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-15 Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K'[ (Continue([)

c
Figure A-15-17
Round shaft with flat-bottom
groove in torsion.
16T T
To = 1Cd3
5.0
Source: Adapted from
O.Q3
W. D. Pilkey and D. F. Pilkey,
Peterson 's Stress-Concentration
- 0.04
Factors, 3rd ed. John Wiley &
4.0
- 0.06
Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008,
p. 133.
K 15 3.0
-
- 0.10

0.20
2.0
,.
t

1.0
0.5 0.6 0. 7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
alt
 Useful Tables 1049

Table A-16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factor K1 of

a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole and
Loaded in Bending

The nominal bending stress is o-0 = M/Z001 where 2 001 is a reduced

value of the section modulus and is defined by

irA 4 4
Z net = (D - d )
320

Values of A are listed in the table. Use d = 0 for a solid bar.

d/IJ

a/D
0.050
0.075
0.10
-- 0.92
0.89
0.86
OS

2.63
2.55
2.49
0.91
0.88
0.85
O~

2.55
2.43
2.36
0.88
0.86
0.83
0

2.42
2.35
2.27
0.125 0.82 2.41 0.82 2.32 0.80 2.20
0.15 0.79 2.39 0.79 2.29 0.76 2.15
0.175 0.76 2.38 0.75 2.26 0.72 2.10
0.20 0.73 2.39 0.72 2.23 0.68 2.07
0.225 0.69 2.40 0.68 2.21 0.65 2.04
0.25 0.67 2.42 0.64 2.18 0.61 2.00
0.275 0.66 2.48 0.61 2.16 0.58 1.97
0.30 0.64 2.52 0.58 2.14 0.54 1.94
Source: Data from R. E. Peterson, Stress-Concentration Factors, Wiley,
New York, 1974, pp. 146, 235.

(Continued)
1050 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factors K,. for a Round Bar or Tube Having a Transverse
Round Hole and Loaded in Torsion (Continued)

The maximum stress occurs on the inside of the hole, slightly below the shaft surface. The nominal shear stress is r 0 = TD /21neu
where l net is a reduced value of the second polar moment of area and is defined by
irA (D 4 - d 4)
l nct =
32

Values of A are listed in the table. Use d = 0 for a solid bar.

d/JJ
0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0

0.05 0.96 1.78 0.95 1.77

0.075 0.95 1.82 0.93 1.71
0. 10 0.94 1.76 0.93 1.74 0.92 1.72 0.92 1.70 0.92 1.68
0.125 0.91 1.76 0.91 1.74 0.90 1.70 0.90 1.67 0.89 1.64
0.15 0.90 1.77 0.89 1.75 0.87 1.69 0.87 1.65 0.87 1.62
0.175 0.89 1.81 0.88 1.76 0.87 1.69 0.86 1.64 0.85 1.60
0.20 0.88 1.96 0.86 1.79 0.85 1.70 0.84 1.63 0.83 1.58
0.25 0.87 2.00 0.82 1.86 0.81 1.72 0.80 1.63 0.79 1.54
0.30 0.80 2.1 8 0.78 1.97 0.77 1.76 0.75 1.63 0.74 1.51
0.35 0.77 2.41 0.75 2.09 0.72 1.81 0.69 1.63 0.68 1.47
0.40 0.72 2.67 0.71 2.25 0.68 1.89 0.64 1.63 0.63 1.44
Source: Data from R. E. Peterson, Stress-Concentration Fac10rs, Wiley, New York, 1974, pp. 148, 244.
 Useful Tables 1051

Table A-17 Preferred Sizes and Renard CR-Series) Numbers

(When a choice can be made, use one of these sizes; however, not all parts or items are
available in all the sizes shown in the table. )

Fraction of Inches

it, n, h;, i2, k. f2, k, k,f6, i, ft, !, ft, i. 11;, i. i. 1, l ~, 1!, l i, 2, 2i, 2!, 2i, 3,
3k, 3t, 3i, 4, 4k, 4!, 4i, S, Sk, s t, Si, 6, 6!, 7, 7!, 8, 8!, 9, 9!, 10, l o!, 11 , 11!, 12,
12t, 13, 13!, 14, 14!, lS , 1st, 16, 16! , 17, 17!, 18, 18!, 19, 19!, 20

Decimal Inches

0.010, 0.012, 0.016, 0.020, 0.02S, 0.032, 0.040, O.OS, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.30,
0.40, O.SO, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2,
4.4, 4.6, 4.8, S.O, S.2, S.4, S.6, S.8, 6.0, 7.0, 7.S, 8.S, 9.0, 9.S, 10.0, 10.S, 11.0, 11.S, 12.0, 12.S,
13.0, 13.S, 14.0, 14.S, lS .O, lS .S, 16.0, 16.S, 17.0, 17.S, 18.0, 18.S, 19.0, 19.S, 20

Millimeters

O.OS, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.2S, 0.30, 0.40, O.SO, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2,
1.4, l.S, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.S, 2.8, 3.0, 3.S, 4.0, 4.S, S.O, s .s , 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10, 11, 12, 14,
16, 18, 20, 22, 2S, 28, 30, 32, 3S, 40, 4S, SO, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 2SO, 300

Renard Numbers*

1st choice, RS: 1, 1.6, 2.S, 4, 6.3, 10

2d choice, RlO: l.2S, 2, 3.lS, S, 8
3d choice, R20: 1.12, 1.4, 1.8, 2.24, 2.8, 3.SS, 4.S, S.6, 7.1, 9
4th choice, R40: 1.06, 1.18, 1.32, 1.S, 1.7, 1.9, 2.12, 2.36, 2.6S, 3, 3.3S, 3.7S , 4.2S, 4.7S, S.3, 6,
6.7, 7.S, 8.S, 9.S
*May be multiplied or divided by powers of 10.
1052 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-18 Geometric Properties

Part 1 Properties of Sections
A= area
G = location of centroid

Ix = Iy2 dA = second moment of area about x axis

Iy = Ix 2 dA = second moment of area about y axis

lxy = Ixy dA = mixed moment of area about x and y axes

la = I 2
r dA = I(x2 + y2 ) dA =Ix + Iy

= second polar moment of area about axis through G

k; = Ix/ A = squared radius of gyration about x axis
Rectangle y

r-1
fh
a• h x
1 2
T
b

bh 3 b3h
A =bh I= -
x 12
I= -
y 12 lxy =0
Circle )'

2
nD
A=- Ixy = 0
4

Hollow circle y

1C 4 4
I =I = - ( D - d) J = .!!__ (D4 - d 4)
x y 64 G 32
 Useful Tables 1053

Table A-18 Geometric Properties (Continuecl)

y
~!l
Right triangles

rth3
. L x

1h .
G ,. -~ x

!--'.- b --(f
3
bh bh
A=-
2 Ix =36

Right triangles y

b-Jl
f--·-_-f~-
h G x

1
-J!3
bh bh 3
A= -
2 lx=36
y
Quarter-circles

Lr-,.
4r

.L . *-
·G 4r x
3,,
.,--~- • ---+--
G x

3,,
4r k._
3,,

A= -
nr
4
2
Ix = ly = r
4( n -
16 9
4)
n

Quarter-circles y y
4r l-+-
3,; I

x
4r G x

2
A= -
nr
4
lxv = r4
·
(-±-9n - .8!_)
(Continued)
1054 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-18 Geometric Properties (Continued)

