Ethics  End: The end refers to the outcome or consequences

 Ethics is a personal and a lifelong commitment of the act. It is the result of the intention and the
 To be ethical does not only require knowledge of means used to achieve it. The end is what ultimately
ethics but also the willingness to live ethically Two (2) General Forms of Acts happens as a result of the action, and it plays a crucial
Ethos (Greek)- meaning Character  Acts of Man: role in determining the overall morality of the act.
Not only knowing the right thing to do but actually o Involuntary Natural Acts: These are actions that
doing what we know is right and living the right happen automatically, without conscious control, such In summary, a moral act is evaluated based on the
way of life as blinking, sneezing, or breathing. intention behind it, the means used to achieve it, and
 Determination between right or wrong o Voluntary Natural Acts: These are actions we do the end result it produces.
 Regarded as Moral Philosophy habitually or as part of our daily routine, though they
The need to study Ethics are performed without much conscious thought. Forms of Ethical Analysis
 To know the right ways and wrong ways of doing  Human Acts:
things o These are actions that are performed with conscious  Descriptive Ethics: This is about observing and
 In order to have an orderly social life thought, intention, and deliberation. They fall under describing how people actually behave and what moral
 To be intelligently appraised and criticized moral judgment. beliefs they hold. It doesn't judge whether actions or
 Ethics seeks to point out to men the true value of life o Moral or Ethical Acts: These are actions that align with beliefs are right or wrong, but rather focuses on
a standard or norm of morality, meaning they are understanding them.
2 Assumptions of Ethics considered right or good.  Normative Ethics: This form of ethics tries to
 Man is a Rational Being: o Immoral or Unethical Acts: These are actions that establish what people should do and what is morally
o Purposeful Actions: Humans act with intention and go against a standard of morality, meaning they are right or wrong. It sets standards and principles for how
purpose, rather than just on impulse. considered wrong or bad. people ought to behave.
o Understanding Intentions and Consequences: In summary, "Acts of Man" are mostly automatic or  Consequentialist (Teleological) Ethics: This
Humans are capable of understanding why they act habitual actions, while "Human Acts" are conscious approach judges actions based on their outcomes or
and what the possible outcomes of their actions might and deliberate, and they are judged based on moral consequences. If the result of an action is good, the
be. standards. action is considered morally right, and if the result is
o Moral Judgment: Humans can evaluate their actions, bad, the action is wrong.
determining whether they are right or wrong, or good Amoral or Neutral Acts  Non-consequentialist (Deontological) Ethics: This
or bad. o Acts can either be moral or immoral but not form of ethics is concerned with the actions
o Distinguishing Right from Wrong: Humans have morally neutral. themselves rather than the outcomes. It believes that
the ability to recognize and differentiate between right This suggests that every action has a moral dimension, some actions are morally right or wrong regardless of
and wrong, and good and bad. meaning it can be judged as either right (moral) or the consequences. For example, telling the truth is
 Man is Free: wrong (immoral), but there isn't really a category for right even if it leads to a bad outcome.
o Freedom of Action: Humans have the freedom to act actions that are completely without moral significance  Authoritarian Ethics: In this approach, moral rules
according to their own will. (morally neutral). are followed based on authority figures or institutions,
o Freedom of Thought and Expression: Humans like religious leaders, governments, or parents. The
have the power to act, speak, or think without being Components of Moral Act rightness or wrongness of an action is determined by
forced or restrained.  Intention or Motive of the Act: This refers to the what these authorities say.
o reason or purpose behind why the action is being  Theological Ethics: This type of ethics is based on
Capacity for Choice: Humans can make choices and
done. It is the driving force or motivation that prompts religious beliefs and teachings. Moral principles are
decide on their actions.
a person to perform a particular act. The intention can derived from divine sources, such as sacred texts or
o Choosing the Good: Humans have the ability to
be good or bad, which influences the moral spiritual leaders.
choose what actions to take and to decide what is
assessment of the act.  Legalism or Legalistic Morality: This form of ethics
morally good.
 Means: The means are the actions or methods used equates moral behavior with obeying laws or rules. It
These assumptions suggest that ethical behavior relies
to achieve the intention or goal of the act. It's about suggests that if something is legal, it is moral, and if it
on the idea that humans are capable of rational
the tools or ways employed to carry out the intention. is illegal, it is immoral.
thought, understanding moral concepts, and making
For example, if someone intends to help a friend, the  Ethical Egoism: This approach suggests that people
free choices about how they act.
means could be offering advice or providing support. should act in their own self-interest. An action is
 considered morally right if it benefits the person
performing it.
 Situational Ethics: This approach believes that moral
decisions should be based on the context of a
particular situation, rather than following fixed rules.
What is right or wrong can change depending on the
circumstances.