Part 2 Properties of Solids (p = Mass Density, Mass per Unit Volume)

Rods y

Round disks

md 2 md 2
fx = -
8
l y =I, = 16
Rectangular prisms y

m = abcp I = !!!:._ (a 2 + b2 ) I = !!!:._ (a 2 + c2 )

x 12 y 12

Cylinders

md 2
I=- I =I = !!!:_(3d 2 + 4L 2 )
x 8 y ' 48

Hollow cylinders

n(d; - dh lp m 2
m=
4
l y =I, =
48
(3d0 + 3d;2 + 4l 2)
 Useful Tables 1055

Table A-19 American Standard Pipe

Nominal Outside
Size, Diameter, Threads Standard
In In per Inch No.40
I
8 0.405 27 0.070 0.098
I
4 0.540 18 0.090 0.122
3
8 0.675 18 0.093 0.129
I
2 0.840 14 0.111 0.151 0.307
3
4 1.050 14 0.115 0.157 0.318
1.315 11 t 0.136 0.183 0.369
lk 1.660 ut 0.143 0.195 0.393
112 1.900 11t 0. 148 0.204 0.411
2 2.375 11t 0. 158 0.223 0.447
212 2.875 8 0.208 0.282 0.565
3 3.500 8 0.221 0.306 0.615
3t 4.000 8 0.231 0.325
4 4.500 8 0.242 0.344 0.690
5 5.563 8 0.263 0.383 0.768
6 6.625 8 0.286 0.441 0.884
8 8.625 8 0.329 0.510 0.895
1056 Mechanical Engi neering Design

Table A-20 Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths for Some Hot-Rolled (HR) and
Cold-Drawn (CD) Steels
[The strengths listed are estimated ASTM minimum values in the size range 18 to 32 mm d to l t in). These strengths are
suitable for use with the design factor defined in Sec. 1-10, provided the materials conform to ASTM A6 or A568
requirements or are required in the purchase specifications. Remember that a numbering system is not a specification.]

1 2 3 4 5 I 6 7 8
Tenslie Yield
SAE and/or Process- Strength, Strength, Elongation In Reduction In Brlnell
UNS No. AISI No. Ing MPa (kpsl) MPa (kpsl) 2 In,% Area,% Hardness

HR 300 (43) 170 (24) 30 55 86

G10060 1006
CD 330 (48) 280 (41 ) 20 45 95
HR 320 (47) 180 (26) 28 50 95
GlOlOO 1010
CD 370 (53) 300 (44) 20 40 105
HR 340 (50) 190 (27.5) 28 50 101
G10150 1015
CD 390 (56) 320 (47) 18 40 111
HR 400 (58) 220 (32) 25 50 116
G10180 1018
CD 440 (64) 370 (54) 15 40 126
HR 380 (55) 210 (30) 25 50 111
G10200 1020
CD 470 (68) 390 (57) 15 40 131
HR 470 (68) 260 (37.5) 20 42 137
G10300 1030
CD 520 (76) 440 (64) 12 35 149
HR 500 (72) 270 (39.5) 18 40 143
G10350 1035
CD 550 (80) 460 (67) 12 35 163
HR 520 (76) 290 (42) 18 40 149
G10400 1040
CD 590 (85) 490 (71 ) 12 35 170
HR 570 (82) 310 (45) 16 40 163
G10450 1045
CD 630 (91 ) 530 (77) 12 35 179
HR 620 (90) 340 (49.5) 15 35 179
G10500 1050
CD 690 (100) 580 (84) 10 30 197
G10600 1060 HR 680 (98) 370 (54) 12 30 201
G10800 1080 HR 770 (112) 420 (61.5) 10 25 229
G10950 1095 HR 830 (120) 460 (66) 10 25 248
Source: Data from 1986 SAE Handbook, p. 2.15 .
 Useful Tables 1057

Table A-21 Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels

[These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels
are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In all cases, data were obtained
from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge length 2 in. Unless noted, all specimens were
oil-quenched.]
! I -,
1 2
I 3
Tenslie
4 5
Yleld
6
I 7 8
I
Temperature Strength Strength,
AISI No. Treatment ·c rF> I MPa (kpsl) MPa (kpsl) I Elongation,
%
Reduction
In Area,%
Brlnell
Hardness

1030 Q&T* 205 (400) 848 (123) 648 (94) 17 47 495

Q&T* 315 (600) 800 (116) 621 (90) 19 53 401
Q&T* 425 (800) 731 (106) 579 (84) 23 60 302
Q&T* 540 (1000) 669 (97) 517 (75) 28 65 255
Q&T* 650 (1200) 586 (85) 441 (64) 32 70 207
Normalized 925 (1700) 521 (75) 345 (50) 32 61 149
Annealed 870 (1600) 430 (62) 317 (46) 35 64 137
1040 Q&T 205 (400) 779 (113) 593 (86) 19 48 262
Q&T 425 (800) 758 (110) 552 (80) 21 54 241
Q&T 650 (1200) 634 (92) 434 (63) 29 65 192
Normalized 900 (1650) 590 (86) 374 (54) 28 55 170
Annealed 790 (1450) 519 (75) 353 (51) 30 57 149
1050 Q&T* 205 (400) 1120 (163) 807 (117) 9 27 514
Q&T* 425 (800) 1090 (158) 793 (115) 13 36 444
Q&T* 650 (1200) 717 (104) 538 (78) 28 65 235
Normalized 900 (1650) 748 (108) 427 (62) 20 39 217
Annealed 790 (1450) 636 (92) 365 (53) 24 40 187
1060 Q&T 425 (800) 1080 (156) 765 (111) 14 41 311
Q&T 540 (1000) 965 (140) 669 (97) 17 45 277
Q&T 650 (1200) 800(116) 524 (76) 23 54 229
ormalized 900 (1650) 776 (112) 421 (61) 18 37 229
Annealed 790 (1450) 626 (91) 372 (54) 22 38 179
1095 Q&T 315 (600) 1260 (183) 813 (118) 10 30 375
Q&T 425 (800) 1210 (176) 772 (112) 12 32 363
Q&T 540 (1000) 1090 (158) 676 (98) 15 37 321
Q&T 650 (1200) 896 (130) 552 (80) 21 47 269
Normalized 900 (1650) 1010 (147) 500 (72) 9 13 293
Annealed 790 (1450) 658 (95) 380 (55) 13 21 192
1141 Q&T 315 (600) 1460 (212) 1280 (186) 9 32 415
Q&T 540 (1000) 896 (130) 765 (111) 18 57 262
(Continued)
1058 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-21 Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels (Continued)

[These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels
are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In all cases, data were obtained
from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge length 2 in. Unless noted, all specimens were
oil-quenched.]

1 2 3 4
Tensile
5
Yield
I 6 7 8

AISI No. Treatment

Temperature
·c rF>
Strength
MPa (kpsl)
Strength,
MPa (kpsl)
I Elongation,
%
Reduction
In Area,%
Brlnell
Hardness

4130 Q&T* 205 (400) 1630 (236) 1460 (212) 10 41 467

Q&T* 315 (600) 1500 (217) 1380 (200) 11 43 435
Q&T* 425 (800) 1280 (186) 1190 (173) 13 49 380
Q&T* 540 (1000) 1030 (150) 910 (132) 17 57 315
Q&T* 650 (1200) 814 (118) 703 (102) 22 64 245
Normalized 870 (1600) 670 (97) 436 (63) 25 59 197
Annealed 865 (1585) 560 (81) 361 (52) 28 56 156
4140 Q&T 205 (400) 1770 (257) 1640 (238) 8 38 510
Q&T 315 (600) 1550 (225) 1430 (208) 9 43 445
Q&T 425 (800) 1250 (181) 1140 (165) 13 49 370
Q&T 540 (1000) 951 (138) 834 (121) 18 58 285
Q&T 650 (1200) 758 (110) 655 (95) 22 63 230
Normalized 870 (1600) 1020 (148) 655 (95) 18 47 302
Annealed 815 (1500) 655 (95) 417 (61) 26 57 197
4340 Q&T 315 (600) 1720 (250) 1590 (230) 10 40 486
Q&T 425 (800) 1470 (213) 1360 (198) 10 44 430
Q&T 540 (1000) 1170 (170) 1080 (156) 13 51 360
Q&T 650 (1200) 965 (140) 855 (124) 19 60 280
*Water-quenched
Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, 2d ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1983.
 Table A-22 Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metals*
•-·-

Y'ield Ultimate
True
Fracture
Strain-
Strengthening
I
Strength Strength Strength Coefficient : Strain- True
s, s. a, ao
I

i
Strengthening Fracture
Number
j
Material Condition MPa (kpsl) ! MPa (kpsl) MPa (kpsl) MPa (kpsl) Exponentm Strain i 1

1018 Steel Annealed 220 (32.0) 341 (49.5) 628 (91.l)t 620 (90.0) 0.25 1.05
1020 Steel HR 290 (42.0) 456 (66.2) 772 (112)t 793 (115) 0.22 0.90
1144 Steel Annealed 358 (52.0) 646 (93.7) 898 (130/ 992 (144) 0.14 0.49
1212 Steel HR 193 (28.0) 424 (61.5) 729 (l06)t 758 (110) 0.24 0.85
1045 Steel HR 414 (60.0) 638 (92.5) 896 (130)t 965 (140) 0.14 0.58
1045 Steel Q&T 600°F 1520 (220) 1580 (230) 2380 (345) 1880 (273)t 0.041 0.81
4142 Steel Q&T 600°F 1720 (250) 1930 (280) 2340 (340) 1760 (255)t 0.048 0.43
4340 Steel HR 910 (132) 1041 (151) 1344 (195)t 1448 (210) 0.09 0.45
303 Stainless Annealed 241 (35.0) 601 (87.3) 1520 (22l)t 1410 (205) 0.51 1.16
steel
304 Stainless Annealed 276 (40.0) 568 (82.4) 1600 (233)t 1270 (185) 0.45 1.67
steel
20J 1 Al uminum T6 169 (24.5) 324 (47.0) 325 (47.2)t 620 (90) 0.28 0.10
alloy
2024 Aluminum T4 296 (43 .0) 446 (64.8) 533 (77.3)t 689 (100) 0.15 0.18
alloy
7075 Aluminum T6 542 (78.6) 593 (86.0) 706 (102)t 882 (128) 0.13 0.18
alloy
*Values from one or two heats and believed to be attainable using proper purchase specifications. The fracture strain may vary as much as I00 percent.
tn erived value.
Source: Data from J. Datsko, "Solid Materials," chap. 32 in Joseph E. Shigley, Charles R. Mischke, and Thomas H. Brown, Jr. (eds.-in-chieJ), Standard Handbook of Machine
Design, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004, pp. 32.49--32.52 .

...
0
UI
ID
....
0
OI
0
Table A-23 Mean Monotonic and Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties of Selected Steels

. .
.
.
.. .
Hard-
. . Reduction
True
Fracture .. . .. .
Fatigue
Strength
Fatigue
Ductlllty
Fatigue
Ductility
Orienta- Description ness in Area Strain . Exponent Coefficient Exponent
Grade (a) tion (e) (f) HB MPa ksi % e, GPa : 106 psi MPa ksi b ej c
A538A (b) L STA 405 1515 220 67 1.10 185 27 1655 240 -0.065 0.30 -0.62
A538B (b) L STA 460 1860 270 56 0.82 185 27 2135 310 -0.071 0.80 -0.71
A538C (b) L STA 480 2000 290 55 0.81 180 26 2240 325 -0.07 0.60 -0.75
AM-350 (c) L HR,A 1315 191 52 0.74 195 28 2800 406 -0.14 0.33 -0.84
AM-350 (c) L CD 496 1905 276 20 0.23 180 26 2690 390 -0.102 0.10 -0.42
Gainex (c) LT HR sheet 530 77 58 0.86 200 29.2 805 117 -0.07 0.86 -0.65
Gainex (c) L HR sheet 510 74 64 1.02 200 29.2 805 117 -0.071 0.86 -0.68
H-11 L Aus formed 660 2585 375 33 0.40 205 30 3170 460 -0.077 0.08 -0.74
RQC-100 (c) LT HR plate 290 940 136 43 0.56 205 30 1240 180 -0.07 0.66 -0.69
RQC-100 (c) L HR plate 290 930 135 67 1.02 205 30 1240 180 -O.D7 0.66 -0.69
10B62 L Q&T 430 1640 238 38 0.89 195 28 1780 258 -0.067 0.32 -0.56
1005-1009 LT HR sheet 90 360 52 73 1.3 205 30 580 84 -0.09 0.15 -0.43
1005-1009 LT CD sheet 125 470 68 66 1.09 205 30 515 75 -0.059 0.30 -0.51
1005-1009 L CD sheet 125 415 60 64 1.02 200 29 540 78 -0.073 0.11 -0.41
1005-1009 L HR sheet 90 . 345 50 80 1.6 200 29 640 93 -0.109 0.10 -0.39
1015 L Normalized 80 415 60 68 1.14 205 30 825 120 -0.11 0.95 -0.64
1020 L HR plate 108 440 64 62 0.96 205 29.5 895 130 -0.12 0.41 -0.51
1040 L As forged 225 620 90 60 0.93 200 29 1540 223 -0.14 0.61 -0.57
1045 L Q&T 225 725 105 65 1.04 200 29 1225 178 -0.095 1.00 -0.66
1045 L Q&T 410 1450 210 51 0.72 200 29 1860 270 -0.073 0.60 -0.70
1045 L Q&T 390 1345 195 59 0.89 205 30 1585 230 -0.074 0.45 -0.68
1045 L Q&T 450 1585 230 55 0.81 205 30 1795 260 -O.D7 0.35 -0.69
1045 L Q&T 500 1825 265 51 0.71 205 30 2275 330 -0.08 0.25 -0.68
1045 L Q&T 595 2240 325 41 0.52 205 30 2725 395 -0.081 0.07 -0.60
1144 L CDSR 265 930 135 33 0.51 195 28.5 1000 145 -0.08 0.32 - 0.58
1144 L DAT 305 1035 150 25 0.29 200 28.8 1585 230 -0.09 0.27 -0.53
 1541F L Q&T forging 290 950 138 49 0.68 205 29.9 1275 185 -0.076 0.68 -0.65
1541F L Q&T forging 260 890 129 60 0.93 205 29.9 1275 185 -0.071 0.93 -0.65
4130 L Q&T 258 895 130 67 1.12 220 32 1275 185 -0.083 0.92 -0.63
4130 L Q&T 365 1425 207 55 0.79 200 29 1695 246 -0.081 0.89 -0.69
4140 L Q&T, DAT 310 1075 156 60 0.69 200 29.2 1825 265 -0.08 1.2 -0.59
4142 L DAT 310 1060 154 29 0.35 200 29 1450 210 -0.10 0.22 -0.51
4142 L DAT 335 1250 181 28 0.34 200 28.9 1250 181 -0.08 0.06 -0.62
4142 L Q&T 380 1415 205 48 0.66 205 30 1825 265 -0.08 0.45 -0.75
4142 L Q&T and 400 1550 225 47 0.63 200 29 1895 275 -0.09 0.50 -0.75
deformed
4142 L Q&T 450 1760 255 42 0.54 205 30 2000 290 -0.08 0.40 -0.73
4142 L Q&T and 475 2035 295 20 0.22 200 29 2070 300 -0.082 0.20 -0.77
deformed
4142 L Q&T and 450 1930 280 37 0.46 200 29 2105 305 -0.09 0.60 -0.76
deformed
4142 L Q&T 475 1930 280 35 0.43 205 30 2170 315 -0.081 0.09 -0.61
4142 L Q&T 560 2240 325 27 0.31 205 30 2655 385 -0.089 0.o7 -0.76
4340 L HR, A 243 825 120 43 0.57 1.95 28 1200 174 -0.095 0.45 -0.54
4340 L Q&T 409 1470 213 38 0.48 200 29 2000 290 -0.091 0.48 -0.60
4340 L Q&T 350 1240 180 57 0.84 195 28 1655 240 -0.076 0.73 -0.62
5160 L Q&T 430 1670 242 42 0.87 195 28 1930 280 - 0.071 0.40 -0.57
52100 L SH, Q&T 518 2015 292 11 0.12 205 30 2585 375 -0.09 0.18 -0.56
9262 L A 260 925 134 14 0.16 205 30 1040 151 -0.071 0.16 -0.47
9262 L Q&T 280 1000 145 33 0.41 195 28 1220 177 -0.073 0.41 -0.60
9262 L Q&T 410 565 227 32 0.38 200 29 1855 269 -0.057 0.38 -0.65
950C (d) LT HR plate 159 565 82 64 1.03 205 29.6 1170 170 -0.12 0.95 -0.61
950C (d) L HR bar 150 565 82 69 1.19 205 30 970 141 -0.11 0.85 -0.59
950X (d) L Plate channel 150 440 64 65 1.06 205 30 625 91 -0.075 0.35 -0.54
950X (d) L HR plate 156 530 77 72 1.24 205 29.5 1005 146 -0.10 0.85 -0.61
950X (d) L Plate channel 225 695 101 68 1.15 195 28.2 1055 153 -0.08 0.2 1 -0.53
Notes: (a) AISI/SAE grade, unless otherwi se indicated . (b) ASTM designation. (c) Proprietary designation. (d) SAE HSLA grade. (e) Orientation of axis of specimen, relative to rolling direction;
Lis longitudinal (parallel to rolling direction); LT is long transverse (perpendicular to rolling direction). (f) STA, solution treated and aged; HR, hot rolled ; CD, cold drawn ; Q&T, quenched and
tempered; CDSR, cold drawn strain relieved; DAT, drawn at temperature; A, annealed.
_. Source: Data from ASM Metals Reference Book, 2nd ed., American Society fo r Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1983, p. 217.
0
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"'

Table A-24 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals

(a) Typical Properties of Gray Cast Iron

: I Shear
Tensile Compressive Modulus Modulus of Endurance Brinell
Elasticity, Mpsi
ASTM ! Sbetlglh Sbetlglh ofRuph.n Umit" Hardness Factor
Number s.. 1cps1 s_ 1cps1 s_ 1cps1 Tension• Torsion s,.. kpsi HB K,
20 22 83 26 9.6-14 3.9-5.6 IO 156 1.00
25 26 97 32 11.5-14.8 4.6-6.0 11.5 174 1.05
30 31 109 40 13-16.4 5.2-6.6 14 201 1.10
35 36.5 124 48.5 14.5-17.2 5.8-6.9 16 212 1.15
40 42.5 140 57 16-20 6.4--7.8 18.5 235 1.25
50 52.5 164 73 18.8-22.8 7.2-8.0 21.5 262 1.35
60 62.5 187.5 88.5 20.4--23.5 7.8-8.5 24.5 302 1.50
*Polished or machined specimens.
tThe modulus of elasticity of cast iron in compression corresponds closely to the upper value in the range given for tension and is a more constant value than that for tension.
Note: The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) numbering system for gray cast iron is such that the numbers correspond to the minimum tensile strength in kpsi.
Thus an ASTM No. 20 cast iron has a minirnum tensile strength of 20 kpsi . Note particularly that the tabulations are typical of several heats.
 Useful Tables 1063

Table A-24 Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals (Continue<!)

(b) Mechanical Properties of Some Aluminum Alloys
[These are typical properties for sizes of about ! in; similar properties can be obtained by using proper purchase specifications.
The values given for fatigue strength correspond to 50(107) cycles of completely reversed stress. Alluminum alloys do not have
an endurance limit. Yield strengths were obtained by the 0.2 percent offset method.]

I
Aluminum
Yield
Strength I Tensile
Strength I
Fatigue
Strength Elongation Brlnell
Association s, Su s, In 2 In Hardness
Number Temper MPa (kpsl) MPa (kpsl) MPa (kpsl) % HB
Wrought:
2017 0 70 (10) 179 (26) 90 (13) 22 45
2024 0 76 (11) 186 (27) 90 (13) 22 47
T3 345 (50) 482 (70) 138 (20) 16 120
3003 Hl2 117 (17) 131 (19) 55 (8) 20 35
Hl6 165 (24) 179 (26) 65 (9.5) 14 47
3004 H34 186 (27) 234 (34) 103 ( 15) 12 63
H38 234 (34) 276 (40) 110 (l6) 6 77
5052 H32 186 (27) 234 (34) 117 (17) 18 62
H36 234 (34) 269 (39) 124 (18) 10 74
Cast:
319.0* T6 165 (24) 248 (36) 69 (10) 2.0 80
333.ot TS 172 (25) 234 (34) 83 (12) 1.0 100
T6 207 (30) 289 (42) 103 (15) 1.5 105
335.0* T6 172 (25) 241 (35) 62 (9) 3.0 80
T7 248 (36) 262 (38) 62 (9) 0.5 85
*Sand casting.
' Permanent-mold casting.

(c) Mechanical Properties of Some Titanium Alloys

Yield Tensile
Strength Strength Elongation Hardness
s, In 2 In (Brlnell or
I Titanium Alloy Condition MPa (kpsl)
s"'
MPa (kpsl) % Rockwell)

Ti-35At Annealed 2LO (30) 275 (40) 30 135 HB

Ti-50At Annealed 310 (45) 380 (55) 25 215 HB
Ti-0.2 Pd Annealed 280 (40) 340 (50) 28 200 HB
Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn Annealed 760 (110) 790 (115) 16 36 HRC
Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1 V Annealed 900 (130) 965 (140) 15 39 HRC
Ti-6 Al-6 V-2 Sn Annealed 970 (140) 1030 (150) 14 38 HRC
Ti-6Al-4V Annealed 830 (120) 900 (130) 14 36 HRC
Ti-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al Sol. +aging 1207 (175) 1276 ( 185) 8 40HRC
1
Commercially pure alpha titanium.
g
""
Table A- 25 Stochastic Yield and Ultimate Strengths for Selected Materials
I Material /ls.t as.t ~o ...
(J b /Is, . .. as, Xo (J b Cs111 cs, . . J
1018 CD 87.6 5.74 30.8 90.l 12 78.4 5.90 56 80.6 4.29 0.0655 0.0753
1035 HR 86.2 3.92 72.6 87.5 3.86 49.6 3.81 39.5 50.8 2.88 0.0455 0.0768
1045 CD 117.7 7.13 90.2 120.5 4.38 95.5 6.59 82.l 97.2 2.14 0.0606 0.0690
l 117 CD 83.1 5.25 73.0 84.4 2.01 81.4 4.71 72.4 82.6 2.00 0.0632 0.0579
1137 CD 106.5 6.15 96.2 107.7 1.72 98.l 4.24 92.2 98.7 1.41 0.0577 0.0432
12L14 CD 79.6 6.92 70.3 80.4 1.36 78.l 8.27 64.3 78.8 1.72 0.0869 0.1059
1038 HT bolts 133.4 3.38 122.3 134.6 3.64 0.0253
ASTM40 44.5 4.34 27.7 46.2 4.38 0.0975
35018 Malleable 53.3 1.59 48.7 53.8 3.18 38.5 1.42 34.7 39.0 2.93 0.0298 0.0369
32510 Malleable 53.4 2.68 44.7 54.3 3.61 34.9 1.47 30.1 35.5 3.67 0.0502 0.0421
Pearlitic Malleable 93.9 3.83 80.1 95.3 4.04 60.2 2.78 50.2 61.2 4.02 0.0408 0.0462
604515 Nodular 64.8 3.77 53.7 66.l 3.23 49.0 4.20 33.8 50.5 4.06 0.0582 0.0857
100-70-04 Nodular 122.2 7.65 47.6 125.6 11.84 79.3 4.51 64.l 81.0 3.77 0.0626 0.0569
201SS CD 195.9 7.76 180.7 197.9 2.06 0.0396
301SS CD 191.2 5.82 151.9 193.6 8.00 166.8 9.37 139.7 170.0 3.17 0.0304 0.0562
A 105.0 5.68 92.3 106.6 2.38 46.8 4.70 26.3 48.7 4.99 0.0541 0.1004
304SS A 85.0 4.14 66.6 86.6 5.11 37.9 3.76 30.2 38.9 2.17 0.0487 0.0992
310SS A 84.8 4.23 71.6 86.3 3.45 0.0499
403SS 105.3 3.09 95.7 106.4 3.44 78.5 3.91 64.8 79.9 3.93 0.0293 0.0498
l 7-7PSS 198.8 9.51 163.3 202.3 4.21 189.4 11.49 144.0 193.8 4.48 0.0478 0.0607
AM350SS A 149.1 8.29 101.8 152.4 6.68 63.0 5.05 38.0 65.0 5.73 0.0556 0.0802
Ti-6AL-4V 175.4 7.91 141.8 178.5 4.85 163.7 9.03 101.5 167.4 8.18 0.0451 0.0552
2024 0 28.1 1.73 24.2 28.7 2.43 0.0616
2024 T4 64.9 1.64 60.2 65.5 3.16 40.8 1.83 38.4 41.0 1.32 0.0253 0.0449
T6 67.5 1.50 55.9 68.1 9.26 53.4 1.17 51.2 53.6 1.91 0.0222 0.0219
7075 T6 .025 " 75.5 2.10 68.8 76.2 3.53 63.7 1.98 58.9 64.3 2.63 0.0278 0.0311
Source: Data compiled from "Some Property Data and Corresponding Weibull Parameters for Stochastic Mechanical Design," Trans. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 114
(March 1992), pp. 29-34.
 Table A-26 Stochastic Parameters for Finite Life Fatigue Tests in Selected Metals

1 2 3
Tensile Strength
4
Yield Strength
5
Distri-
I
'
6 7
Stress Cycles to Failure
8 9
I---~
Number Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) bution ; 104 105 I 106 107

1046 WQ&T, 1210°F 723 (105) 565 (82) W Xo 544 (79) 462 (67) 391 (56.7)
() 594 (86.2) 503 (73.0) 425 (61.7)
b 2.60 2.75 2.85
2340 OQ&T 1200°F 799 (116) 661 (96) W Xo 579 (84) 510 (74) 420 (61)
() 699 (101.5) 588 (85.4) 496 (72.0)
b 4.3 3.4 4.1
3140 OQ&T, 1300°F 744 (108) 599 (87) W Xo 510 (74) 455 (66) 393 (57)
() 604 (87.7) 528 (76.7) 463 (67.2)
b 5.2 5.0 5.5
2024 T-4 489 (7 1) 365 (53) N (J 26.3 (3.82) 21.4 (3.l l ) 17.4 (2.53) 14.0 (2.03)
Aluminum µ 143 (20.7) 116 (16.9) 95 (13.8) 77 (l l.2)
Ti-6Al-4V HT-46 1040 (151) 992 (144) N (J 39.6 (5.75) 38.l (5.53) 36.6 (5.3 1) 35.l (5.10)
µ 71 2 ( 108) 684 (99.3) 657 (95.4) 493 (7 l.6)
Note: Statistical parameters from a large number of fatigue tests are listed. Weibull distribution is denoted Wand the parameters are x0 , "guaranteed" fatigue strength; B, characteristic
fatigue strength; and b, shape factor. Normal distribution is denoted N and the parameters areµ, mean fatigue strength; and a, standard deviation of the fatigue strength. The life is in
stress-cycles-to-failure. TS = tensile strength, YS = yield strength. All testing by rotating-beam specimen.
Source: Data from E. B. Haugen, Probabilistic Mechanical Design, Wiley, New Yock, 1980, Appendix 10-B .

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en

Table A-27 Finite Life Fatigue Strengths of Selected Plain Carbon Steels
Tensile Yield
Strength Strength
Material I Condition BHN* kpsi kpsi I RA•
1020 I Furnace 58 30 0.63 I I I 37 I 34 I 30 I 28 I 25
cooled
1030 Air-cooled 135 80 45 0.62 51 47 42 38 38 38
1035 I Normal 132 72 35 0.54 44 40 37 34 33 33
WQT 209 103 87 0.65 80 72 65 60 57 57 I 57
1040 Forged 195 92 53 0.23 40 47 33 33
1045 HR,N 107 63 0.49 80 70 56 47 47 47 47
1050 N,AC 164 92 47 0.40 50 48 46 40 38 34 34
WQT
1200 196 97 70 0.58 60 57 52 50 50 50 50
.56 MN N 193 98 47 0.42 61 55 51 47 43 41 41 41
I
WQT 277 ll l 84 0.57 94 81 73 62 57 55 55 55
I
1200
1060 I As Rec. 67 Rb 134 65 0.20 65 60 55 50 48 48 48
1095 I 162 84 33 0.37 50 43 40 34 31 30 30 30
OQT 227 115 65 0.40 77 68 64 57 56 56 56 I 56
1200
10120 224 117 59 0.12 60 56 51 50 50 50
OQT 369 180 130 0.15 102 I 95 I 91 I 91 I 91 I 91
860
*BHN = Brinell hardness number; RA = fractional reduction in area.
Source: Compiled from Table 4 in H.J. Grover, S. A. Gordon, and L. R. Jackson, Fatigue of Mewls and Structures, Bureau of Naval Weapons Document NAVWEPS 00-25-534, 1960.
 Table A-28 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges* (AU Sizes Are Given in Inches)

Steel Wire
Name American BinnIngham United Menu- or Stubs
of or Brown or Stubs States facturers Washburn Music Steel Twist
Gauge: & Sharpe Iron Wire Standard• Standard &Moen Wire Wire Drill
- - - - _,
Tubing,
Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous
'
Nonferrous Strip, Flat Sheet and Wire Steel Twist
Principal Sheet, Wire, Wire, and Plate, I Ferrous Except Music Drill Drills and
Use: and Rod Spring Steel 480 lbf/tt3 Sheet Music Wire
-
Wire Rod Drill Steel

7/0 0.500 0.490

6/0 0.580 0 0.468 75 0.461 5 0.004
5/0 0.516 5 0.437 5 0.430 5 0.005
4/0 0.460 0 0.454 0.406 25 0.393 8 0.006
3/0 0.409 6 0.425 0.375 0.362 5 0.007
2/0 0.364 8 0.380 0.343 75 0.331 0 0.008
0 0.324 9 0.340 0.312 5 0.306 5 0.009
1 0.289 3 0.300 0.281 25 0.283 0 0.010 0.227 0.228 0
2 0.257 6 0.284 0.265 625 0.262 5 0.011 0.219 0.221 0
3
4
0.229
0.204
4
3
0.259
0.238
0.25
0.234 375
0.239 1
0.224 2
0.243
0.225
7
3
. 0.012
0.013
0.212
0.207
0.213
0.209
0
0
5 0.181 9 0.220 0.218 75 0.209 2 0.207 0 0.014 0.204 0.205 5
6 0.162 0 0.203 0.203 125 0.194 3 0.192 0 0.016 0.201 0.204 0
7 0.144 3 0.180 0.187 5 0.179 3 0.177 0 0.018 0.199 0.201 0
8 0.128 5 0.165 0.171 875 0.164 4 0.162 0 0.020 0.197 0.199 0
9 0.114 4 0.148 0.156 25 0.149 5 0.148 3 0.022 0.194 0.196 0
10 0.101 9 0.134 0.140 625 0.134 5 0.135 0 0.024 0.191 0.193 5
11 0.090 74 0.120 0.125 0.119 6 0.120 5 0.026 0.188 0.191 0
12 0.080 81 0.109 0.109 357 0.104 6 0.105 5 0.029 0.185 0.189 0
13 0.071 96 0.095 0.093 75 0.089 7 0.091 5 0.031 0.182 0.185 0
14 0.064 08 0.083 0.078 125 0.074 7 0.080 0 0.033 0.180 0.182 0
15 0.057 07 0.072 0.070 312 5 0.067 3 0.072 0 0.035 0.178 0.180 0
16 0.050 82 0.065 0.062 5 0.059 8 0.062 5 0.037 0.175 0.177 0
17 0.045 26 0.058 0.056 25 0.053 8 0.054 0 0.039 0.172 0.173 0
(Continued)
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oen Table A-28 Decimal Equivalents of Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges* (AU Sizes Are Given in Inches) (Continued)
® .--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---,,--~~~~~ ........
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

I I Steel Wire

I Name American Birmingham I Stubs

of or Brown
& Sharpe
or Stubs
Iron Wire
--- -
... .a•"SO~
Standard•
1a""...,.'v1~

Standard
WWG~llUWl l l

&Moen
Music
Wire I
Steel
Wire
I .. Twist
Drill
--

r
----- -- ----- - !
Tubing. !
Ferrous Ferrous Ferrous
Nonferrous Strip, Flat Sheet and Wire Steel Twist
clpal Sheet. Wire, Wire. and Plate, Ferrous Except Music Drill Drills and
Use: and Rod Spring Steel 480 lbf/tt3 Sheet Music Wire Wire Rod Drill Steel

18 0.040 30 0.049 0.05 0.047 8 0.047 5 0.041 0.168 0.169 5

19 O.D35 89 0.042 0.043 75 0.041 8 0.041 0 0.043 0.164 0.1660
20 0.031 96 O.D35 0.037 5 0.035 9 0.034 8 0.045 0.161 0.161 0
21 0.028 46 0.032 0.034 375 0.032 9 0.031 7 0.047 0.157 0.159 0
22 O.D25 35 0.028 0.031 25 0.029 9 0.028 6 0.049 0.155 0.157 0
23 0.022 57 0.025 0.028 125 0.026 9 0.025 8 0.051 0.153 0.154 0
24 0.020 10 0.022 0.025 0.023 9 0.023 0 0.055 0.151 0.152 0
25 0.017 90 0.020 0.021 875 0.020 9 0.020 4 0.059 0.148 0.149 5
26 0.015 94 0.018 0.018 75 0.017 9 0.018 l 0.063 0.146 0.147 0
27 0.014 20 0.016 0.017 187 5 0.016 4 0.017 3 0.067 0.143 0.144 0
28 0.012 64 0.014 0.015 625 0.014 9 0.016 2 0.071 0.139 0.140 5
29 0.011 26 0.013 0.014 062 5 0.013 5 0.015 0 O.D75 0.134 0.136 0
30 0.010 03 0.012 0.012 5 0.012 0 0.014 0 0.080 0.127 0.128 5
31 0.008 928 0.010 0.010 937 5 0.010 5 0.013 2 0.085 0.120 0.120 0
32 0.007 950 0.009 O.OIO 156 25 0.009 7 0.012 8 0.090 0.115 0.116 0
33 0.007 080 0.008 0.009 375 0.009 0 0.011 8 0.095 0.112 0.113 0
34 0.006 305 0.007 0.008 593 75 0.008 2 0.010 4 0.110 O. lll 0
35 0.005 615 0.005 0.007 812 5 0.007 5 0.009 5 0.108 0.110 0
36 0.005 000 0.004 0.007 031 25 0.006 7 0.009 0 0.106 0.106 5
37 0.004 453 0.006 640 625 0.006 4 0.008 5 0.103 0.104 0
38 0.003 965 0.006 25 0.006 0 0.008 0 0.101 0.101 5
39 0.003 531 0.007 5 0.099 0.099 5
40 0.003 145 0.007 0 0.097 0.098 0
*Specify sheet, wire, and plate by stating the gauge number, the gauge name, and the decimal equivalent in parentheses.
tReflects present average and weights of sheet steel.
 Useful Tables 1069

Table A-29 Dimensions of Square and Hexagonal Bolts

-+j Hr-

Head Type

Nominal Square Regular Hexagonal Heavy Hexagonal Structural Hexagonal

Size, In
I 3 II 7 II
4 8 64 16 64 O.Ql
2- I 13 l 7
16 2 64 2 32 o.oi
3 9 I 9 I
ii 16 4 16 4 o.oi
7 5 19 5 19
16 8 64 8 64 o.oi
I 3 21 3 II 7 II 7 2-
2 4 64 4 32 o.oi ii 32 O.Ql 8 16 0.009
5 15 27 15 27 27 25
ii 16 64 16 64 0.02 i ft 64 0.02 ik 64 o.02i
3 i 8l I il8 I l i 4l 15
4 2 2 0.02 ii 2 0.02 32 o.02i
43
il2 21 il2 0.03 i~ 43
0.03 i~ 39
0.062
32 64 8 64 8 64
ill 3 i ll 3 i 11 3 i 11 II
16 4 16 4 0.03 16 4 0.03 16 16 0.062
( !. 27 i I8 ll 0.03 2 27
0.03 2 25
0.062
ii 8 32 32 32 32
29 29 29 27
2ft 32 2ft 32 0.03 2i\ 32 0.03 3i\ 32 0.062
2!4 2!4 218 218 15
0.03 0.03 16 0.062

INominal
Size, mm

MS 8 3.58 8 3.58 0.2

l
M6 10 4.38 0.3
M8 i3 5.68 0.4
MlO i6 6.85 0.4
Ml2 18 7.95 0.6 2i 7.95 0.6
Mi4 2i 9.25 0.6 24 9.25 0.6
Ml6 24 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 0.6 27 10.75 0.6
M20 30 13.40 0.8 34 i3.40 0.8 34 13.40 0.8
M24 36 is .90 0.8 41 is.90 0.8 4i is .90 1.0
M30 46 19.75 1.0 50 19.75 1.0 50 i9.75 1.2
M36 55 23.55 1.0 60 23 .55 1.0 60 23.55 1.5
1070 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-30 Dimensions of Hexagonal Cap Screws and

Heavy Hexagonal Screws (W = Width across Flats;
H = Height of Head; See Figure in Table A-29)
Minimum
,... . .
Nominal Fillet Cap Heavy Height
Size, in Radius I w w H
I
O.QlS 7 2-
4 16 32
5
O.QlS I u
16 2 64
l 0.QlS 9 15
8 16 64
l 5 9
16 O.QlS 8 32
I 3 I 5
2 O.QlS 4 8 16
5
8 0.020 15
16 lk 25
1i4
l 0.020 118 12_
4 1± 32

1ft
7 35
8 0.040 lk 1i4
39
1 0.060 1! lk 1i4
118 f2_
1± 0.060 2 32
27
li 0.060 2f6 2rl; 32
1~ 218 15
0.060 2± 16

' Nominal
Size, mm

MS 0.2 8 3.6S
I
M6 0.3 10 4.lS
M8 0.4 13 s.so
MlO 0.4 16 6.63
M12 0.6 18 21 7.76
M14 0.6 21 24 9.09
Ml6 0.6 24 27 10.32
M20 0.8 30 34 12.88
M24 0.8 36 41 lS.44
M30 1.0 46 so 19.48
M36 1.0 SS 60 23.38
 Useful Ta bles 1071

Table A-31 Dimensions of Hexagonal Nuts

Nomlnal Width
Size, In w
I 7 7 9 2._
4 T6 32 32 32
5 I 17 21 3
T6 2 64 64 T6
3 9 21 13 7
8 T6 64 32 32
l ll l 29 I
16 T6 8 64 4
l 3 7 9 2._
2 4 T6 T6 16
9 7 31 39 2._
T6 8 64 64 16
2. 15 l2. 23 3
8 T6 64 32 8
3 41 13 27
4 1! 64 T6 64
7 ;i_ 29 31
8 1fr; 4 32 64
112 55 35
64 64
118 1ll 31 39
16 32 1f2 64
lt 12
8 lft lt 23
32
25
1~ 2ft lkk 1l8 32
tl2 214 lfi- 112 27
32

I Nominal
Size, mm 1
MS 8 4.7 5.1 2.7
M6 10 5.2 5.7 3.2
M8 13 6.8 7.5 4.0
MIO 16 8.4 9.3 5.0
M12 18 10.8 12.0 6.0
M14 21 12.8 14.1 7.0
M16 24 14.8 16.4 8.0
M20 30 18.0 20.3 10.0
M24 36 21.5 23 .9 12.0
M30 46 25.6 28 .6 15.0
M36 55 3 1.0 34.7 18.0
1072 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-32 Basic Diameter

Fastener Washer
Dimensions of American Size Size ID OD Thickness
Standard Plain Washers
#6 0.138 0.156 0.375 0.049
(All Dimensions in #8 0.164 0.188 0.049
0.438
Inches)
#10 0.190 0.219 0.500 0.049
#12 0.216 0.250 0.562 0.065
tN 0.250 0.281 0.625 0.065
!w 0.250 0.312 0.734 0.065
ft N 0.312 0.344 0.688 0.065
ft W 0.312 0.375 0.875 0.083
iN 0.375 0.406 0.812 0.065
iW 0.375 0.438 1.000 0.083
f& N 0.438 0.469 0.922 0.065
f& w 0.438 0.500 1.250 0.083
~N 0.500 0.531 1.062 0.095
tw 0.500 0.562 1.375 0.109
fg N 0.562 0.594 1.156 0.095
kw 0.562 0.625 1.469 0.109
iN 0.625 0.656 1.312 0.095
iW 0.625 0.688 1.750 0.134
~N 0.750 0.812 1.469 0.134
~w 0.750 0.812 2.000 0.148
~N 0.875 0.938 1.750 0.134
~w 0.875 0.938 2.250 0.165
1N 1.000 1.062 2.000 0.134
lW 1.000 1.062 2.500 0.165
l kN 1.125 1.250 2.250 0.134
l~ W 1.125 1.250 2.750 0.165
lt N 1.250 1.375 2.500 0.165
lt W 1.250 1.375 3.000 0.165
li N 1.375 1.500 2.750 0.165
l~ W 1.375 1.500 3.250 0.180
1~ N 1.500 1.625 3.000 0.165
l~ W 1.500 1.625 3.500 0.180
1~ 1.625 1.750 3.750 0.180
8

l~ 1.750 1.875 4.000 0.180

12
8 1.875 2.000 4.250 0.180
2 2.000 2.125 4.500 0.180
214 2.250 2.375 4.750 0.220
2! 2.500 2.625 5.000 0.238
2'4.l. 2.750 2.875 5.250 0.259
3 3.000 3.125 5.500 0.284
N = narrow ; W = wide; use W when not specified.
 Useful Tables 1073

Table A-33 Dimensions of Metric Plain Washers (All Dimensions in Millimeters)

I Washer
Size•
Minimum
ID
Maximum
OD
Maximum
Thickness
Washer
Size•
Minimum
ID I
Maximum
OD
I
Maximum
Thickness
I
1.6 N 1.95 4.00 0.70 10 N 10.85 20.00 2.30
1.6 R 1.95 5.00 0.70 10 R 10.85 28.00 2.80
1.6 w 1.95 6.00 0.90 lOW 10.85 39.00 3.50
2N 2.50 5.00 0.90 12 N 13 .30 25.40 2.80
2R 2.50 6.00 0.90 12 R 13 .30 34.00 3.50
2W 2.50 8.00 0.90 12 w 13.30 44.00 3.50
2.5 N 3.00 6.00 0.90 14 N 15 .25 28.00 2.80
2.5 R 3.00 8.00 0.90 14 R 15.25 39.00 3.50
2.5 w 3.00 10.00 1.20 14W 15.25 50.00 4.00
3N 3.50 7.00 0.90 16 N 17 .25 32.00 3.50
3R 3.50 10.00 1.20 16 R 17.25 44.00 4.00
3W 3.50 12.00 1.40 16 w 17.25 56.00 4.60
3.5 N 4.00 9.00 1.20 20 N 21.80 39.00 4.00
3.5 R 4.00 10.00 1.40 20 R 21.80 50.00 4.60
3.5 w 4.00 15.00 1.75 20W 21.80 66.00 5.10
4N 4.70 10.00 1.20 24 N 25.60 44.00 4.60
4R 4.70 12.00 1.40 24 R 25 .60 56.00 5.10
4W 4.70 16.00 2.30 24W 25.60 72.00 5.60
5N 5.50 11.00 1.40 30 N 32.40 56.00 5.10
5R 5.50 15.00 1.75 30 R 32.40 72.00 5.60
5W 5.50 20.00 2.30 30W 32.40 90.00 6.40
6N 6.65 13.00 1.75 36 N 38.30 66.00 5.60
6R 6.65 18.80 1.75 36 R 38.30 90.00 6.40
6W 6.65 25.40 2.30 36W 38.30 110.00 8.50
8N 8.90 18.80 2.30
BR 8.90 25.40 2.30
8W 8.90 32.00 2.80
N =narrow ; R =regular; W = wide.
*Sarne as screw or bolt size.
1074 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A-34 Gamma Function*

Values of ['(n) = r'0

e-xxn-t dx

:n f(n) n f(n) n f(n) n f(n) l

1.00 1.000 00 1.25 .906 40 1.50 .886 23 1.75 .919 06
1.01 .994 33 1.26 .904 40 1.51 .886 59 1.76 .921 37
1.02 .988 84 1.27 .902 50 1.52 .887 04 1.77 .923 76
1.03 .983 55 1.28 .900 72 1.53 .887 57 1.78 .926 23
1.04 .978 44 1.29 .899 04 1.54 .888 18 1.79 .928 77
1.05 .973 50 1.30 .897 47 1.55 .888 87 1.80 .931 38
1.06 .968 74 1.31 .896 00 1.56 .889 64 1.81 .934 08
1.07 .964 15 1.32 .894 64 1.57 .890 49 1.82 .936 85
1.08 .959 73 1.33 .893 38 1.58 .891 42 1.83 .939 69
1.09 .955 46 1.34 .892 22 1.59 .892 43 1.84 .942 61
1.10 .951 35 1.35 .891 15 1.60 .893 52 1.85 .945 61
1.11 .947 39 1.36 .890 18 1.61 .894 68 1.86 .948 69
1.12 .943 59 1.37 .889 31 1.62 .895 92 1.87 .951 84
1.13 .939 93 1.38 .888 54 1.63 .897 24 1.88 .955 07
1.14 .936 42 1.39 .887 85 1.64 .898 64 . 1.89 .958 38
1.15 .933 04 1.40 .887 26 1.65 .900 12 1.90 .961 77
1.16 .929 80 1.41 .886 76 1.66 .901 67 1.91 .965 23
1.17 .936 70 1.42 .886 36 1.67 .903 30 1.92 .968 78
1.18 .923 73 1.43 .886 04 1.68 .905 00 1.93 .972 40
1.19 .920 88 1.44 .885 80 1.69 .906 78 1.94 .976 10
1.20 .918 17 1.45 .885 65 1.70 .908 64 1.95 .979 88
1.21 .915 58 1.46 .885 60 1.71 .910 57 1.96 .983 74
1.22 .913 11 1.47 .885 63 1.72 .912 58 1.97 .987 68
1.23 .910 75 1.48 .885 75 1.73 .914 66 1.98 .991 71
1.24 .908 52 1.49 .885 95 1.74 .916 83 1.99 .995 81
2.00 1.000 00
*For n > 2, use the recursive formula
f(n ) =(n-l)f(n-1)
For example, f(5.42) = 4.42(3.42) (2.42) f(l.42) = 4.42(3.42) (2.42) (0.886 36) = 32.4245
+For large positive values of x, f(x) can be expressed by the asymptotic series based on Stirling's
approximation
·-' , (2n ( 1 I 1 139 571 )
f(x) ~" e- y--; + -12-x + -28-8x-2 - 51 840x 3 - -2 -48_8_3-2 0- x-4

Source: Data from William H. Beyer (ed.), Handbook of Tables for Probability and Statistics, 2nd ed.,
1966. Copyright CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.